polypeptideThe molecular weight segment is generally less than 1000 Daltons, also known asSmall peptides,Oligopeptides, oligopeptides or small molecular active peptides are compounds formed by condensation of 2~10 amino acids.Peptides with more than 50 amino acids are called peptidesprotein。The difference from other peptides is that they can be directly absorbed in the human body without digestion.Oligopeptides can also be divided into: Oligopeptide-1, Oligopeptide-3, Oligopeptide-5, etc. Oligopeptide-6 is also called hexapeptide orArgireline 。[2]
According to the traditional theory of protein digestion and absorption, free amino acids and oligopeptides (containing 2~6 amino acid residues) are generated by peptidase and chymotrypsin in the intestinal cavity, and oligopeptides are completely hydrolyzed to free under the action of peptidaseamino acidAnd enter the blood circulation in the form of free amino acids.According to this theory, protein only provides amino acids for animal body, that is, the nutrition of protein is the nutrition of amino acids.Therefore, as long as we provide animals with enoughessential amino acid Animals can obtain satisfactory production performance.However, many studies have shown that the amount of plasma protein that can be replaced by monomer amino acids is limited. Feeding livestock and poultry with low level protein and supplemented with synthetic amino acid diets cannot achieve the best production performance and feed efficiency. To achieve these two goals, the diet must have the minimum amount of original protein and oligopeptides.
Transport mechanism
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Intact peptides enter epithelial cells, but the existence of intracellular hydrolytic absorption pathway has been neglected for a long time.The possibility of peptide transport was mentioned more than 100 years ago (Matthews, 1987).Agar (1953) confirmed the trans epithelial transport of intact diglycopeptide in rat intestine.However, due to the influence of traditional protein digestion and absorption theory, scholars do noteasilyIt is accepted, and since diglycolide is considered to be a special dipeptide, its molecular weight is very small, so the importance of this discovery has not been recognized.It was not until the 1960s that Newey and Smyth (1959, 1960) provided the first information on the complete absorption of peptides.They found.The digestive products of protein in the small intestine include not only amino acids, but also a large number of oligopeptides. Moreover, peptides can enter the intestinal mucosal cells completely, and further hydrolyze into amino acids in the mucosal cells to enter the blood circulation.Later, from 1965 to 1980, more and more evidence about the intestinal transport of intact short peptides was accumulated.In particular, David M. Matthews from London and Siamak A and Adibi from Pittsburgh confirmed that the possibility of peptide transport is not only of academic significance, but also may represent afree amino acid The absorption pathway that absorbs the equally important amino acid nitrogen intake (Matthews and Adibi, 1976; Matthews, 1987 [5], 1991).The absorption process of amino acids and peptides by intestinal mucosa is complex.It is generally believed that dipeptide and tripeptide are absorbed into intestinal cells and hydrolyzed by peptidase to enter the blood circulation in the form of free amino acids.Nutritional physiological and pharmacological tests have confirmed that in some cases, intact peptides can pass through thepeptideThe carrier enters the cycle.Le Guowei (1995) perfused the intestinal tract of Laihang chicken with casein hydrolysateHigh pressure liquid chromatographyThe results of oligopeptide detection showed that the same peptide substances appeared in the blood of hepatic portal vein and the intestinal contents, which inferred that the intestinal tract of chicken could absorb the complete peptide and enter the blood circulation.animalThere may be a variety of oligopeptide transport systems in the body. The transport mode of oligopeptide in different animals may be different, and the same animal may also have different concentrated oligopeptide transport modes.
World famousEnzymatic peptidesZou Yuandong, an expert, pointed out that although the transport mechanism of oligopeptides is not completely clear, three kinds of transport systems can be confirmed: 1. pH dependent H+/Na+exchange transport system does not consume adenosine triphosphate (ATP);2. ATP is consumed in the active operation process depending on the concentration of H+or Ca2+;3. Glutathione (GSH) operation system.Although the mechanism of oligopeptide transport in animals is not fully understood, it is recognized that oligopeptide transport requires vectors, and some mammalian small peptide vector genes have been cloned and expressed.By studying the structure and function of oligopeptide carrier, revealing the interaction between carrier, oligopeptide and related ions is a hotspot in the research of oligopeptide transport mechanism. Many new scientific and technological achievements have been made in this regard, such as enzymatic peptides (bioactive peptides) are food proteins containing high-quality proteinmacromoleculeAs substrate, useBiological enzyme(Enzyme scissors) splice and modify it into the most active oligopeptide between macromolecular protein and amino acid, also known as smallMolecular activityPolypeptide has the characteristics of small molecular weight, easy absorption and high nutritional value.
Absorption characteristics
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1. Direct absorption without digestion.
2. It does not consume human energy when absorbed.
3. It will not increase the burden of human gastrointestinal function.
4. It has priority absorption characteristics.
5. Promote human absorption with its own energy.
6. When the absorption function of the human body is lost, force the human body to absorb.
7. 100% absorbed by human body.
8. Rapid absorption.Absorbed by human bodymacromoleculeProtein is 129600 seconds faster, 64800 seconds faster than human amino acids.
9. It has the function of carrier.It can carry other nutrients of human food on its body and deliver them to the human bodyCells, Organization.
10. It becomes a transportation tool in the human body to transport various trace elements to various parts of the human body.
11. It has strong activity and physiological function diversity.
application area
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According to experts, oligopeptides with small molecular weight can have higher skin permeability than polypeptides, and are easier to be absorbed by human skin. At the same time, due to the small molecular weight to a certain extent, biological activity has taken a qualitative leap.The smaller the molecular weight of peptide, the shorter the "amino acid chain", and the easier it is to be absorbed and utilized by the human body[1]。
Experts analyze that because of its unique biological personality and outstanding functional performance, OCO has a huge application space in the field of cosmetics, hair care, food and health products, biomedicine, and even textile[1]。
