brightLu Renlong《Liaohai Dan Zhong Record》: "The Ministry of Ritual moved to the official position（Yuan Keli）On the one hand, he sent a letter to Marshal Mao, listened to his discretion to send appropriate officials, visited the local government, and received a reply from the people of the countryLeap OctoberZhongduo. "
brightFeng Menglong《Chronicles of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty》The fifth time: "The prince suddenly led officials out of the country to greet him and asked him why he had returned to his country. Duke Zhuang told King Huan without using words, and everyone felt aggrieved."
Ming Feng Menglong's "Awakening Episode, Three Filial Pieties and Honesty Make Industry Famous": "The Han Dynasty was very serious, and a few slogans came out, saying: false filial piety and honesty, be an official; true filial piety and honesty, export money."
clearWu JingziThe first eight chapters of The Scholars: YesMr. Xue Zhai is famous for his poems. The current officials of officials, divisions, courts and Taoists do not come to worship him.
clearZhou ZhongfuVolume IV of Zheng Tang's Notes: "It is unknown whether it is appropriate to take my words as a starting point today."
The first chapter of Hate the Sea:“Eight-Nation AllianceWhen invading China and entering the capital, two palaces and western hunting, officials of all sizes were humiliated. "[3]
Lexical discrimination
Officials are socialadvantaged group , with participationnational policyOr placePolicy formulationOfDecision making powerAnd free distribution of state-owned resourcesDecision power；Therefore, in the absence of effective supervision over the use of power, no matter which country in the world, no matter what historical period of human society, officials are vested materialInterest groupsThe largest beneficiary group in China;At the same time, people who are most likely to have problems.Corruption is a common problem of serving officials in many countries in the world.There are a lot of dirty transactions in the officialdom, including some heinous practices.
Official title
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Prime Minister: Chinafeudal societyTop in charge of political affairsexecutiveA generic term for.It means the highest staff of the monarch and the head of a hundred officials.
Prime Minister: Official name.For a long time, the prime minister is often used as the general name of prime minister, but the prime minister is not necessarily the prime minister.
Officials of the Ming Dynasty
Taiwei: Official name.The first lieutenant of the Qin Dynasty was the highest military officer in the country.The Prime Ministerimperial censorcombined termthree counsellors of state, the Eastern Han Dynasty and SituSikongAnd it is the third public.Descendants were appointed along the line, but generally they were appointed officials without real power, which was abolished in the Ming Dynasty.
imperial censor: Official name.It was established in the Qin Dynasty, and its position was equivalent to that of Deputy Prime Minister.
Waiter: Official name.It was established when Emperor Wu of the Han DynastyA doctorHe is a close official who often serves the emperor.
Doctor: Official name.It was first set up in the Qin Dynasty and presided over the emperor's residence in the palace.Since the Sui Dynasty, he has been the chief officer of each department, and a senior member under the rank of minister and servant.
Qing: The title of a senior official or title in ancient times.
Sanlu Doctor: Official name.Warring States PeriodChu StateThe Sanlu doctor of the royal family was in charge of the education of the children of Zhao, Qu and Jing, the most influential of the royal family.
General: Official name.In the Spring and Autumn Period, when princes commanded the army as ministers, they began to be called generals.Post forDudu MilitaryOfMilitary attache。
Senior general: official name.It was set up in the Warring States Period, followed by the Han Dynasty, and was the highest title of general.
Grand Shifu: Official name.One of the three ancient princes (Taishi, Taifu and Taibao are the three princes).Later, the Grand Master, Tai Fu and Tai Bao were appointed as officials to show their honor and favorPractical duties。The Grand Master is also the officer who tutors the Crown Prince, sayingCrown Prince。
Taifu: Official name.He was one of the three masters in ancient times, and his name was Tong Taishi.In the Western Han Dynasty, the official who tutored the prince was calledPrince and Fu。
Sima: Official name.Western Zhou DynastyIt is set when.Used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in charge of military and political affairsMilitary fu。Sima Wei of Han DynastyMinister of WarNickname of.After Sui and Tang dynasties, Sima's position was reduced.
Governor: official name.First placed at the Emperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyZhu YuanzhangThe function is the same as that of the "imperial envoys" who are the central officials who patrol the local areas.
governor: It is the highest local governor in charge of military affairs of one or more provinces.
Dudu: It was established at the end of Han Dynasty.During the Three Kingdoms period, the governor was the general who led the army to fight. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the governor became the governor of the garrison and the chief military and political officer of the jurisdiction.
Commander in chief: Official positions in the Qing Dynasty.One isTo supervise school administration, also known as XuezhengLearning platform, holding the imperial examination power;One is the commander in chief of military affairs, who is responsible for the military affairs of a province.
Imperial envoys: officials who were sent by the emperor to deal with major events temporarily in the Ming Dynasty are called imperial envoys.
Governor: the official name. A general who is in charge of the army when he goes to war is called in chief. When he is not in charge of the border area, he is called in chiefdadudu 。In the Tang Dynasty, the power of the abstemious envoys increased continuously, forming the so-called“Vassal separatist regime”。
Shangshu: At first, he was an official in charge of memorials.In the Sui Dynasty, there were six ministries. In the Tang Dynasty, six ministries were designated as officials, household officials, ritual officials, soldiers, criminals and workers. The ministers and waitresses were the chief and deputy officials of each ministry.
Shangqing:Zhou dynastyIn the official system, both the emperor and the princes have ministers, who can be divided into upper, middle and lower levels. The most distinguished one is called "Shangqing".
Privy Envoy:privy councilThe officer of.In the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs took the post, and after the Song Dynasty, ministers took the post. The Privy Council was one of the highest state affairs institutions in charge of military affairs. The power of the Privy Council envoy was equal to that of the prime minister. The military aircraft ministers in the Qing Dynasty were often called "Privy Council".
LeftistThe official name of Chu in the Warring States Period, and later generationsLeft and Right HandicraftsEquivalent.The main responsibility is to admonish the emperor and recommend talents.
Taiwei: Official title before the Yuan Dynasty.He was the highest military officer assisting the emperor, and was calledDasima。In the Song Dynasty, he was appointed as the highest military officer.
Doctor: Different dynasties refer to different things. Sometimes it can refer to important positions in the central organs, such as the imperial doctorofficial in charge of admonition and arbitrationEtc.
Tai Shi: In the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, he was a court minister with high status, in charge of drafting documents and commanding princeshigh ministers and nobles, record historical events, and take charge of ancient books, calendars, sacrifices, etc.
Waiter: It was originally one of the additional officials besides the regular ones.As a result of the emperor's attendants, his position was gradually higher and his rank was higher than that of a servant.After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister.《Memorial on Sending Out the Troops》MentionedGuo YouzhiFei Pi is a waiter.
Doctor: He was a palace guard in the Warring States Period.From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official under the rank of minister and minister, and was in charge of the affairs of various departments.Such as《Jingke Assassin King》"All of you are in charge of soldiers, Your Highness Chen." This refers to the palace guards.《Zhang Hengchuan》"Bus features worship the doctor", and "doctor" is the official name for managing the vehicle portal.
Joining the army:“Staff and military affairs”The abbreviation of "" was originally the military staff officer of the prime minister. After the Jin Dynasty, his position gradually declined and he became the staff of kings and generals. ".
Duwei: A military attache ranking next to a general.
A caretaker: Also referred to as "Jinglue".In the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was a military officer in frontier defense, and was juxtaposed with the governor.
Governor: It was originally the name of an inspector. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, it became the highest military and political officer of the prefecture and county, sometimes called the prefect.
Tai Shou: See the article "Governor".Also known as "sheriff", the chief executive of a state or county.
Xiaowei:Han DynastyAn official rank next to a general.
Referral: the official name of the military attache of the prefecture in the Song Dynasty, responsible for training the army, supervising the arrest of thieves and other affairs.
Prefecture Magistrate: namely, "Taishou" or "Zhizhou".
County magistrate: the chief executive of a county, also known as the "magistrate".
Li Zheng: The ancient village officials were one mile long.
Three provinces and six ministries: Three provincesSecretariat、Shimen Province、Chancery。In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. In general, the three provinces were in charge of decision-making, provincial review, and implementation. The chief officials of the three provinces were all prime ministers.Governor of ZhongshuOfficial titleMiddle order, belowMiddle School Waiter, secretary of state and other official positions;The provincial governor under the gate is called a servantServant. Middle ranking officials in civil service;The governor of Shangshu Province isShangshu Decree, there are official positions such as left and right servant and shooter.Shangshu Province has six departments:Ministry of Officials(in charge of the appointment, removal and assessment of officials, equivalent to the Organization Department), the Ministry of Household (in charge of land, household registration, taxation and finance, etc.)Ceremonial department(in charge of ceremonies, elections, schools, etc.), the Ministry of War (in charge of military affairs, equivalent to the Ministry of National Defense)Criminal Department(in charge of judicial punishment and prison, equivalent to the Ministry of Justice), the Ministry of Works (in charge of project construction, reclamation and water conservancy).The ministers are called ministers, vice ministers are called waiters, and doctorsYuanwailang, principal and other official positions.The six part system was implemented from the Sui and Tang dynasties until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
Official system of previous dynasties
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Official system of the Han Dynasty
Official of Han Dynasty
Big Si Nong: In the Qin Dynasty, it was called the internal history of controlling millet,Emperor JingdiRenamed Tainong Decree,Martial Emperorthe absolute beginningIn the first year (104 BC), it was renamed as Dasinong.Wei Chusethbig landlord, Emperor Wen（Cao Pi）In the second year of the Huangchu period (221 years), it was renamed as the Grand Si Nong. There were also Grand Si Nong in Shu and Wu.In the Han Dynasty, the big Si Nong was in charge of taxes, money, grain, salt and iron, and the stateFiscal revenue and expenditureHowever, during the Three Kingdoms period, due to the decentralization of power, they were only responsible for the custody of these materials.the nine great ministers of stateone of.
Dahong Lu: Qin Shi saidtagger , called in the early Han DynastyGrand orderIn the first year of Taichu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed his name to Dahonglu, in charge of receiving guests.One of the Nine Kingdoms.
Guard: Established in the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty（Liu Qi）He changed his name to Chinese Doctor Ling at the beginning, and soon returned to his original name, in charge of the palace gate guards.One of the Nine Kingdoms.
Taiwei: Same asDasima。Cao Pi's assumption of officeJia XuHe is the first lieutenant.
Taifu: An official who serves as a deputy to the monarch. As an important minister, he participates in the government and takes charge of the military and political power of the country.Cao RuiHeir to the throneZhong YouHe is Taifu.
Too often: Fengchang in Qin Dynasty, Emperor Jing in Han Dynastymoderate rainIn the sixth year (144 BC), it was renamed Taichang, and was in charge of the rites, music, society, and temple etiquette.His subordinate officials were imperial officialsBest wishes、Taizai, Tai Yao, Tai Yi (treating hundred officials), Tai Bu Liu Ling andDoctor's Sacrifice。One of the Nine Kingdoms.
Eunuchs: There were eunuchs in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty,usurper who founded the Xin dynastyOnce renamed Taiyu, he was in charge of horses and livestock.One of the Nine Kingdoms.
Imperial Prefecture: In the Qin Dynasty, there was a prefect. Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty changed his name to Imperial Prefecture. He was the highest officer of a countyTo become a sageIn addition to litigating and prosecuting traitors, they can also appoint or remove their subordinatessecretary in a public office。
Shaofu: The Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty both set up Shaofu, and Wang Mang was calledCoproduction, in charge of the goods together with the chief minister.However, the Grand Secretary of Agriculture was in charge of the country's wealth, while the Shaofu was in charge of supporting the emperor.The official in charge of the imperial paper, ink, pen, etcPalace guard order, in charge of swordsCrossbow machineAn imperial edict for goods, clothes, etcImperial Decree, healing for the palaceImperial Doctor's Order。One of the Nine Kingdoms.
Mediocre waiter: It was first established in the Qin Dynasty, and was held by eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They were in charge of documents and delivering imperial edicts, and had great power.
Central Guard: Cao Cao was the prime minister's rear guard, and soon became the middle guard, in chargeGuard, ranking slightly lower than the middle leader.
Long History: It was first established in the Qin Dynasty, and there were two long histories under the Prime Minister in the Western Han Dynasty, whose position was equivalent to that of Secretary General, namely, the head of affairs in the highest state organ.There is also a long history in the general's shogunate, who is the chief of staff;Those that can be ordered to fight are calledA long history of generals and soldiers。Eastern HanTaiwei、Sikong, SituSangongfuIt also has a long history and heavy responsibilities.three countriesThe edge setting is unchanged.
Engaged in: assistant officials such as the governorDon't drive, governance, master book, merit, etc. are all called engaged in.
Cangcao: The official in charge of Canggu affairs is called the official, and the vice official is called the official.
Situ: It was established in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was in charge of education in the Eastern Han Dynasty,three counsellors of stateone of.
Sikong: It was established in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was in charge of water and soil and construction projects in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Sili Xiaowei: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up the office to supervise and lead Tuli in the capital city to investigate and arrest evils and criminals, which is called Sili for short.Liu BeiWhen Shu was proclaimed emperorZhang FeiHe is a Sili Xiaowei.
Sijin Zhonglang General: Cao Cao was set up in the tenth year of Jian'an (205) as an official in charge of the casting of iron, coins and farm tools.
Master Book: It was first set up in the Han Dynasty, and was in charge of the collection of document books. There were master books in Sikong, the Prime Minister's Office and the assistant officials of the governor.
Meritorious: The assistant officer of the governor is in charge of the examination and record of merit.
Dongxicao: After Cao Cao became Prime Minister, there were EastXicaoIn charge of personnel work,DongcaoHe was in charge of the appointment and removal of officials of two thousand stone, and the appointment and removal of officials of the Prime Minister's Office of the Western Cao Dynasty.The person in charge of the project is called RUF, and the person in charge of the project is called RUF.
Prime Minister: It was first established in the Warring States Period and was the leader of all officials.There was no prime minister in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Cao Cao was reinstated as prime minister."Prime Minister" is the person who handles state affairs according to the will of the monarch.
Guangluxun: Qin Shi saidLang ZhonglingEmperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed his name to Guanglu Xun.Wang Mang was called Sizhong, and Guanglu Xun in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Cao Cao WeiDuke WeiPosteriorDoctor's Order,Huang ChuIn the first year (220), also known as Guanglu Xun, he was in charge of the gate of Suwei Palace.Some of his subordinate officials are in charge of Binzan's workAudience. The person in charge of the Yucheng YucheFengche Duwei, in charge of auxiliary vehiclehorseFu Ma, Captain, in charge ofFeather Forest RiderOfRiding Duwei, and the doctormilitary officer in charge of the security of the royal palaceIt is still controversial whether these officials belong to Guangluxun.One of the Nine Kingdoms.
Zhi Jinwu: In the Qin Dynasty, he was called a lieutenant, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed his name to Zhi Jinwu.Wang Mang was called Fenwu, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was called Zhijinwu again.the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodHe was first called a lieutenant. In the first year of Huang Chu's reign, he changed his name to Zhi Jinwu, who was in charge of the palace patrol.GuardWhen patrolling the palace, I would pay close attention to the capital.When the Emperor travels, Zhi Jinwu takes the lead."I" should be the imperial speaker.
Don't drive: The assistant official of the governor. The governor takes patrol inspection as his duty. If he doesn't drive, he will take another vehicle to assist the governor in patrolling, so he is called Don't Drive.
Official System of Tang Dynasty
The highest official of the Tang Dynasty
Tang DynastyOrganizational form of political powerIt is reasonable. It inherits and develops the previous generation'sThree provinces and six ministriesThey can restrict each other and have a clear division of labor. It is precisely because they have certain positive and reasonable functions of the feudal bureaucracy that they have to some extent ensured a clear government and ushered in a prosperous and grandMeteorology of the Tang Dynasty。CreatedChinese feudal societyThe most prosperous period, and went in the wholehuman societyThe forefront of development.
The Third Division had been mature in the Western Zhou Dynasty. They were all elders of the clan, and they were responsible for guiding, assisting and guarding the king.Protect their health;Fu, Fu Qide and Yi;A teacher is a guide to a lesson."The monarch's teacher is the foundation of governance" (The Book of Rites of Dadai. The Three Rites) played a comprehensive guiding role when the monarch was young or immature.If non moral meritorious deeds are lofty, they will not occupy their place and will rather be absent than abused.In the Tang Dynasty, he was transformed into an honorary position of Sangong, a high position but not actually exercising power.
2、 Three provinces merge
(Zhongshu, Xiamen, Shangshu)
The central administrative organ also has other departments such as provinces, temples, and prisons, but these three are the most important.amongSecretariatIt is the organ that is mandated by the Supreme Order to formulate and launch various government orders and other functions;Shimen ProvinceFor the imperial decree and all kinds ofAscending textThe deliberative organ of;ChanceryThe highest executive body executes various decrees.
The functional division of the three provinces andPosition settingMainly:
1. Middle Secretary Province: the chief officer is the middle secretary, and the deputy chief officer is the middle secretaryMiddle School Waiter。Subordinate:
3. Shangshu Province: the chief officer isShangshu Decree, the deputy chief is leftRight Minion Shooting。Each of the six ministries has a minister, a bodyguard as a chief and a deputy chief.Six departments under its jurisdictionDivision 24situation:
① Official Department - in charge of official selection, appointment, removal, promotion, examination, etc.Subordinate officials have principals, orders and historiesHistory of Book Order, History of Book Making, History of Jia Kuvillage constable, Zhanggu, etc.
②Ministry of Household——In charge of household registration, economy, finance, etc.Subordinate officials include the principal, the order history, the book order history, the plan history, and the leadership.
③ Ritual Department - in charge of etiquette, sacrifice, imperial examinations, schools, education, etc.
⑥ Work Department - in charge of various itemsengineering constructionWork related to logistics.
Note: The above three parts are left for the management.
IIIthe Six Boards
It is a government agency, and there are other affairs agencies——Nine temples, fromQin and Han DynastiesJiuqing of the period.It ranks below the six ministries.The chief and deputy chief officers are the ministersShaoqing。The specific divisions are as follows:
yesDianzhong Province、Neishi Province、Bachelor's College. Inner pivot emissary.The bachelor's college istang xunzongIt was originally set.At first, it was called "waiting for imperial edict" to attract talents and scholars, and it was also called "waiting for imperial edict" to select talented people from officials to reside in the Imperial Academy“Hanlin Worship”, later renamed as "Bachelor", he specialized in internal life.Later“Internal phase”Nicknames for, in particular“official in charge of secretarial matters”, "Imperial Scholar's Undertaking" and other titles.
The staff members who do not hold actual management positions all have their own grade. In many cases, the position and grade are not consistent.Civil officialsThe grade and its name are as follows:
In addition, there are also those who have paid tribute to the imperial family members and war achievementsrewardDifferent treatment titles awarded.
6、 Supervision and advice system
Tang DynastycensorateIt is a completely independent supervision structure.There are three courts under the Imperial Historian's Platform:
1、TaiyuanTo serve as an official, responsible for the rectification and impeachment of all officials of the imperial court.
2、Palace courtyardImperial historian in the palace, various ceremonies in the palm hall."The regular class is listed outside the gate of the pavilion, and those who correct their departure from the class cannot speak solemnly".
In addition, in addition to the three dukes who also have such rights and dutiesofficial in charge of admonition and arbitrationHe Bu Que and Shi Yi are also special admonitors.Famous for "offending Yan and forcefully remonstrating"Wei Zheng, he was once an admonitory doctor.And formed a system of "advising officials to enter the cabinet for deliberation with the prime minister".
Each dynasty has its own royal family and government.The royal family is represented by the emperor, and the prime minister is the first leader of the government.The Prime Minister and the Prime Minister are both vice officials, so the Prime Minister is also an adjutantPre QinAt that time, he was actually an adjutant of the king or princes and other nobles.The internal steward is called Zai, and the external director is called Xiang.After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, all the nobles collapsed, leaving only one noble family, the royal family. Therefore, the prime minister in their family had to manage both the country and the emperor's family affairs.This is the origin of the Prime Minister.
The prime minister of the Tang Dynasty adopted the system of committee members, which was different from the leadership system of the Han Dynasty.There are three Yamen: Zhongshu, Xiamen and Shangshu. The functions of these three departments plus the Yushitai are equal to the functions and powers of the prime minister of the Han Dynasty.It can be seen that the Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty had decentralized power.
1. China Book Province --- issuing orders.These orders were called "imperial edicts" in the Tang Dynasty. Although they were issued in the name of the emperor, they were not drafted by the emperor, but by the Central Secretariat.The procedure is as follows: The central secretary drafted several imperial edicts, saying“Five Flowers Judge”Then, a formal imperial edict was selected and slightly polished by the order of the Secretary General of the Central Committee (the governor of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the.
2. Province under the door - review.The emperor's order issued by Zhongshu Province must be reviewed.If the review failsIn progress(The officer who has the right to seal and refute)CommentsReturned to Zhongshu Province, it is called "Tugui", which means that Zhongshu Province is required to draft again.If the review is passed, the imperial edict will not come into force until it is signed by the middle aide (provincial governor) or the middle aide (provincial adjutant), and then issued to Shangshu Province for execution.If the emperor issues the order directly without the seal under the middle letter and door, it isCentral purport, the effect is lower than the imperial edict.
3. Shangshu Province --- Implementation.The governor of Shangshu Province is called Shangshu Decree,Li ShiminHe used to hold this post before he became the emperor, so no courtier dared to be a minister again later, and his lack was often suspended.The real power of Shangshu Province then lies in its adjutant, who is called the left and right servant.There are three departments, namely, the left one is responsible for officials, households and rites, and the right one is responsible for soldiers, punishment and labor. For the functions of the six departments, see Brother zxc789's "Examination of the Central Management System of the Tang Dynasty".There are four departments under each department, a total of 24 departments.
Political Affairs Hall----Because an imperial edict has to pass through the middle of the book and the doorTwo provincesIn order to facilitate the discussion of major events, the secretary of state and the governors of the two provinces held a joint meeting, which is called the "Political Affairs Hall".If one person is both left and right, he is called "under the door of the same middle schoolPing Zhangshi”And also have the right to enter the Political Affairs Hall for deliberation (because the governor of Shangshu Province is non-existent).However, after the opening of the New Year, the minister could not enter the Political Affairs Hall for discussion, and the Shangshu Province became a pureExecutive organ。Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, the official under the secretary and the door was the true prime minister.
Let's introduce the Imperial Platform again.It is divided into left and right imperial historians, and left imperial historians supervisecentral governmentOfficials are mainly from six ministries of Shangshu Province, while Zhongshu and Menxia provinces are not included in the supervision;The Right Imperial Historian inspected local officials, and there were ten roads in the country, one for each road“observer”。This "watcher" was originally a central inspector. After patrolling all roads, he later became a central official resident in the local area, virtually becoming the highest officer of the local area.If his task is to patrol the border, stop at the important border area, and the central government gives him all the power to deal with local affairs, this is called "governor".Festival was a kind of seal of full authority at that time. With it, everything could be controlled, so it was called "Jiedu Envoy".Because of its great power, it gradually evolved into“Vassal town”。
Tang DynastyJiupinOfficials, the first and second rank officials, are given the title of elder, who is not actually responsible for political affairs, that is, "three public".The above“Three provinces and six ministriesThe first hand of "One" isThird grade official。
In addition to the "three provinces, six ministries and one TV station", most of the official positions are idle.Let's talk about "Nine Temples" here.It originates from Jiuqing in the Qin and Han Dynasties.It ranks below the six ministries.The chief and deputy chiefs are Qing and Shaoqing.
1. Taichang Temple - "Chang", originally "Taste", takes food to offer to ancestors, so that they can always taste new ideas, so Taichang Temple is in charge of the emperor's sacrifices;
2. Guanglu Temple - its source is Guanglu Xun of the Han Dynasty. "Xun" is connected to "door", which is the entrance of the royal family, so Guanglu Temple is in charge of the palace gate guards;
3. Weiwei Temple -- Hanben was the imperial guard, but in the Tang Dynasty, he became the only emperor to rely ontentEtc;
4. Zongzheng Temple - in charge of the emperor's clan affairs;
5. Taipu Temple ---- servant, which means driver, so Taipu Temple is in charge of the emperor's horses;
6. Dali Temple - Originated from the Han Dynastya military rank, the central judicial organ;
7. Honglu Temple - Lu is the meaning of calling, which originated from the Dahonglu in the Han Dynasty. It is in charge of the emperor's treatment of people, equal to the emperor's private foreign ministry;
8. Si Nong Temple ---- Originated from the Han Dynasty's Da Si Nong, GuanGovernment economyThe world's land tax revenue is nominally managed by the Si Nong Temple, and entered the national treasury;
9. The Shaofu Temple is also an economic organization, but it is also an economic organizationSalt mineEqual tax, this part of income is included in the emperor's privateTreasuryGo to the middle.
The official system of the Qing Dynasty
executive summary
Official of the Qing DynastyComplementGenerally, it can be divided into literary and martial arts
Civil officialsFor: First grade crane, second grade craneCaragana, third gradepeacock, four grade wild goose, five grade wild goosesilver pheasant, six productscormorant, seven grade Hongshu, eight gradequail, ninth grade sparrow training.
The military officers are: first grade unicorn, second grade lion, third grade leopard, fourth grade tiger, fifth grade bear, sixth grade puma, seventh grade lion, eighth grade leopardrhinoceros, Jiupina hippocampus。
Qing Dynasty officialsTopwearDivided intoImperial crownAndJifu CrownTwo.The customization of Chaoguan is:princeFrom below to the first grade officialCrown apexAllRuby, just use the pearl decorated（Dongzhu）To make a difference.The crown crown of the prince is decorated with 10 East pearls, the crown crown of the prince's son is decorated with 9 East pearls, the crown crown of the prince is decorated with 8 East pearls, and the crown crown of Baylor is decorated with 7 East pearls,ShellfishThere are 6 East Beads on the crown of,Duke of ZhenguoThe crown is decorated with five East Beads,Auxiliary duke，Less than 80 centsAs well as the crown of Mingong, there are four East Beads.The crown of the Marquis is decorated with three East Beads, the crown of the Earl is decorated with two East Beads, and the crown of the Yipin official is decorated with one East Pearl.All the above officials wear rubies.The top of the second grade official crown is decorated with a small gem, with carved coral on it（Zhenguo GeneralAnd the viscount,Auxiliary generalAnd the Baron).The top of the third grade official is decorated with a small rubysapphire。The top of the fourth grade official wears a small sapphirelapis lazuli。Five grade officialThe crown is decorated with small sapphire and crystal.Six grade official wears a small sapphire on the topTridacna。The top of the seventh grade official crown is decorated with small crystalsPlain gold。Eight grade officialYin scriptThe carved golden top is not decorated.The top of the ninth grade official is a gold top with embossed engraving (referring to the unofficial ninth grade official).TrialsPilot testsuccessful candidates of the national civil service examinationThe crown carries three branches and nine leaves of gold.Ju Ren, Gong Shenga student of the Imperial College in the Ming and Qing DynastiesThe crown top is a carved silver seatGolden finch。On the top of the student's crown is a carved silver seat, with a silver bird on the top.The customization of Jifuguan is as follows: rubies for the prince to the shell, coral for the first grade, carved coral for the second grade, sapphire for the third grade, lapis lazuli for the fourth grade, crystal for the fifth grade, tridacna for the sixth grade, plain gold for the seventh grade, and carved plain gold for the eighth and ninth grade.The tributes use a plain gold top. The crown is a silver seat, and the top is a plain gold top.The tribute students use the carved gold top, which is used by both the supervisor and the studentPlain silverTop.
According to: In the early Qing Dynasty, the imperial crown system of hundred officials was established. The first, second and third grade officials all used a gold crown with a ruby in it, the fourth grade official crown with a sapphire in it, the fifth and sixth grade official crown with a crystal in it, the seventh grade official crown with a gold crown with a small sapphire embedded in it, the eighth grade official crown with a gold crown with a flower in it, and the ninth grade official crown with a silver crown with a flower in it.In the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign, we began to agree on what to wear in winter and summerCold hat、Warm hatThe system is in accordance with the imperial crown: the first grade official coral roof, the second and third grade official flower coral roof, the fourth grade official lapis lazuli roof, the fifth and sixth grade crystal roof, and the seventh grade and below as well as Jinshi, Juren and Gongsheng all use gold roof,a student of the Imperial College in the Ming and Qing DynastiesTop with silver.In the sixth year of Yongzheng's reign, the seventh grade official carved crystal roof was changed.In the eighth year of Yongzheng era, the top of the third grade official was sapphire or blue clear glass, the top of the sixth grade official was tridacna or white nirvana glass, and the top of the seventh grade official was still gold.Since then, the shape and ornaments of the imperial crown have become customized.
The size and pattern regulations are strictly changed without permission and will be severely punished
Royal Clan of the Qing DynastyTonic clothingHe Buzi was created in Nanjing, Suzhou and HangzhouJiangnan Three WeavingCustomized tribute is made of exquisite materials and workmanship. The size and pattern are strictly regulated. Officials can't change their own personal qualitiesOfficial uniform。
Leading cadres of ministries and commissions under the State Council (such as the minister of the Ministry of Education and the director of the National Development and Reform Commission), leading cadres of governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government (such asJiangsuProvincial GovernorTianjinMayor)
Principal cadres of departments and offices of departments and bureaus of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government (such asScience and Technology Department of Jiangsu ProvinceDirector of Rural Science and Technology Division)
Cadres at the regimental level (such as political commissar of the 105 Regiment)
Principal cadres of bureaus, offices and district/county bureaus affiliated to sub provincial cities (such as NanjingScience and Technology BureauDirector of Scientific and Technological Achievements DivisionXuanwu District Health BureauDirector)
Cadres at the level of deputy regiment (such as chief of staff of 105 regiment)
Cadres at the level of chief section and deputy section
Note: Cadres at all levels in institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutes, hospitals and other institutions refer to the treatment of government cadres at all levels, but do not haveAdministrative level, does not belong to the civil service establishment.
If government cadres at all levels are members of the standing committee of the Party committee at the next higher level, their administrative level will be upgraded.For example, the mayor of Zhangjiagang City is a cadre at the department level, and if he is a member of the Standing Committee of the CPC Suzhou Municipal Committee, he is a cadre at the deputy department level.
For example, Chongqing has always beenSub provincial cityIn February 1997, it became a provincial municipality.
The sub provincial city is one of the administrative regions of the People's Republic of ChinaProvincial Administrative Regionhave jurisdiction over,Sub provincial cityThe mayor of the province is at the same administrative level as the deputy governor of the province.The first 16 sub provincial cities were approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council to become sub provincial cities according to the document issued by the Central Organs Establishment Committee (Zhongbian [1994] No. 1) on February 25, 1994.
Sub provincial cities and prefecture level cities orPrefecture level They were brought under the direct jurisdiction of each province togethersheetsColumn.
Related nouns
Announce
edit
the Six Boards
Constitute division of labor
The so-called six ministries refer to the general name of the six ministries of officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals and workers in the central court.The six departments manage national affairs separately and have a clear division of labor. Generally speaking,Ministry of OfficialsIn charge of personnel work, the Ministry of Household is in charge of civil affairs and finance,Ceremonial departmentIn charge of cultural and educational workexternal relationsWork,Ministry of WarIn charge of military and political work,Criminal DepartmentIn chargeJudicial administrationWork,Ministry of WorkIn charge of engineering construction, the establishment and evolution of the six ministries in the Qing Dynasty had its own historical conditions and characteristics.As early as the fifth year of Tiancong (1631 AD), Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty set up six ministries following the system of the Ming Dynasty.At that time, it was stipulated that each department should have aManchuriaBaylor is also the leader.This method remained unchanged until the first year of Shunzhi (1644 AD), when the Manchu ruler led his army to enter the passQing DynastyLater, the system was abolished, but in the eighth year of Shunzhi (1651 AD), it was decided toprinceThe repeated actions of the monarchs and princes who also took charge of the ministries showed that the Qing Dynasty was very poor in how to control and command the work of the six ministries.Manchu nobles mainly ensured thatCounterpartControl of.During the Tiancong period, it was stipulated that the five ministries of officials, households, rites, soldiers and punishments should each have four administrators as their heads, including two Manchus and one Mongolian and one Han.Only the Ministry of Work is special, with only three Chengzheng people, including one Manchu and two Han.There are also six setsQixinlangOne person was used to monitor the chiefs of the ministries. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644 AD), the leaders of the six ministries were ordered to be renamed Shangshu and Shilang after the Ming system. However, at that time, the Shangshu of the six ministries only employed Manchu people, and the Han people only served as Shilang.In the fifth year (1648 AD), it was decided to set up a Manchu, a Han Shangshu, a Manchu and a Han servant respectively in the Ministry of Works.Other doctorsYuanwailangThe number of middle-level commanders, such as the chief commander, also stipulated the number of Manchu, Han, Mongolian and Han troops.becauseManchuwithethnic minorityIt occupies a dominant position in the country, so Manchu and Chinese are the common language of public documents. Therefore, all six departments have institutions and personnel such as the Qing Filing Room and the Pen Tie Style (responsible for translating Manchu and Chinese characters).As for the divisions within each ministry by business and region, the household division is 14 divisions, and the criminal division is 17 divisionsadministrative divisionChange.(The household has 14 departments in Jiangnan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Huguang, Fujian, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou;Criminal DepartmentAdd Zhili Division and Fengtian Division, and divide Jiangnan Division into Jiangsu Division and Anhui Division (17 divisions in total).
administrative organ
Following the tradition of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty set up six ministries (officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, workers), and the officials of each ministry (in charge ofBachelorAnd ministers, waiters, etc.) called court officials, and doctors, waiters, principals, and the seventh grade junior leaders of the subordinate departments of the MinistryBeijing officialsIt is called the commander in chief.In addition to the Six Ministries, the central administrative organs of the Six Ministries are: Dali TempleTaichang Temple、Guanglu Temple、Taipu Temple、Honglu Temple、Imperial College、Imperial College、Imperial Academy、Taihu Hospital、Ministry of Minority Affairs、Zongren Mansion、Zhanshi Mansion、Home Affairs Office。[Military system]: the main divisions of the Qing armyEight BannersandGreen campTwo systems.Eight banners are divided againJingyingAnd garrison. The emperor's bodyguard in the Beijing camp is called the pro armyBodyguard Office(Leader's House)The minister in charge of bodyguardandlord chancellor Split palmHowever, the former minister was in charge of the guards of the Qianqing Gate and the emperor's retinue when they went out, which was particularly important.Other guards of the capital areCavalry Camp、Qianfeng Camp、Military barracks, Infantry BattalionJianruiyingFirearms CampShenji Camp、Tiger Gun Camp、Shanpang CampEtc.The cavalry camp is composed ofEight Banners DutongDirectly under the Central Government;Qianfeng Battalion, Military Protection Battalion and Infantry Battalion shall be under the jurisdiction of leaders respectively;JianruiyingFirearms CampShenjiyingthe special arms, under the jurisdiction of the Minister in charge of the President or the Minister in charge of management;Tiger Gun Camp's full-time retinueHuntingEtc., under the jurisdiction of the President;Good poker camp specializes in wrestling.Garrison Eight BannersGarrison in important places throughout the country, set up generalsDutong, Deputy DutongCity Guard Captain、Defensive lieutenantWait for officials.Mainland generals are only in charge of military affairs, while generals stationed in border areas should also be in charge of civil affairs.The general of the Qing Dynasty was the title of Manchu official, and the prince was appointed as the general in wartime.Green campI.eHan soldiers, the so-called patrol camp stationed in BeijingInfantry Commanderhave jurisdiction over.The organizational system of the green camp is divided into several levels, namely, the standard of supervision, the standard of comfort, the standard of improvementTown mark、Military standard、River sign, water mark, etc., respectivelygovernor, GovernorCommander in chief, Commander, Eight BannersGarrison general, River GovernorGovernor of Water Transportcommand.In fact, the independent green camp organizations in each province are responsible for raising the standard and the town standardA provinceThe highest military attache, the general is slightly lower than the commander.Under the general, the deputy general belongs to the Association, participating generals, guerrillasDusiThe garrison belongs to the battalion, with a total of 1000Put the total、OutsourcingIt belongs to Xun.[Constitutional body]: The Qing Dynasty followed the example of the Ming Dynasty in setting up the Supervisory Court,Zuo Du Imperial Historian、Zuo Fudu Imperial HistorianAs the Chief Inspector of the Commission,Youdu Imperial Historian, rightDeputy Capital Imperial HistorianIt is the additional title of Governor and Governor.【local administration】Following the Ming system, the Qing Dynasty was roughly divided into three levels, namely, province, prefecture and county. The governor and governor were senior local officials who had the power of administration, military affairs and supervision, and the two envoys who were in charge of administration and supervision were subordinate officials of the governor and governor.Parallel to the governor and the generalTo supervise school administrationHowever, the garrison general only managed to garrison the Eight Banners;To supervise the school administration, only manage the school andThe imperial examinationIts power cannot be compared with that of the governor and the governor.There are roads below provincial levelMonitoring areaIn nature, it is not a formal administrative region.The Tao is mainly divided into two parts: guarding the Tao andSub patrolThere are two kinds, which are both soldiers and soldiers, and some are not subordinate to the general administration, but follow the way of the Second Division of Procuratorate, such asCustoms Road、Pipe channel、Governor grain road、Salt dharmaEtc.Below the provincial level, there are prefectsCognate、Pass judgmentThe officials are equal, and the ones parallel to the government areZhili Hall, set up the same knowledge and general judgment.Below the government is the county, where there are magistrate, county magistrate, chief clerk and other officials, and those parallel to the county areScattered hall, the same as Zhili Hall.stayEthnic minority areasThen set up a special organization for management, namelyChieftain, generally divided into two types: one is militaryDepartment jurisdiction, such asXuanweisi、Xuanfusi、Pacification department、Department of Investigation、Chief SecretaryWait, sirPropaganda envoy、Xuanfu Envoy、Appeasement envoyEtc;The other is byAdministrative departmentThere are also prefectures and counties under the jurisdiction of the government. The officials saidLocal magistrate、Tuzhi County, usually headed by ethnic minorities
Grade
Official level of the Qing DynastyIt is divided into "nine grades and eighteen grades". Each grade has its own right. Those not within the eighteen grades are called underachieversFrom Jiupin。
Civilian foreign officials: officials of Jingxian CountyShuntian MansionManchu professor, instructor, county magistrateAccording to the censorExperience, professor
Military Foreign Officials:ShengjingNomadic Lieutenant
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Civilian Beijing officials:Division、Doctor WujingXuezheng, Xuelu, Imperial College Leader Bo, Imperial Hospital Doctor, Taichang Temple XieluangMonk Record DivisionLeft and right lecturing and Daolu TempleZhiling
Civilian foreign officials: Chief Executive Treasurer Ambassador, Salt Transportation Treasurer Ambassador, SaltDaoku AmbassadorAmbassador of the Salt Division, Ambassador of the Salt Import and Approval InstituteAccording to the inspector general, government experience, county officials, county officials, records of SishiState studiesOfficial and teaching instructions
Civilian Beijing officials: Four Translators of the Ministry of RitesHuitong HallAmbassadors, Imperial Court officialsSecretary of lettersHan Zanlilang of Taichang Temple
Civil officials: Imperial Academy Imperial edict, Manchuria Kongmu, four interpreters of the Ministry of RitesPreface classAncient books of the Imperial College, Han Songzan of Honglu Temple, Xuban, Department of Criminal JusticeImperial CollegeSichen, DoctorOfficial eyes of Imperial College Hospital, Orchestra of Taichang Temple, Work DepartmentCraftsman
Civilian foreign officials:Canonical history、Soil historyAmbassador Guan, the government procuratorChief SecretaryOfficials, ambassadors of the tea import and approval institute
Military Foreign Officials: Hundred LeadersEarth shed, Soil order
Salaries
In ancient times, the Ministry of Finance (now the Ministry of Finance) was responsible for the official salary. In fact, it seldom distributed cash (such as gold and silver). If the distribution was about going to the local offices of the Ministry of Finance to get the salary, and more importantly, it was about getting the salary at a discount, which was about converting the salary into specific items, such as grain and cloth. As for how to get the salary, see the following
There is also a question of how to receive official salaries in a down-to-earth manner.Juyan Bamboo Slips of Han DynastyThere are a lot of material objects, which can be used to understand the practices of the Han Dynasty. For example, the bamboo slips quoted earlier, which use a piece of cloth, 2 jin, 8 liang, to exchange 800 yuan for a person's salary for two months, are probably the records of the warehouse keeper when he issued the discounted cloth.In the Tang Dynasty, the discount method was《Tang Liudian》EtcPolitical documentIt is recorded that, to a large extent, the salary, rice, cloth and silk of officials in the Beijing Dynasty were paid bySi Nong TempleSubordinateTaicang OfficeIt is responsible for the distribution of rice and cloth for local officials.The distribution time is half a year, twice a year.The existing Dunhuang documents include "To the Deputy Envoy"Li JingyuIt is an ultimatum of Tianbao's four years of spring and summer.An ultimatumDou LujunShanghexiSupporting(ApproximateMajor military areaIssued by the Director of the Department of Finance or the Director of the Department of Military Supplies), in which it is stated that the prefecture's principal warehouse will give a certain amount of cloth and a certain amount of millet,Depreciationsome.The procedure was that Li Jingyu got the certificate from the Zhidu envoy, went to Zhengcang to get it, and left the certificate as a voucher.
The voucher for receiving official salaries in the Song Dynasty is called "voucher calendar", which contains various subsidies in the form of physical objects, and is generally called "voucher". The specific items are divided into library vouchers, post vouchers, warehouse vouchers, etc., and the voucher holders will receive them at designated places.《Yi Jian Zhi》Note: When an official named Wu Gongcheng retired, he dreamed that someone told him: "The public still has a salary of seven hundred thousand yuan." After waking up, "I will take the coupons and meet them. Those who have not been invited are just like the number".It is to calculate the coupons that have been issued while in service but have not yet been requested to be cashed, which is exactly seven hundred thousand.Old Wu panicked: that means I can no longer get retirement salary from the national treasury.So he told his son this dream and decided not to make it come true.Later, the retired official received the "half salary" voucher, and he did not take it wrong, except for the $700 accumulated debt when he was in office."He died one year later, and the half salary he received after he became a crown holder is more than seven hundred thousand".Originally, the prophecy of the dream was that from his retirement, there were still goods and cash worth seven hundred thousand discount.When the three-year mourning period expired, "his son and the sheriff had an old relationship, and I learned that he would give it back to those who deserved it".From the beginning and end of the story, the redemption of the voucher calendar is the same as that of the voucherMoon CakeSimilarly, there are deadlines.Just because Xiao Wu has friendship with the prefecture guardLocal financeIf you pay, or you may refuse to pay, at least the part that is discounted must be invalid.
Ming DynastyYingzongRecord and《History of the Ming Dynasty》There is a record in the history books, such as, that can be used to understand the situation of the Ming Dynasty's imperial officials receiving rem. The general plot is: in August of the orthodox 14th year, YingzongChange of the Civil CastleAfter China was captured by the Dalai Lama, the capital was terrified.Military Ministry AssistantYu Qianli proposed to move southward, and insisted that the officials and soldiers of water transport along the river should be mobilized to Beijing and incorporated into Shenji Camp for training and preparation.The Ministry of Household thought that in this way, it would be necessary to be ready to give up Tongzhou's granary. If it was urgent to transport, it would be impossible for it to seize the moment. If it was not burned, it would be an asset to the enemy.In case of emergency, acceptEmpress DowagerThe imperial edict ordered Wang Jianguo to adopt the method proposed by Yu Qian and immediately advance the salary of civil and military officials in Beijing for nine months from September of that year to May of the next year, and the rest of the soldiers were advanced for half a year by Tongzhou Cang.The cart and horse attendants who transport grain shall be handled by the various organs with the cooperation of Shuntian Prefecture and the army.The order was issued and everyone clapped their hands.The former Tongzhou granary was only used for military food, and all the officials were paid byLinqingThree warehouses to the south will supply, and they will take it from Tongzhou instead, so each unit can save a sumtransportation cost。In addition, there were many kinds of official salaries in the Ming Dynasty, and those who were paid always suffered losses, as has been mentioned before.Now, 9 months have been paid in advance at one time, and there is no "salary discount", which is really an unexpected pleasure for the enemy to benefit the officials.So on the road from Beijing to Tongzhou, there was a lot of traffic."If a family with a car can transport 20 grains to the capital warehouse in Tongzhou, the official will give one or two silver coins".Soon, all the grain in Tongzhou warehouse was empty, and when everyone was happy, there was also a relief news: the Dalai Lama also heard that the grain in Tongzhou warehouse had been exhausted, and the capital city walls were cleared. He thought it was impossible to feed on the spot, so he turned around and returnedNorth of the Gobi desertYes.
The above historical events can probably be regarded as an anecdote of official salaries. The comparable story is recorded in the Southern Song Huiyao: in the late Song and Ming Dynasties, the army never stopped,Economic collapseThe salaries of all the officials in the capital were all converted into rations, which were distributed once a day when they were most nervous, known as "daily food".Think in the futureTaicang OfficeThe long queues of former officials, large and small, every day are in perfect harmony with the landscape on the Beijing Corridor.
Based on the above Han bamboo slips made in Tang Dynasty and the stories of the Ming Dynasty, as well as the officials of the Qing Dynasty mentioned above, they can get them with rice ticketsGrain grainIt seems that the official salaries of all ages are realistic. Even the weight calculated by stone must be collected by the receiver himself or sent someone to the warehouse.Bring your own horses or hireFoot strengthIn addition to the cost, of course, there are also procedures such as checking vouchers, weighing and measuring.Detailed information, once in《Government and government officials》I saw one in the Tang Dynasty,official in charge of the discipline of public functionariesLi ShepleaseTaicangDeliver his lumi to the door.Li She's mother weighed them on the spot and found that there were three more stones, so she asked why. The warehouse official said, "It's never necessary to weigh the rice for the imperial historian."FootWith a few coins, the warehouse official said, "I don't charge any money for delivering rice to the imperial historian." Mother Li was furious, and ordered the warehouse official to take the extra three stone rice away and calculate the money.When my son came home from work, he was scolded."[Li] She is the criminal of chasing the warehouse officials, and all the imperial historians are ashamed." In this way, at least three points can be seen.First, as long as they are willing to pay, the warehouse can serve home;Second, the bureaucratic rat is as big as a fight, and the muddle headed account is given in real terms.As long as someone covers it, the imperial historian who has the privilege to report impeachment, especially the key target of hamster generation.Third, the imperial historians are accustomed to eating more and occupying more, because they know that the so-called selfless, discipline supervision and so on, in most cases, can only be enjoyed in a high profile.
2. The reward was issued by the emperor's special decree, granting official positionsofficial rankOr title.Such as《Tan Sitong》On the first day of Augusthigh Qing official, especially the waiter. "
3. Promotion is promoted by selection.Text《Hai RuiBiography: "It is Rui who has been promoted to Jiaxing for sentencing and relegationrejuvenate a countryState Magistrates. "Super promotion means leapfrog promotion.For example, Tan Sitong: "The emperor has promoted himself to the title of minister of four gradesMilitary aircraft seal Beijing, and Yang RuiLin Xu、Liu GuangdiEqual participation in the New Deal ".
4. Relocation and official change.The usage is complex, and there are three common cases.First, promotion, such as《Hai RuiBiography: "RelocationChun'anKnow the county. "Hai Rui was promoted from the former teaching official to the county magistrate.The second is the change of office, which is equivalent to the transfer of the original rank of office, such as《Zhang Hengchuan》: "Bailang Zhong, moved toTaishiling。”The new Taishiling has the same rank as the old doctor.The third is demotion, that is, "moving to the left".Bai Juyi《Song of the Pipa》: "In the 10th year of Yuanhe era, it was moved to the leftJiujiang CountySima. "It means being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima.
5. Relocation refers to general transfer."The Biography of Zhang Heng": "The official who lives in Zhang Heng has not moved for years." That is to say, the official position of Zhang Heng has not been changed.
6. Relegation is equivalent to demotion of officials.Bai Juyi's A Journey to the Pipa: "I left the imperial capital last year and was exiled to bed sickXunyang City。”
7. Worship, conferring official positions, appointment, mostly refers to the emperor conferring officials.《Biography of Lianpo Lin Xiangru》"Take the appearance as a great achievement, and worship as a supreme minister." The Biography of Zhang Heng: "The characteristics of the bus are worshipped as a doctor."
8. He pointed out that Beijing was appointed.Biography of Zhang Heng:“Yonghechu"Out" in "Out is the phase between rivers" refers to Zhang Heng leaving BeijingHejian KingPhase of.
9. Go, resign.The Biography of Zhang Heng: "I will leave the post of historian and return it after five years." Here, "go" means to quit my post.
10. To depose, depose, or remove from office.《Biography of Qu Yuan》：“Qu YuanSince then, Qin wanted to attack Qi, and Qi was close to Chu. "It should be noted that "banishment" is the same as "relegation", but there are differences. Relegation is an imperial edict issued by the emperor, and sometimes it is a punishment given by the superior to subordinate officials《Books and chickens》The "dethroning" of the "dethroning Tibetan envoys" in the Chinese language refers to the "Taiwan ministers" who punish the "Tibetan envoys".
11. Exile.For example, in the "Records of the Historian · Biographies of Qu Yuan", "the whole world is turbid and I am alone, and everyone is drunk and I am alone awake, so that I can see the release", "release" means banishment."Release" sometimes refers to the transfer of Beijing officials to other places, such as "release immediately" in Tan SitongNingxiaMagistrate, Xuan ShengweiNingxia Road”The word "release" in Chinese means "delegation".
12. Zhi, promotion, refers to the promotion and employment of officials.asZhuge Liang《Memorial on Sending Out the Troops》"In the palace and in the palace, all are one. It is not appropriate to have similarities and differences between giving and punishing, Zang and Zang." "Zhi" means to promote and use."Zhi" is often used with "Shi" to indicate the advance and retreat of talents,DemotionHe said "dethrone" and "promote".asHan YuThe Preface to Sending Li Pangu: "I don't know how to manage chaos, but I don't know how to repel Zhizhi."
13. To seize, remove, or remove from office.For example, in "The Book of Chicken Brokering", "the envoys were arrested and guarded, and coerced to take their officials".
14. Let's call it a day and get rid of the official position.In "Shubo Ji Zhe Shi", "He once again cast scorn on the emperor and ordered him to stop", "Stop" refers to being removed from his official position.
15. Restore, restore the old post."Fu" in "ousting Zang envoys for restoring officials" in Shubo Jizhe Shi means reappointment and restoration of old posts.
