The palace is a building where emperors deal with government affairs or banquet. The palace is a place where emperors meet and live. It is grand in scale, magnificent in image, and rigorous in pattern. It gives people a strong spiritual infection and highlights the dignity of royal power.
fromPrimitive societyreachWestern Zhou DynastyThe sprout of the palace experienced a chaotic and undivided stage integrating the leader's multi-function of residence, gathering and sacrifice, and developed into a stage of sacrificeFunctional differentiation, only used for the meeting and residence of kings, empresses and concubines.In the palace, palaces often exist depending on cities, with a symmetrical, orderly and rigorous urban pattern, highlighting the position of palaces in the capital.[1]
Chinese name
palace
Foreign name
Palace
Pinyin
gōng diàn
Notes
Buildings where emperors deal with government affairs or banquets
[palace] The building where the emperor deals with government affairs or banquets[13]
source
The Book of the Han Dynasty: A Table of Hundred Officials and Officials: "The doctor's order, the Qin official, is in charge of the palace and the gate, and there are officials."[14]
example sentence
Du Fu of Tang Dynasty《a song of sobbing by the river》Poem: "The palace at the head of the river locks thousands of doors. For whom are the willows and new cattles green?"
Song Luyou's poem, "When it rains sunny, you can sit in the Tianqing Temple of Donggong Mountain and resume the rain": "Close to the waterPine bambooslockCuiwei, Dongtian Palace YesQinghui。”
The fourth part of the first book of the Western Chamber by Wang Shifu of the Yuan Dynasty: "The moon wheel is high in the palace of the Brahma King, and the blue glaze is auspiciousShroud。”
brightYuan KeliJiazi's midsummer visit to Zhonglou to view the city: "Because of all the islands, the salt is not the same shape, the inferior people resist it, the sharp people raze it; the palace towers are mixed among them."
Pu Songling of the Qing Dynasty, "Strange Stories from a Liaozhai · Gong Xian": "The nature of savages is that palaces are like open cages. It is better for a scholar's family to be free."[15]
Guo Xiaochuan's poem "Going out of the Yangguan in the West": "Thousands of zhang of ice peaks, thousands of acres of green fields, like crystal palaces protruding in the middle of the sea."
Historical development
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From the Xia Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the palaces of the past dynasties have either been documented, or have ruins, or have physical remains. The relationship between their shape and evolution can be roughly examined.
LuoyangYanshi Shangcheng SiteThe palace ruins have been found, and it is determined that the city site is the first capital ruins after the Shang Dynasty destroyed the Xia DynastyXibo。[5]
stayZhengzhou Shopping MallThere are also several large architectural sites excavated inside, which some people think areShang dynastyThe ruins of the palace in the middle period.
Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province are generally recognized as palace sites in the late Shang Dynasty.
These palaces were all built with wooden columns in rammed earth foundations, and the roofs were not tiled. It can be seen that in the end of the Shang Dynasty, the palaces were still in the state of "Maozi Terrace".
The ruins of the Palace of the Western Zhou DynastyNot found。
According to the Warring States Period《Work Examination Record》According to the records, the palaces of the Zhou Dynasty were divided into two parts: the former court and the latter bedroom.
There are outward facingInner court, Yan Dynasty, Three Dynasties (also known as Great Dynasty, Japanese Dynasty, and Chang Dynasty), and Gaomen, Yingmen, and Lumen.The Outer Court is in front of the main gate of the palace city, and there is a Que outside.The inner court is between the Yingmen and Lumen in the palace, and the Lumen is the bedroom, which is divided into the king's bedroom and the queen's bedroom.The king's main bed is the road bed, and the front court is the Yan Dynasty.Kaogongji was discovered in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty as《Zhou Rites》Lost《Dong Guan》, by the end of the Eastern Han DynastyZheng XuanNotes, officially listed as Confucian classics.Therefore, the palace system contained in Kaogongji was not reflected in the palaces of the Han Dynasty, but had a great impact on the palaces of the later dynasties of the Han Dynasty.Most of these palaces are strictly divided into two parts, namely, the external court and the internal court, according to Kaogong JiCentral axis。However, the three gates mentioned in Kaogong Ji were quoted by Zheng XuanZheng ZhongIt was expanded to five gates, so all the palaces in the later dynasties were“Three Dynasties and Five Gates”。
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period)
King City of Eastern Zhou DynastyIn the southwest outside the southern city wall, a large area of rammed earth building site during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was foundRammed earth wall, rammed foundation and relatedApron, drainage pipes, pools, silos, etc., and a canal in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was discovered for the first time.Experts believe that from the scale and architectural layout of the early architectural relics, this is by no means an ordinary folk house, but a palace building planned at the time of construction.The discovery of the base site of the palace is important for the further study of the Eastern Zhou DynastyUrban layoutIt provides important information.[6]
From foundEastern Zhou DynastySpring and Autumn Period and Warring States PeriodIt is known from the palace ruins of the era that they are usually built layer by layer on the stepped rammed earth platform which is seven or eight meters to more than ten meters highTimber frameThe temple forms a building complex, with walls and doors outside.suchHigh rise buildingIt is not only conducive to defense and observation of the surrounding movement, but also shows the dignity of power.
Impact,Qin and Han DynastiesLarge palaces are also mostly high-rise buildings.Such as ShanxiHoumaPingwang Ancient City, HebeiYixian CountyYanxiadu Site、Zhaocheng, HandanShandongLinziThere are such palace sites in Qi City and other cities.Including HandanZhao The palace site has an obvious north-south axis.ShaanxiXianyangZeng Fa in the eastern suburbs of the cityqindu The site of a palace in XianyangWeishui RiverOn the highland on the north bank, that is, on the "Xianyang Beika" in the history books.This area is densely populated with palace sites, extending eastward along the waterfront highland.Excavated rammed earthPedestalThe residual height is about 6m, and the area is 45m × 60m. It is speculated that it was originally a rammed earthpier The tall buildings, including hallshall, cloister, bedroom, bathroom, warehouse, etc.There are also kang, fireplace and food preservationcellar, the table top is relatively completeDrainage facilities。Through these, we can learnLate Warring States PeriodAn overview of the palace.But it is only a secondary palace in the palace,Xianyang PalaceOfGeneral layoutNot clear yet.
Qin and Han Dynasties
After Qin unified the country, a large number of palaces were built.
According to《Redords of the Grand History of China》It is recorded that, in totalstrategic Qin-dynasty pass in Henan）300 inside and 400 outside the customs.guanzhong plain And around Xianyang: XianyangOld Palace, a series of palaces imitating the palaces of the Six Kingdoms on the north bank of the Weihe River, south of the old Xianyang Palace, across the Weihe RiverShanglin GardenThe Xin Palace built in the middle of the Qing Dynasty (also called Xianyang Palace in the 27th year of the First Emperor), later called Jimiao, is like the celestial pole. It is the seat of the imperial court and the center of all palacesLishan MountainThe north foot is the Ganquan Palace where the empress dowager lives, and the new north palace on the "Beiling" in the north of the old Xianyang Palace.Between these palaces and 270 palaces within 200 miles around, there are attics or corridors connected.Later, another grand imperial palace was set up in the south of Weishui River, nicknamedEpang PalaceAs the main meeting place of the imperial court, but not completed, Qin perished.
In the early Western Han Dynasty, we used the remnants of the Qin Dynasty to leave the palace——Xingle PalaceBuilt intoChangle PalaceAnd then built on its west sideWeiyang PalaceAs an official palace, the Changle Palace is used for the empress dowager to live in.WendiEmperor JingdiDuring this period, the Northern Palace was added for the prince to live in.It was built in the north of the city during the reign of Emperor WuGuigong、Mingguang PalaceAnd built in Shanglin Garden in the west of the cityJianzhang Palace。The palaces cover a large area and the buildings are sparsely arranged, which is not as dense and rigorous as those built in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Each hall has its own area.The front hall of the Han DynastyGrand MeetingThe East West Chamber is used as a place for daily affairs.usurper who founded the Xin dynastyAt that time, the front hall of Weiyang Palace was changed to Wanglu Hall《Work Examination Record》The road bed.Jianzhang Palace is a departure palace, a new palace type that combines palace and garden, and has many functions, such as meeting, living, playing, watching, etc.
Luoyang North Palace in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was built first in the Southern Palace, and then addedBeigongThe two palaces are separated by the south wall and the north wall of the capital city. They are connected by three attics, and each palace has a front hall.Late Han DynastyEmperor HuanIn the reign of Emperor Ling, Zhudong was addedWestern Palace。
The Eastern Han Dynasty wasHistory of Chinese Science and TechnologyIn the important period ofBig changesAs the highest level palace at that time, the performance was most obvious.Due to the development of wood structure technology, the stability of beam column frame has been improved, which has promoted the originalSoil structureCivil engineering as the coreHybrid structureIt will be transformed into a civil hybrid structure with timber structure as the backbone.Finally, he abandoned the ramming earth platform and built a palace group directly on the ground.[7]
Wei-Jin period
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, palaces were concentrated in one district, clearly distinguished from cities.
Tai Chi Hall of Luoyang Palace in the Wei and Jin Dynasties
the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodPeriod,Emperor Wei MingBuilt palaces in LuoyangTai Chi TempleIt is regarded as the main hall of the imperial palace and the political center of the country, where important state activities are carried out.It was from then on that the system of Taiji Temple was formed in China.Later, until the Tang and Song Dynasties, the main hall of imperial palaces in all dynasties was the Tai Chi Hall.According to historical records, there are East Hall and West Hall on the east and west sides of the magnificent Tai Chi Hall.The East Hall is the place where envoys from all sides are received and entertained in order to deal with daily government affairs;The west hall is mainly forDaily livingUse.[8]
Sun WuJiankang City and Cao Wei DynastyYechengThe palaces are concentrated in the north of the city, and official offices are arranged on both sides of the road in front of the palace.Since the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the palaces of Jiankang City have generally been adjacent to each other. The front hall of Jiankang City was influenced by the eastern and western buildings of the Han DynastyTai Chi TempleFor the purpose of the Great Court Meeting, East and West halls were built on both sides to handle daily government affairs.From the Southern DynastiesJiankangFrom then on, the palace cities of all dynasties were basically rectangular, with a central axis and three doors in the south,JiankangThe plane layout and architectural form of the city have a profound impact on later generations, including the palace cities of the Sui, Tang, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties.
Sui and Tang Dynasties
In the Sui Dynasty, Ying Daxing built an imperial city in front of the palace city and concentrated the government offices inside.In the palace, the former dynasties opposed the Han Dynasty, and the main hall of the Southern and Northern Dynasties paralleled the eastern and western halls, that is, the layout of the Great Dynasty and the Chang Dynasty《Zhou Rites》The ancient style is similar to the layout of three dynasties and five gates in the north-south column. On the central axis, Taiji and Liangyi two groups of palaces are built in the south main gate of the palace.
Emperor Yang of the Sui DynastyIn the first year of Daye (605), the capital was moved to Luoyang to build a new palace - Ziwei City.Ziwei City symbolizes the residence of the Emperor of HeavenZiwei PalaceIt is named afterThe Palace Museum of the Ming and Qing DynastiesInherited by the Forbidden City.Covering an area of about 4.2square kilometre。fromYu WenkaiPlanning and designThe city wall was built in only 60 days, and the construction speed was the fastest in the imperial palaces of all dynasties.The total number of workers in Ziweicheng is 1.7 million, which is higher than that in Qin DynastyEpang PalaceThe number of people served (about 700000) is 1 million moreThe most in the world。[9]Ziwei City has been in use for more than 530 years, becoming the Sui, Zheng, TangWuzhou, YanRear sill、Later Tang Dynasty、Later Jin Dynasty、Northern Song DynastyThe administrative office of the Nine Dynasties wasChinese historyIt is the imperial palace that has been used for the longest time and most dynasties.[10]It is the unique palace complex in China's history. Its plane layout and architectural form have laid the basic pattern of China's palace city, which was emulated by the imperial palace buildings of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and even affected Japan, North Korea, South Korea, etcEast Asiacountry.[9]
The Tang Dynasty inherited the system of the Sui Dynasty, only the name of the temple door was changed.The main gate of the Palace City in Chang'an Palace of the Tang DynastyChengtian GateFor the foreign dynasties, New Year's Day and Winter Solstice held banquets, issued decrees, amnesties, foreign envoys came to Korea, etc., all were held here.Taiji and Liangyi palaces were built on the central axis inside the gate. The former was the Japanese court that regularly paid attention to affairs, and the latter was the regular court that paid attention to daily affairs.The five gates are: Chengtian Gate, Jiade Gate, Taiji Gate, Zhuming Gate and Liangyi Gate.This system of door and hall is composed of Song, Ming and Qing dynastiesChaosuoHeredity, yesChinese feudal societyThe typical layout of palaces in the middle and late period.
Tang Daming Palace
Tang GaozongAt that time, Daming Palace was built in the imperial garden outside the northeast of Chang'an City.Three groups of palaces were built on the front central axis toHanyuan HallFor the Great Dynasty,Xuanzheng HallIt was the Japanese Dynasty (also called "Zhengya"),Shishinden It is called Changchao (also called "Inner Yamen").The inner palace is freely arranged and combined with the scenic spots of Taiye Pool and Penglai Mountain, which is the traditional layout of the palace and garden since the Han and Wei Dynasties.In the Sui and Tang dynasties, leaving the palace was also very prosperousLinyouRenshou Palace[Tang Dynasty changed toJiucheng PalaceZhongnanshan Taihe Palace (changed intoCuiwei Palace）, Tang DynastyHuaqing PalaceEtc.A large number of palaces were built along the way to the palace.
Tang GaozongAnd the Shangyang Palace was built outside the west of Ziwei City.The system is magnificent, with Luoshui in the south and Forbidden Garden in the north.be situatedempressTo the west of Ziwei City, it is called Xigong.It appears asLuoyang City in Sui and Tang DynastiesEnter“Two palacesSystem ".The Shangyang Palace was an important place for court political activities in the Tang Dynasty, with an area of about 8 square kilometersWu Zetian、tang xunzongAll of them set up a court here to hear politicsLi YuBorn here;An Shi RebellionThe Shangyang Palace wasSevere damage。thereafterDatangpolitical centerMoving back to Chang'an, DongduLuoyangWith the decline of its status, the Shangyang Palace was gradually abandoned.The Shangyang Palace is divided into eastern and western palaces, with six clusters, respectively:Wind Viewing Hall, Huacheng Hospital, Linzhi Hospital, Fragrant Hall, our hospital and the Western Shangyang Palace cluster.Luxury buildings and beautiful scenery, known as“Fairyland on earth”It was recited by emperors, generals and scholars of the Tang Dynasty.Wang Jianyou, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in a poem: "The flowers and trees of Shangyang never fall, and the water of Luoshui flows through the palace everywhere. He once read the biography of the fairy and queen mother, but he failed to win this midstream in nine days."Bai JuyiIt also issued the "Look up to the sun"imperial palaceHey, Sheng XianFamily happinessCourt. "With emotion.[11]
Song Yuan Dynasty
Northern Song DynastyBianjingThe palace is in the originalBianzhouIt is rebuilt on the basis of government administration.The Luoyang Palace (Ziwei City) was expanded in the third year after Jianlong was built[9]According to the map, the imperial residence was magnificent.[12]Its officialsGovernment officeMost of them live in the same residential area outside the palace city, and the parks are also scattered outside the city.There are still three dynasties in the former part of the court.However, due to the limited area, three halls cannot be built in front of and behind the Daming Palace of the Tang Dynasty.The main gate of the palace city isXuande Gate, the main hall is inside the doorDaqing Hall, which is used for the grand ceremony of the imperial court, equivalent to the great dynasty.Later, a little to the west is Zichen Hall,the said dayKorea.To the west of Daqing HallWende Hall, called "Zhengya".ThereafterHanging Arch Hall, is a regular dynasty.Three directions are not on the same axis.Xuande Tower, the main gate of the palace city, is made of bricks and stones at the lower part. There are five doors open, with gold nails, red paint, and carvingsDragon and PhoenixFeiyun, the gate tower above, the flower tower and the Que on the left and right, all covered withGlazed tileIt can be seen that although the palace of the Northern Song Dynasty was small, it was more gorgeous than that of the Tang Dynasty.In order to make up for the cramped scene in front of the palace, a wide street was opened in front of Xuande Tower to the south, with royal corridors on both sides of the street. The road was divided into three lanes by forks (fences) and canals, with the emperor in the middleImperial Way, people can pass on both sides.Planting flowers and trees beside the canal forms the leading part of the magnificent palace city, which is also in front of the palaces of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing DynastiesThousand step corridorOfBeginning。
Yuan DaduThe palace is located in the south of the capital and is divided into three parts: the palace city of Tainei is where the imperial court is located, on the central axis of the city;In the west of the palace city, there is Long where the empress dowager livesFugongAnd the Xingsheng Palace where the prince lives;To the north of the palace city is the Imperial Garden.Intrauterine inheritanceJinzhongdu PalaceBuild on the central axisDaming HallThe two groups of Yanchun Pavilion are the emperor and empress.
Ming and Qing Dynasties
In the Ming Dynasty, imperial palaces were built in three places: NanjingFengyangAnd Beijing.
Nanjing Imperial PalaceBuilt at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (1366), the palace city is in the old cityOuter NortheastAt the south foot of the west toe of Xizhong MountainYanque LakeHowever, it is built with Zhongshan Mountain to the north and Pingye to the south. The situation is open, and it is clearly distinguished from the old city. It does not interfere with each other, nor does it suffer from the confusion of official offices and residential buildings.The main gate of the Imperial City is called Hongwu Gate, and the central ministries andCommander's Mansion of the Fifth ArmyAt the north end of the imperial road, there is the Waiwulong Bridge. The bridge passes through Chengtian Gate and Duanmen to the Meridian Gate, the main gate of the palace city.On the central axis of the palace, two groups of palaces were built in front of and behind it. In front of them were three halls of Fengtian, Huagai and Jinshen, which were the main hall of the Outer Court;Later, there are two palaces, Qianqing Palace and Kunning Palace, which are located on the left and right of the main hall of the inner courtWestern and Eastern Six Palaces。The arrangement of building two groups of palaces on the central axisJinzhongduThe palaces of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty are the same, but the three palaces of the Outer Court are comparable to those of the Three DynastiesHongwu GateThe five gates in front of the Fengtian Temple are more than five gates.The three dynasties in the Ming Dynasty were different from each other in the Tang and Song Dynasties, except that three palaces were rebuilt in one palace.The Nanjing Imperial Palace has created a model in which the central axis of the imperial palace from south to north coincides with the axis of the whole city. This model of the integration of the palace and the city axis is unique to Nanjinggeographical conditions As a result, it also follows the ritual system, echoes the celestial phenomenaConform to natureA masterpiece of construction.The overall layout and architectural form are laterMing ZhongduandBeijing CityThe design blueprint ofPalace of the Ming Dynasty, KoreaSeoulJingfu PalaceVietnam?HueThe Forbidden CityRyukyu Shouli CityThe layout and shape of palace buildings.hisarchitectural style, decorative style as a Chinese Ming and Qing DynastyOfficial architectureMaster of.
The Beijing Palace of the Ming Dynasty was built in the 15th to 18th years of Yongle's reign (1417-1420)Nanjing Imperial PalaceIt is a blueprint. Although it was rebuilt and rebuilt repeatedly in the Qing Dynasty, the basic pattern has not changed. So far, many temples belong to the heritage structures of the Ming Dynasty, and are the most magnificent ancient buildings in China.
Before the Qing Dynasty entered the Shanhaiguan Pass, in 1636, a small palace was built in the current downtown of Shenyang, which was divided into three routes (see Shenyang Imperial Palace).Although the Ming Palace Museum was still used after entering the passEmperor QingMost of the time I live inOld Summer Palace、Chengde Mountain ResortEtc.Yuanyuan became the main residence of the Qing emperor.Therefore, they all set up external courts and internal courts, and built a large number of palaces. Although the scale is not as large as the internal palace, it is also very considerable.First Emperor of Qin、Martial EmperorThe system of leaving the palace, which was initiated, was fully developed in the Qing Dynasty.
The palace city includes the ceremonial administrative part and the emperor's residence part, which is called the former court and the later court or the outer court and the inner court;In addition, there are warehouses and living service facilities.The palace is often the most grand and luxurious building complex in the countryarchitectural artThe means set off the supremacy of imperial power.
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the relationship between the palace and the capital remains to be further explored.
Since the Spring and Autumn Period, from the perspective of ruins and objectsTwo stages。
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Tang Dynasty, the palace city was mostly in the capital city, and one or both sides of the palace city were close to the city wall;Some are outside the city, attached to one wall or oneCity Corner；There are even two cities built separately.Examples in this regard include Linzi QichengThe Old City of Zheng and HanHandan Zhaocheng, Western Han DynastyChang'anCity, Eastern Han Dynasty and Northern Wei DynastyLuoyangCity, Ye City of the Cao Wei Dynasty, Jiankang City of the Six Dynasties, Chang'an City of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang City, etc.
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Han Dynasty, there was more than one palace in the capitalresidence community。Since the Southern DynastyJiankangFrom then on, the palace was concentrated in the north of the capital, separated from the residential areas, and the government offices were arranged on both sides of the main road in front of the palace, forming the north-south axis of the capitalChang'an City of Tang DynastyIt has developed into a palace city on the central axis of the city.
Palace
People often say "palace". The difference between "palace" and "room" is that the palace is a house with a suite, later developed into a building consisting of several buildings, and finally specifically refers to the emperor's room.
"Dian" means "hip" when it is moved to the lower part of the human body, so it means to occupy the tail. The last name of the game is "Dian Jun", and the last name of the retreat is "Dian Hou";At the same time, it also means being in charge.
Tall houses usually have high foundations, as if they were sitting on them, so they are also called "palaces". The places where Buddha statues are worshipped in temples are also called palaces.Such as“main hall”。
The palace can also refer to a temple. Later, it specifically refers to Taoist temples, such as the Pantao Palace, the Longevity Palace, and the Wenchang Palace in Beijing.
Value position
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Ancient architectureIt is an important part of Chinese traditional culture, and the palace building is the most magnificent flower among them.
Both in structure and form, they show the dignity and magnificent style of the royal family, which distinguishes them from other types of buildings.
For thousands of yearsFeudal dynastyThey all attached great importance to the construction of the imperial palace, which symbolized the authority of the emperor, and formed a complete palace building system.
