On October 27, 2017, the list of carcinogens published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO) was preliminarily sorted out for reference, and hydroquinone was included in the list of category 3 carcinogens.[4]
Chinese name
hydroquinone
Foreign name
Hydroquinone
Alias
hydroquinone、1,4-Dihydroxybenzene
chemical formula
CsixHsixOtwo
molecular weight
one hundred and ten point one one one
CAS login number
123-31-9
EINECS login number
204-617-8
Melting point
172 to 175 ℃
Boiling point
286 ℃
Density
1.328 g/cm³
Appearance
White crystalline powder
Flash point
141.6 ℃
Application
Black and white developer, anthraquinone dye, azo dye, rubber antioxidant, stabilizer and antioxidant
Character: white acicular crystal, discolouration when seeing light, with special odor
Solubility: soluble in hot water, soluble in cold water, ethanol and ether, slightly soluble in benzene[3]
Molecular structural data
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Molar refractive index: 30.01
Molar volume (cmthree/mol）：86.2
Isotonic specific volume (90.2K): 237.3
Surface tension (dyne/cm): 57.1
Polarization (10-24cmthree）：11.89[3]
Calculate chemical data
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Reference value for drainage parameter calculation (XlogP): None
Number of hydrogen bond donors: 2
Number of hydrogen bond receptors: 2
Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0
Number of tautomers: 3
Topological molecular polar surface area: 40.5
Number of heavy atoms: 8
Surface charge: 0
Complexity: 54.9
Number of isotope atoms: 0
Determine the number of atomic structure centers: 0
Number of uncertain atomic structure centers: 0
Determine the number of chemical bond structure centers: 0
Number of uncertain chemical bond structure centers: 0
Number of covalent bond units: 1[3]
toxicology data
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1. Acute toxicity
LDfifty: 320mg/kg (rat by mouth);5000 mg/kg per mouth, death.
2. Irritation: human percutaneous: 250mg (24h), mild irritation.
3. Subacute and chronic toxicity
The subacute poisoning of animals is characterized by hemolytic jaundice, anemia, leukocytosis, increased erythrocyte fragility, hypoglycemia, dull fur and obvious cachexia.
Sex chromosome deletion and non segregation: human lymphocytes 6 mg/kg.
DNA damage: human bone marrow 500mol/L.
5. Reproductive toxicity:
The lowest oral toxic dose (TDLo) of rats: 2500mg/kg (1~22 days of pregnancy), resulting in mortality after implantation (51 days, male), and affecting the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, semenThe male fertility index is affected by the male fertility index.[3]
chemical property
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1. Solubility: soluble in polar solvents such as water, alcohol and ether.It has a high solubility in water and can form a stable solution.
2. Oxidation: It is a strong oxidant, which can oxidize many substances in the presence of oxygen.It can be reduced to quinone.
3. Condensation reaction: It has the characteristics of condensation reaction and can react with some compounds to form compounds with specific functions.
purpose
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1. Hydroquinone is mainly used as a photographic developer.Hydroquinone and its alkylates are widely used as polymerization inhibitor added during monomer storage and transportation, and the commonly used concentration is about 200ppm.[1]
2. Used as antioxidant for rubber and gasoline.[1]
3. In the field of treatment, hydroquinone is added to the hot water and cooling water of the closed circuit heating and cooling system, which can inhibit the corrosion of metal at the water side.Hydroquinone is used as deoxidizer of boiler water, and hydroquinone is added to boiler water during preheating and deoxidization to remove residual dissolved oxygen.
4. It is used to manufacture anthraquinone dyes, azo dyes and pharmaceutical raw materials.[1]
5. It is used as corrosion inhibitor, stabilizer and antioxidant of detergent, and also as hair dye of cosmetics.
6. Photometric determination of phosphorus, magnesium, niobium, copper, silicon and arsenic.Determination of iridium by polarography and volumetry.Reducing agent of heteropoly acid, reducing agent of copper and gold[1]。
clinical application
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Hydroquinone lotion
Hydroquinone is oxidized from aniline to p-benzoquinone, and then reduced to colorless or white crystal powder. Hydroquinone is a traditional decolorizing drug, which can effectively treat pigmented skin diseases.Although hydroquinone has curative effect, its stability is poor.In March 1999, hydroquinone lotion was developed, which overcame the disadvantage of difficult preservation of hydroquinone cream, and its clinical efficacy on chloasma was observed.[2]
clinical data
There were 56 patients with melasma with complete data, including 9 males and 47 females;The average age is 28, ranging from 21 to 47 years old;The course of disease is 2 weeks to 10 years, with an average of 4.5 years.All patients are dermatology outpatients.They were randomly divided into treatment group (30 cases) and control group (26 cases). There was no significant difference between the two groups, which was comparable.[2]
Respiratory system protection: gas masks must be worn when the concentration in the air exceeds the standard.Wear self-contained breathing apparatus during emergency rescue or escape
Others: Smoking, eating and drinking are prohibited at the work site.Clean thoroughly after work.Store the clothes contaminated by poisons separately and reuse them after washing.Pay attention to personal hygiene.
First aid measures
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Eye contact: immediately lift the eyelids and flush with flowing water or normal saline for at least 15 minutes.Get medical attention.
Inhalation: quickly leave the site to a place with fresh air.Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed.Give oxygen when breathing is difficult.When breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately.Get medical attention.
Ingestion: The patient should drink 15~30mL of vegetable oil immediately when awake.Promote vomiting and thoroughly wash stomach as soon as possible.Get medical attention.
Skin contact: immediately take off the contaminated clothes and wipe with glycerin, polyethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol and alcohol mixture (7:3).Then rinse thoroughly with water.Or immediately flush with water for at least 15 minutes.Get medical attention.
Leakage emergency treatment
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Isolate the leakage contaminated area, set warning signs around it, and suggest emergency treatment personnel to wear gas masks and chemical protective clothing.Do not directly contact the leakage and avoid dust. Collect it in a dry, clean and covered container with a clean shovel and transport it to the waste site.It can also be washed with a large amount of water, and the diluted washing water is put into the wastewater system.If there is a large amount of leakage, it shall be collected and recycled or discarded after harmless treatment.
Packaging, storage and transportation
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Precautions for transportation: during railway transportation, the dangerous goods shall be loaded in strict accordance with the dangerous goods loading table in the Dangerous Goods Transportation Rules of the Ministry of Railways.Before transportation, check whether the packaging container is complete and sealed. During transportation, ensure that the container does not leak, collapse, fall or damage.It is strictly prohibited to mix with acids, oxidants, food and food additives.During transportation, it shall be protected from sun exposure, rain and high temperature.
Precautions for storage: store in a cool and ventilated warehouse.Keep away from kindling and heat sources.The package shall be sealed and shall not contact with air.It shall be stored separately from oxidants, acids, alkalis and edible chemicals, and mixed storage is strictly prohibited.Equip with corresponding types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment.The storage area shall be equipped with appropriate materials to contain leakage.The "five pairs" management system for extremely toxic substances should be strictly implemented;
Packaging precautions: fiberboard barrels, plywood barrels and cardboard barrels outside plastic bags or two-layer kraft paper bags;Ordinary wooden case outside plastic bag or two-layer kraft paper bag;Screw mouth glass bottles, iron cap pressure mouth glass bottles, plastic bottles or ordinary wooden boxes outside metal barrels (cans);The threaded glass bottle, plastic bottle or tinned sheet steel barrel (can) is covered with a full floor lattice box, fiberboard box or plywood box.
security information
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Safety terminology
S26: In case of contact with eyes, please wash with plenty of water immediately and ask for doctor's advice.
In case of contact with eyes， rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S36/37/39: Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves and goggles or mask.
Wear suitable protective clothing， gloves and eye/face protection.
S61: Avoid release to the environment.Refer to Special Instructions/Safety Data Sheet.
Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.
Risk terminology
R22: Harmful if swallowed.
Harmful if swallowed.
R40: Few reports have carcinogenic consequences.
Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.
R41: Serious injury to eyes.
Risk of serious damage to the eyes.
R43: May cause sensitization in contact with skin.
May cause sensitization by skin contact.
R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
Very toxic to aquatic organisms.
R68: Risk of irreversible consequences.
Possible risk of irreversible effects.
Regulatory information
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Regulatory information Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals (issued by the State Council on March 20, 2011), detailed rules for the implementation of regulations on the safety management of dangerous chemicals (HLF [1992] No. 677), regulations on the safe use of chemicals in the workplace (LBF [1996] No. 423) and other regulations have made corresponding provisions on the safe use, production, storage, transportation, loading and unloading of dangerous chemicals;The classification and mark of commonly used dangerous chemicals (GB 13690-92) classifies the substance as a Class 6.1 poison.
