Official school

[guān xué]

The most important official education system in ancient China

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The official school refers to the direct establishment and jurisdiction of the Chinese feudal court, as well as the administrative division A school system run locally.

include Central Government School and Local Official Studies , which together constituted the most important official school in ancient China system of education 。

Chinese name: Official school
Dynasty: Han Dynasty

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Political turmoil during the period
Arrive: the tang dynasty

catalog

four Aristocratic school
five Characteristics of official schools
six Local Official Studies

Central Government School

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The central official school of the state was officially established in the Han Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the political situation was turbulent, and the official schools flourished and abolished. By the Tang Dynasty, the central official schools were prosperous and the system was complete, Southern Song Dynasty Later, it gradually went downhill. here we are feudal society In the later period, the central official school gradually declined and became Imperial examination system The vassal of. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was completely replaced by schools and schools. According to the educational level, educational target and content of courses The central official credits of the whole feudal society of China can be divided into the highest institutions of higher learning, junior colleges and Aristocratic school Three categories.

the highest seat of learning

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Taixuehe Imperial College It is the highest institution of learning in feudal China Feudal dynasty The main place for cultivating talents. Imperial College and Imperial College are running schools and cultivating talents, prospering academia and developing Ancient Chinese Culture In science, he has accumulated many valuable experiences history of education It occupies an important position.

Imperial College and Imperial College all paid attention to examinations. However, the examination forms and methods are different. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, a trial was held at the age of two. The examination is divided into oral examination, strategic examination and Set up scientific shooting strategies 。 In the second year of Yongshou of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (156), revise The method of class examination is to take an examination every two years. There is no limit to the number of students who can be admitted. They will be given different official positions according to the number of students who have passed the examination. This practice of paying attention to class examination and selecting talents by trial broke the system of hereditary officials and cronyism, which was of positive significance in selecting talents of feudal virtue and was rare in the world education history at that time.

Tang dynasty Central Government School Of Ten day trial , annual examination, graduation examination; Song Dynasty Imperial College's three - fold test method; The integral test method of the Imperial College in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is qualified by eight points a year, can be seen as the inheritance and development of the imperial examination method in the Han Dynasty. Imperial College and Imperial College emphasized self-study and free inquiry. Especially in the Han Dynasty. Successive dynasties have inherited and developed to varying degrees Imperial College of Han Dynasty This fine tradition has cultivated many scholars.

training school

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Rudong Founded in the late Han Dynasty Hongdu School ； History, literature Confucianism And metaphysics; Calligraphy, arithmetic, law, medicine, painting and martial arts, which were founded in the Tang, Song and Ming dynasties respectively, are all specialized schools for training certain professionals. Their teachers, textbooks, teaching methods, students and management system There are relatively complete regulations.

Aristocratic school

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As in the Eastern Han Dynasty Four surnames Xiaohou School, Tang Dynasty Hongwen Hall 、 Chongwen Hall , Song Dynasty school established for members of the royal household Zhu Wang Gong Xue and Nei Primary School, Zong Xue of Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty Flag science , Buddhism, all belong to this type. Eastern Han Dynasty Emperor Ming In the ninth year of Yongping era (66), he was the Fan, Guo, Yin and Ma relatives Four surnamed Xiao Hou Open a school and appoint Five Classics Teachers. At the initial stage, only children of four families can enter school. Later, the door was opened, and children of ordinary nobles, regardless of family name, could enter school. This school became more influential and became more famous. The Huns also sent their children to school in admiration of their fame.

yes Special education First class noble school for close royal relatives Empress Dowager Queen's close relatives and prime ministers one who holds a sinecure post in a government agency The descendants of the first level meritorious officials went to the library to study. The patriarchal school in the Song Dynasty was an aristocratic school for royal descendants. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, it was attached to the palace by various kings, which was private. Song Huizong In the third year of Chongning (1104), two schools of religion were established in Nanjing and Xijing respectively, with two professors of major and minor schools, specializing in teaching royal children, called "Zongxue", and changed from private to public. The royal palace schools and elementary schools with similar ancestral schools are also schools for noble children.

The patriarchal school of the Ming Dynasty was in the places where Liangjing belonged. All the sons of the eldest son and the sons of officials such as generals and lieutenants who were not weak in the patriarchal clan years could go to school. The teacher is the senior scholar in the official school, such as the accompanying professor Shi Jishan, the Chief of the Royal Family.

The noble schools in the Qing Dynasty can be divided into two kinds: clan schools and flag schools. Long before entering the Shanhaiguan Pass, the school of religion was established. Taizong In the fifth year of Tiancong (1631), royal descendants aged 8 to 15 were enrolled in religious studies. The flag school was set up by the central government of the Qing Dynasty to educate the Manchu Mongolian Eight Banners and the Han Army Eight Banner Children A noble school. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the imperial edict established four institutes Eight Banner Official School 。 Shizong In the first year of Yongzheng's reign (1723), there was another official school in the Eight Banners Church, one for each flag. In addition, it has been started in succession Jingshan Official School 、 Eight Banners Yi Xue 、 Xian'an Palace Official School , Eight Banners Computing Hall 、 Eight Banners Mongolia Tanggute Official School, Shengjing Official School and other schools for children of the Eight Banners.

Characteristics of official schools

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Not only has Class nature And has obvious Hierarchical 。 The purpose of running the school is to cultivate various feudal ruling talents for the use of the imperial court. Special settings Educational administrative organ And the education chief to take charge of the central government schools. Education content with confucian Classics Confucian classics It is the main teaching material. The Central Government School is cultivating various talents and inheriting ancient China cultural heritage It once played a very important role in prospering science and academic undertakings. It has also played a positive role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and Asian and European countries and enhancing the friendship between the Chinese people and people of other countries.

Local Official Studies

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The ancient school of local officials was established in the Han Dynasty.

Han Dynasty In the first three years of Emperor Ping (AD 3), the place was established School system , and stipulates that: system of political zoning Yue Xue, county, road, town principality Day by day, day by day, day by day, day by day. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, because local officials were mostly Confucian institution of higher learning , advocating that more attention should be paid to the establishment of schools, so Junguo School It has been widely established Private school The intertwined development has formed a scene of "schools like forests, with numerous backyards".

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Since the end of Han Dynasty Jian'an Since then, after the Wei Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, for about 400 years, the country has often been in a state of war, division and various contradictions, resulting in the rise or abolition of official schools. Jin Dynasty The local official school was established. The northern countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty also respected Confucianism, and some also had Local schools 。 During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, important regions such as Jiaozhou , Jingzhou, Jinping and other places Start a school Records. Local education in the Northern Dynasty was more developed than that in the Southern Dynasty. especially xianbei After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it adopted the policy of advocating Confucianism, attached importance to the establishment of schools at all levels, and trained ruling talents.

Sui and Tang Dynasties During the Sui Dynasty, the country was reunified, but due to its short history, although Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty 、 Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty They all set up the schools of counties and counties, but in fact, "there is no name of building a school, but there is no reality of promoting the road". In the Tang Dynasty Chinese feudal society During the "golden age", education It also developed unprecedentedly, especially in the early Tang Dynasty, during the Zhenguan and Kaiyuan periods, the official schools flourished Trimble Later, it became obsolete. Local officials learn from Fuzhou In addition to the "Confucianism" governed by the long history, He County also has Imperial Medical Department The "medicine" of the state and prefecture of Ancestral Temple Department Prefecture of“ Metaphysics ”。

Song Liaojin During the Song Dynasty, local officials learned from Yu Renzong Qingli It was established in the fourth year (1044). The military of Zhuzhou Prefecture was ordered to supervise the establishment of schools, and county schools were allowed to be set up with more than 200 scholars. Huizong Chongning In the first year (1102), the restrictions were lifted, and all prefectures and counties were set up schools. Liao and Jin Liguo also have local schools. Liao in Huanglong and Xingzhong Erfu There are government schools. In the 29th year of Shengzongtong's reign (1011), it was newly established in Guizhou and Ningzhou, and it was established the following year State studies 。 In addition, each county has a county school, with doctors and teaching assistants.

The system of local official education in the Yuan Dynasty was relatively complete Prefecture, prefecture and county There are corresponding schools in Level 4, but they are not generally established. In addition to the above schools, the local official schools in the Yuan Dynasty also had National characteristics Of Mongolian philology , medicine Yin-yang theory 。

The early Ming Dynasty was the time when local official schools flourished in the feudal society of China. As early as Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty At the beginning of the founding of the country, it not only set up prefectures, prefectures and county schools in all prefectures, prefectures and counties, but also set up defense stations Health science , rural community school And also set up in the places where local administrative bodies are located Dusi Confucianism Xuanweisi Confucianism and other Confucianism. At its peak, there were more than 1700 schools in China.

In the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, the local official school basically followed the Ming system. According to its local division, there are government schools, state schools, county schools, and social schools in the countryside. All regions have full-time academic officers. In addition Shengjing The official school in Shengjing was the official school in the capital of the Qing Dynasty. After the Qing Dynasty entered the Shanhaiguan Pass, Shengjing became the capital of residence, and set up religious schools Jueroology 、 Eight Banners The left and right wing official schools, and the Manchu and Han education of each official school, will be invited by the general Fengtian Five Waiter House official Jane School The two men, together with the general, set a test, and the selection scope was limited to those who were born in Fengtian, Manchu, Han and Lijia. The examination paper will be replaced in order after being approved by the authorities. The management of all official schools and the methods of student recruitment and distribution are the same as those of the official schools in Beijing.

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