Junker landlord class

Prussian aristocratic landlord class

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Junker landlord class originally be Prussia The nobility of landlord class 。 Juncker (Junker, German transliteration), which means "son of the landlord" or "little master". Originally, it refers to the noble children without knighthood, and later refers to Prussian nobles and big landlords in general. Since the 16th century, it has monopolized important military and political posts for a long time and held the leadership of the country. Since the middle of the 19th century capitalism And became a semi feudal aristocratic landlord. It's Prussia and Germany Germany was the pillar of the reactionary forces after the states united in the second half of the 19th century Militarism The main supporters of the policy.^[1]

the Second World War After the end, Anti Fascist Alliance Group (in particular Soviet Union ）In order to root out German militarism, large-scale economic and Social reform The Junker class died after the land of the Junker landlords was nationalized or allocated to small farmers for farming.

Chinese name: Junker landlord class
Foreign name: Junker， German transliteration
Original reference: Noble children without knighthood

General: Prussian nobles and big landlords
Origin: Originated in the 16th century, it basically disappeared after the Second World War
On behalf of the country: Germany

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The Junker landlord refers to the nobles who applied to the king for and obtained the ownership of the land after they obtained the land through the war, so that the interests of the nobles and the national interests are closely combined, Prussia (The predecessor of Germany) made his fortune in this way, and finally unified Germany, even launched a war! However, due to the long-term monopoly of military and political positions and the economic control of most of the land, its defects are also quite obvious.^[2]

Development history

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Early history

Originated in the 16th century, it basically disappeared after the Second World War. In German literature Juncker It is divided into different types, such as battle Juncker, court Juncker, senate Juncker and rural Juncker. Rural Juncker really played a big role in German history.

Map of Prussia

Rural Juncker Prussia The aristocratic manor owners of, mainly the descendants of German knight lords who conquered and colonized the area east of the Elbe River. They combined sovereignty and rural power. In the 16th century, Juncker, in order to expand grain production, so as to export a large number of grains to England and Netherland, seized a large number of farmers' land east of the Elbe River, and operated a commodity productive manor economy with the labor of serfs. Rural Juncker is rough, violent and narrow-minded. In 1653, Brandenburg elector Friedrich Wilhelm Grant Juncker the right to "completely control" farmers, and give a lot of economic benefits such as tax exemption. Started in 1807 Stein and Hardenberg Reform Medium, Juncker It was hit hard.

Since the 19th century Prussia capitalism The rapid development of Juncker has completely destroyed the economic foundation of Juncker—— Feudal manor 。 For this reason, the Prussian Dynasty gave Juncker important military and government positions as "compensation". 1848 German Revolution Later, Juncker's manor economy gradually transformed into a capitalist farm, and most Juncker began to be bourgeois, but still retained many feudal remnants. In Juncker Manor, the farm labourers were still semi serfs. This is reserved Feudal land ownership Under the condition of Serfdom The way of exploitation is called“ Prussian Road ”。

Unity of leadership

Bismarck

The Juncker landlord class belongs to extreme conservatism in politics and advocates Absolute monarchy , advocating force and adopting protectionism against agriculture, whose representatives are Otto von Bismarck (From 1862 to 1890 German Empire First Prime Minister).

1871 Prussia "From the top" unified Germany, a symbol Juncker The last form of bourgeois rule. Germany in the Imperial Congress conservative party Both Juncker and the Peasant Alliance outside the Congress represented Juncker's interests, and most of the officers in the army were born in Juncker, thus marking the entire German Empire with the brand of Juncker. Weimar Republic During the period, Juncker was hostile to the republican regime and supported Adolf Hitler be in office. Also known as "Juncker imperialism", it is Lenin Summarize the characteristics of German imperialism.

Wield real power

leader Unification of Germany Movement and 1871 Deutsches Reich It is established that Kingdom of Prussia The Junkers, Bismarck Is their representative. Therefore, Juncker controlled the political power, especially the military power, until the Second Reich of Germany was defeated and collapsed in 1918. but The Second Industrial Revolution Later, German capitalism developed rapidly and entered the stage of monopoly capitalism, namely imperialism, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. With the growing strength of the bourgeoisie, they also shared a part of the political power.

It is still Juncker who actually controls the state power. However, these Junkers increasingly share the same interests with the bourgeoisie because of their capitalist way of operating agriculture and investing in industry, and expand their troops to prepare for war of aggression against foreign countries. As a result, Germany at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century had characteristics that other imperialists did not have: on the one hand, Juncker nobility The landlords control the state power. On the other hand, the bourgeoisie also shares the power and has entered a monopoly capitalism That is, the stage of imperialism. Therefore, Lenin It can be summarized as“ Juncker bourgeois imperialism ”。

On behalf of the country

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Typical representative: Germany Juncker bourgeois imperialism 。

Junker landlord class

After the failure of the bourgeois revolution in 1848, Germany developed capitalist economy and entered the stage of monopoly capitalism under the condition of compromise between the bourgeoisie and the landlord class. With deep-rooted feudalism The Juncker landlord class, which is in the tradition of militarism, has always played an important role in Germany's political and economic life. This situation has had a significant impact on the formation and development of German monopoly capitalism.

After the reunification of Germany, the interests of the Juncker landlord class and the bourgeoisie gradually converge. Politically, they occupied the important military and political positions in Germany and played an important role in the state power. After entering the stage of imperialism, Monopoly bourgeoisie We should further rely on the dictatorship of the Juncker landlord class in order to suppress the proletarian revolutionary movement internally and compete for market and world hegemony externally. Lenin He pointed out that Germany is a "warlord, Juncker, bourgeois imperialist country".

In the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, although Germany's economy developed rapidly and the concentration of industrial production and capital was relatively high, its monopoly organization It generally adopts the form of lower level cartels. Enterprises participating in cartels still maintain their operational independence in terms of production and sales. They only divide up the sales market according to agreements, determine the output of goods and set standard prices.

In 1911, there were 550-600 in Germany Cartel They are widely distributed in coal mining, metallurgy, electrical, chemical, textile, leather, glass, brick, pottery, food and other sectors. Cartel has become the most common form of monopoly organization in Germany German economy There are widespread feudal remnants that cannot be separated. Juncker landlords and monopoly capital combine to carry out capitalism And feudalism, low wages of workers purchasing power Low, the domestic market is narrow, and the struggle for the market is extremely sharp, thus promoting the development of the cartel that divides the market and sets the price. At the same time, the existence of feudal forces and the feudal guild tradition have a great impact on the economy. In industry, there are a large number of small enterprises coexisting with a few large enterprises, and their technical level is uneven. This is a combination of trust The development of WTO has caused difficulties, and cartels are most likely to organize a large number of enterprises with different technical conditions together. Juncker landlord class and Monopoly bourgeoisie German imperialism is particularly aggressive. Under the conditions of extremely sharp class contradictions and market problems in China, the German landlord bourgeoisie, in order to divert the people's attention, fought for "territory under the sun" with British and French imperialism, actively engaged in the struggle to carve up and re carve up the world, and was the first to embark on the military State monopoly capitalism Road. In this way, and has entered the stage of monopoly capitalism, namely imperialism. Therefore, Lenin It can be summarized as“ Juncker bourgeois imperialism ”

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