Religious belief can be regarded as the universal cultural characteristics of all mankind, with mysterious mythological color, and it is the phased embodiment of human spirit.
"The essence of religion is neither thought nor action, but perception and emotion. It hopes to see the universe directly, listen attentively to its own display and activities, and hope that the passivity of children can be grasped and enriched by the direct influence of the universe." Literally speaking, its essence is the yearning and spiritual conversion of human beings to their own kingdom masters.Therefore, it is not difficult for us to understand the essential meaning of religion explained by Schleiermacher, the initiator of religious emotionalism.
As a unique way for people to grasp the world and life, it fully reflects the reaction of people's subjective initiative and spirit to material. Its major impact on life is mainly manifested in that people gradually infiltrate the concept and spirit of religious belief into people's value and behavior system through the study of doctrines and repeated ritual behaviors,Thus, it becomes a new force to shape the psychology and personality of believers.
Religious belief provides comfort for life.As a philosophical category, religious belief has the remarkable feature of seeking support and meaning for life.Representing people's desire for ultimate care, it injects people with sacred goals, guides people to reflect on themselves, surpass themselves, shape themselves, improve themselves, and realize themselves, so as to provide emotionDesireThe foundation of desire, action, etc.It is a spiritual look up and living water of life, and a directional form of human value consciousness.
Provision should
As the deep core of the value concept system of the evaluation subject, it is the major premise of value evaluation activities.From the moment of its generation, belief meets people's need to transcend reality and point to the future. Belief achieves the value nature of "purity" naturally in life.
Aggregation and consecration
No matter whether he has religious inclination or not, everyone has his own final assumptions.Because these premises are true to him, whether they are called ideology, outlook on life, ideas or just an intuition of life, they have created creative pressure on all their behaviors.This internal drive drives people to engage in virtue, so that they can realize the dignity and sanctity of human life in moral practice, and organize various specific moral behaviors into a system.
Bring hope
Any belief points to the future, to the desired direction, to the unreachable ideal.The formation of a certain belief shows that people are determined to live according to a certain idea they have, that people are willing to consciously improve their spiritual realm, and that people hope to transform their minds, themselves, life and the world according to their own wishes.
Belief comes from people's internal needs and hopes for loftiness and beauty.Faith is full of hope, or hope for life, or hope for love, or hope for justice, or hope for peace, harmony, compassion, truth, goodness, and beauty.
be most willing to
Only people can have faith. Only those who have will, choice and spiritual pursuit can have faith. Therefore, faith is a spiritual thing with humanization, and it is not free in essence.Any lofty belief means the transcendence of man's limitation, the return of real human nature and the exertion of man's freedom.It is in the belief that human spirit and even the whole life are fully open to the sacred values of truth, goodness and beauty. People actively, consciously and willingly embrace "absolute" and submit to "absolute", and become one with what they pursue, or let eternity and infinity invade their limited life.
features
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As a unique form of belief, religious belief shows the following distinctive characteristics:
Individuality
The individuality of religious belief is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, religious belief clearly and fully represents the individual will, determination and attitude towards life of believers.Believing in a certain religion means "a fundamentally changed consciousness, a new basic attitude, a different value scale, a complete ideological turn of the whole human being, and a turn of the whole individual".Second, religious belief reflects certain internal needs, emotions and impulses of believers.Therefore, a person's belief process is not only the process that the person willingly accepts a certain world outlook, outlook on life and values, but also the process of self satisfaction, self pursuit and self transformation.
Difference
Some personal qualities often show the new dimension of human existence.Religion's recognition of man's unique spirituality is the greatest fortress against all attacks on human dignity and value.
selectivity
Religious belief means the choice of believers' understanding of the world and life, the choice of value standards, and the choice of life attitudes and lifestyles.Belief is to believe rather than disbelief;Prefer to rely rather than distrust;Better adopt knowledge than ignorance;Belief means making a proper choice between belief and disbelief, false belief and superstition.
Sacredness
Religious belief dormant limited people's yearning and pursuit of transcendence (infinite, unconditional), perfection (absolute, omniscient, good and omnipotent) and ultimate (eternal, original), in other words, religious belief satisfies people's desire for sacredness.People are always concrete, limited, local and incomplete, but people are always not satisfied with this.Due to some internal impulses and complex reasons, people always want to yearn for and pursue something higher than the reality and experience world“sacred”The realm is the realm of transcendence, perfection and ultimate.
The emergence of religion
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At the stage of primitive society, when the intelligence and ability of primitive human beings were very underdeveloped, human beings felt more and more confused and helpless about the mysterious power of the sun, the moon, the stars and the stars, the changes of day and night, the existence and trust of their own lives, and had great fear and anxiety about death,The natural forces that dominate human destiny and the great supernatural and super social forces behind the social forces are irresistible.
As a result, people "look up" to this great power with a pious attitude, and have a sense of trust in it, hoping to solve their own fear and confusion with the help of this infinite ultimate power.Human beings constantly try their best to describe and express this ultimate infinite power. At different stages of the development of human thinking ability and language expression ability, in different regions of the living environment, the image and nature of this ultimate infinite power are expressed differently, and the religious classic system, religious ceremony, rules and regulations formed are also different,That is, there are great differences in the external carriers and manifestations of religious emotions.
In primitive society, people knew little about the world itself because their brain thinking ability and language expression ability were quite low.Human beings, together with insects, snakes, birds and beasts, look for a kind of interlocutor who can be committed to each other, and materialize this supernatural mysterious force, so there are different totem worship of various nationalities with various animals or trees as objects, and a series of cumbersome customs and rituals have formed.
At this time, witchcraft also came into being. It was manifested as the communication between people and this mysterious infinite force. When there were major events in the primitive society of China, they would use divination and other methods to ask for instructions from "heaven", hoping to get inspiration from heaven, so that they could follow the heaven when making major decisions.In today's view, the development of our fuzzy mathematical decision-making theory has to rely on the enlightenment and communication of this religious consciousness behavior.The BibleThere are many stories of prophets in, they just acceptlordAnd then express and impart to people, so that people's behavior can conform tolordOfwill——That is, rightlordAnd "love your neighbor".
In the expression of this ultimate infinity, all ethnic groups are affected by their own cultural development, regional environment, thinking and language abilities. Therefore, the presentation of the ultimate infinity of all ethnic groups is different.stayancient GreekIt is a multi god headed by Zeus;stayThelebre In culture, we must absolutely obey the instructions of the LORD;In ancient China, the ultimate infinity was "heaven".Heaven is not a personified infinite force, which is undoubtedly the same as that of the West“lord”Similarly, with its formidable and mysterious power, it arouses people's complex emotions such as gratitude, terror and worship.Chinese people always try to do things according to the heaven and act on behalf of the heaven.
Three major religions
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Christianity, Islam and Buddhism are called the three major religions in the world.Christianity was formed in the west of Asia, and in the 21st century it was mainly distributed in Europe, America and Oceania.Islam is mainly spread in Asia, Africa, West Asia, North Africa, Central Asia and South Asia.Buddhism is mainly distributed in the east and southeast of Asia.
Christianity
ChristianityIt is one of the religions with the largest number of believers in the world.Christianity is based on faithJesus ChristbySaviorReligion, soCatholicism（Roman Catholicism）、The Orthodox Church(Eastern Orthodox) andprotestantism(Protectant Churches, commonly known as“JesusTeaching ") can be collectively referred to asChristianity。In Chinese, "Christianity" also refers specifically to Protestantism, but in this entry“Christianity”It refers to "Christianity", not Protestantism.At the beginning of the 21st century, Christianity has about 1 billion believers in the world (2006), which is one of the religions with the largest number of believers, with believers in Asia and Africa developing fastest.The classic of Christianity is the Bible, characterized by fraternity and equality.
Islamism
IslamismIt is one of the world religions.The Arabian Peninsula, which rose in the 7th century AD, is called the world's three major religions together with Buddhism and Christianity.China used to call it Dashifa, Dashijiao, Tianfang, Muslim, Muslim, etc.Islam isArabic transliteration, originally meaning peace, obedience and tranquility, refers to obedience and belief in the sole supreme master of the universeAllahHe will love all the creatures (creatures and minerals) in the world and respect the Lord and love others for peace and tranquility of the two generations.People who believe in IslamMuslim（Muslim, meaningSubmissive）。Islam is composed ofMeccaGuleshMohammed(about 570-632).In Asia, Africa, Europe, especially in West Asia, North Africa, Central Asia, the South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is most popular.The total number of believers exceeded 1.2 billion (2008).The classic of Islam is《the Koran》。Islam is characterized by peace, benevolence and self-improvement.
Buddhism
BuddhismIt is one of the three major religions in the world, founded in the 6th century BCancient India, founded byGuatama Siddhartha 。He was born todayNepalThe territory is the prince of the Sakya nationality.At the age of 29, he began to practice and founded the doctrine of Buddhism.Later, it was introduced to other parts of Asia, mainly in the east and southeast of Asia in the 21st century.
Broadly speaking, Buddhism is a religion, including its classics, rituals, habits, religious organizations, etc;Buddhism is very special among the world's major religions and thoughts.In a word, Buddhism is a way for people to get rid of "evil" behaviors, conduct behaviors that can bring happiness to people, and reduce their own inner troubles through practice. In short, the doctrine only has the "compassion of selflessness and altruism, and access to all the wisdom of all dharma".
China's development
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1. Enterprising in thinking and developing in exploration
Freedom of religious beliefIt is a long-term basic policy for China to deal with religious issues.Since the reform and opening up, the Party's religious theory and policy have been constantly enriched and improved, providing a powerful ideological weapon and action guide for understanding China's religious issues, dealing with China's religious relations, and creating a new situation in religious work.
From the restoration of the PartyPolicy on freedom of religious beliefSince the establishment of the basic principles of the Party's religious work in the new era, from proposing to correctly understand and deal with socialist religious relations to writing the basic principles of religious work into the report of the 17th National Congress and the Party Constitution, the Party's religious theory and policy have been continuously enriched and improved, and the Party's policy of freedom of religious belief has become increasingly popular.This is a process of continuous development and deepening of the Party's religious theory and policy——
In 1991, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council formally proposed to "makeReligionAdapt to socialist society ";In 1993, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out that "implementing the Party'sFreedom of religious beliefPolicies or strengthening the management of religious affairs according to law are all aimed at guiding religion andsocialist society Adaptation ";Partythe sixth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central CommitteeIt calls for "giving play to the positive role of religion in promoting social harmony";The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to "give play to the positive role of religious people and believers in promoting economic and social development", marking the guidanceReligionAndsocialist society Adaptation has entered a new stage
Co prosperity with the motherland and progress with the times.With the progress of the Republic's legal system construction, the legalization process of China's religious affairs management has been accelerating.
——Since the 1982 Constitution stipulated that "citizens of the People's Republic of China haveFreedom of religious belief”By 2004, when "the state respects and safeguards human rights" was incorporated into the Constitution, China has provided more adequate protection for citizens' freedom of religious belief from the perspective of the fundamental law of the state, and respect for citizens' freedom to believe in religion and not to believe in religion has become widespreadSocial consensus。Law on Regional National AutonomyGeneral Principles of Civil Law, Labor Law and other laws have made specific provisions on the protection of citizens' right to freedom of religious belief from different perspectives.
——In 1991,CPC Central CommitteeThe Notice on Several Issues Concerning Further Improving Religious Work issued by the State Council proposed for the first time that "religious affairs should be managed according to law", and put forward specific requirements for religious legislation.
——In 2004《Regulations on Religious Affairs》Promulgated.This is China's first comprehensive administrative regulation on religion. Its promulgation and implementation marks that China has shifted from focusing on policy adjustment to managing religious issues and affairs according to law under the guidance of policies.
Since the founding of New China 60 years ago, in China's social and political life, the status of religious figures and believers has been constantly improved, and the legitimate rights and interests of normal religious activities and religious groups have been effectively protected.Representatives and members from religious circles actively participate in the affairs of the state and in the deliberation and administration of state affairs in the people's congresses and CPPCC organizations at all levels. In the 11th CPPCC National Committee, there were 65 members from religious circles.
2. Free choice and orderly development
Being able to freely choose and express their beliefs and religious identity is the deepest feeling of hundreds of millions of Chinese religious believers.Although it only describes the development process of just 10 years, this is a group of very convincing figures:
——In 1997, there were more than 13000 Buddhist temples, and now there are more than 20000, with more than 200000 monks and nuns;In 1997taoist temple There are more than 1500, and now there are more than 3000.In 1997, there were more than 25000 people on the main roads and Kun roads, and now there are more than 50000 people.
——Islam is for the HuiUygur ethnic groupAnd the majority of the 10 ethnic minorities.In 1997, there wereMuslimAbout 18 million people, now up to 21 million.In 1997mosqueMore than 30000, of which 35000 are now available,Imales、ImamMore than 40000.Among them, there are about 11 million Muslims in Xinjiang, more than 24000 mosquesImamThere are more than 28000.
——At the beginning of the founding of New China, Catholicism had about 3 million believers. In 1997, the number of believers was about 4 million, and now there are 5.3 million believers.In 1997, there were more than 4600 churches and clubs, and now there are more than 6000;There are 97 dioceses, 60 bishops, more than 2200 priests and more than 3000 nuns.
——ChristianityIn the early days of the founding of New China, there were more than 700000 Christians. In 1997, there were about 10 million Christians. In 2013Chinese ChristianityThere are more than 16 million people.In 1997, there were more than 18000 Christian pastors, and now there are more than 37000.In 1997, there were more than 37000 Christian churches and meeting places, and now there are more than 58000.Since 1980, the Christian Church of China has printed and distributed 70 million copies of the Bible (including the export part), a total of 22 versions, making it the church that printed the most Bible in the world last year.
Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, the state has continuously increased its support for the construction of religious groups, religious colleges and religious venues.The maintenance fund for temples and churches alone has increased from 3 million yuan to 5 million yuan per year in the 1980s to about 10 million yuan per year in 1997;In 2006, this figure has reached 15 million yuan.Since 2003, the state has given strong support to the construction of 7 national religious organizations' offices and 6 religious colleges' buildings in the five major religions. Among the 11 construction projects, the state funding has exceeded 700 million yuan. The office conditions of national religious organizations and the school conditions of some religious colleges have been significantly improved.
stayChinese religionIn the process of achieving stable development, this is a drop of water that refracts the sun's rays.
Since 1955,Islamic Association of China Start organizing Muslims to goSaudi ArabiaHajj.By the end of 2008, about 100000 people had participated in the Hajj activities in China, which met the needs of religious circles and the majority of Muslim people, and publicized the implementation of the Hajj activities in ChinaFreedom of religious beliefPolicy.
Over the past 60 years, Chinese Catholicism has elected more than 170 bishops of its own accord, and has formed a set of mature practices in practice that not only conform to the doctrine and rules, but also conform to the Chinese Catholic Church and China's national conditions
Foreign exchange is an important aspect of China's religious work.
Since 2004, the "Cross Strait Buddhist Music Troupe" has performed in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao, the United States and Canada for two timesWorld Buddhist ForumAnd one sessionInternational Tao Te Ching Forum, went to the United States and Germany to hold the "Chinese Church Bible Ministries Exhibition"... These large-scale religious exchange activities demonstrated the good image of China's religious community and publicized China'sFreedom of religious beliefThe policy and the idea of building a harmonious world have promoted people to people exchanges.
China's religious community has also actively carried out friendly exchanges with religious organizations in countries and regions around the world, and organized and participated in a series of important international religious conferences and religious activities.In 2013ReligionIt has maintained friendly contacts and exchanges with religious organizations in nearly 100 countries and regions in the world.
Since the founding of New China 60 years ago, especially since the reform and opening up, under the guidance of the Party and the governmentReligionFind the right position in the reform, make use of its own characteristics and advantages, give play to the positive role of religious people and believers in promoting economic and social development, and take a solid step on the road to adapt to the socialist society.
The Buddhist community promotes the construction of human Buddhist ideology. Taoism advocates that Taoism follows nature and cultivates itself to be peaceful. Islam interprets scriptures, Catholicism promotes democratic teaching, Christianity develops theological ideology, and Tibetan Buddhism conducts templespatriotiism educationLegal publicity and education... Over the years, with the help and support of the Party and the government, various religions have made efforts to interpret religious doctrines in line with the requirements of social progress, constantly explored and opened up channels and platforms to play a positive role, and become an active attempt to build a harmonious religion in China and an important carrier for various religions to play a positive role.
From aiding AIDS orphans to disaster relief donations, all religions actively carry forward the fine tradition of patriotism, love of education, solidarity and progress, and serving the society, actively participate in social public welfare charities such as disaster relief and poverty alleviation, environmental protection, donation to schools, pension and orphanage, and make positive contributions to economic and social development and construction.
Since 2002, the two Christian churches in Henan Province have supported 4896 AIDS orphans, provided 1340 yuan of support to each orphan every year, and arranged 1640 church staff as volunteer helpers.In addition, more than 50 training courses on AIDS prevention and control were held, which directly benefited nearly 20000 people and indirectly benefited more than 1.3 million people.
Song Mountain in 1994Shaolin TempleThe Shaolin Charity and Welfare Foundation, which was registered and established according to law, is one of the earliest charities in the Buddhist community in China.Since 2003, Shaolin Temple has been cooperating withHenan Charity FederationJointly launched and organized the implementation of the "1000 orphans relief" charity project, which helped 1039 orphans aged 4 to 15 in 19 counties in Henan Province.
2004Indian Ocean tsunamiAfter occurrence,China Buddhist AssociationCall temples all over the country overnight to collect donations. The phone number to sign up for donations is all night long, raising tens of millions of yuan a day.
In May 2008, the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan was a major concern for the world. Our religious community carried forward the fine tradition of compassion and helped the world, and quickly raised funds and materials worth more than 200 million yuanEarthquake relief。
On August 8, 2009, Typhoon Morakot hit central and southern Taiwan hard.mainlandChinese Association for Religious and Cultural ExchangesAnd the Chinese Buddhist Associationchinese taoist association Urgently donated 14 million yuan to the people in the disaster area.As of 2013, donation activities continued.[1]
China's religious circles have made positive contributions to social development and economic construction through their philanthropic acts, which have been widely praised by all sectors of society.
In retrospect, since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening upReligious policySeeking truth from facts, pioneering religious work, healthy and harmonious religious relations.
Looking forward to the future, in the context of the great changes in the world situation and the overall changes in China's economy, politics, culture and society, the difficulties and hopes of religious work coexist, while challenges and opportunities coexist.Under the correct leadership of the Party and the government, and with the efforts of hundreds of millions of believers, China's religious work will make great efforts, with new development and new attitudeSocialist Modernization Drive And make new contributions to building a harmonious society.[2]
ReligionIn Chinasocialist society The existence and development have their realistic roots and reasons. The formulation and implementation of the policy of freedom of religious belief in China is based on this reality.That is to say, through the historical practice of socialism, it has been fully proved that: "That kind of belief that with thesocialist systemIt is unrealistic to think that religion will die out soon after the establishment of the "New Year" and the development of economy and culture to a certain extent.The idea and practice that religion can be eliminated at one stroke by administrative order or other coercive means is even more deviantMarxismThe basic views on religious issues are completely wrong and very harmful. "（《Selected Documents of Religious Work in the New Period》55) Because, in socialist society, althoughPublic ownership of means of productionClass and exploitation have been eliminated, but our country is stillPrimary stage of socialism, still existsproductivityAnd production relationseconomic baseAnd superstructure.People's ability to conquer nature is still very limited. Although compared withold ChinaThere have been fundamental changes, but, due to social and historical reasons and other reasons, there are still de facto inequalities between people.Therefore, our society is still inevitably unequal in fact.Therefore, there are still natural, social and cognitive roots of the emergence and development of religion in our society.Religious beliefs and feelings, as well as religious ceremonies and religious organizations corresponding to such beliefs and feelings, will exist for a long time as the spiritual needs of some people and as a social, historical and cultural phenomenon.Only after the long-term needs of socialism and communism, when all objective and subjective conditions are fully met, and "only when the relationship in daily life is shown in front of people as a very clear and reasonable relationship between people and between people and nature, will the religious reflection in the real world disappear".（《Complete Works of Marx and Engels》(Vol. 23, pp. 96-97) Therefore, in the socialist period, the correct policy of our country towards religion isFreedom of religious beliefPolicy.Only in this way can we unite all those who can be united for the constructionSocialism with Chinese characteristicsWork together.
On《Constitution of the People's Republic of China》In China, freedom of religious belief is a fundamental right of citizens.Article 36 of the Constitution stipulates that:“Citizens of the People's Republic of ChinaFreedom of religious belief. ""No state organ, social organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in religion or not believe in religion, and may not discriminate against citizens who believe in religion and citizens who do not believe in religion." "The State protects normal religious activities." At the same time, it also stipulates that "no one may use religion to engage in activities that undermine social order, harm citizens' health, or hinder the state education system.""Religious organizations and religious affairs shall not be dominated by foreign forces."
Chinese《Law on Regional National Autonomy》, General Principles of Civil Law《education act》Labor Law《Compulsory Education Law》The Electoral Law of the People's Congress《Organic Law of Villagers' Committees》The Advertising Law and other laws also stipulate that citizens have the right to vote and stand for election regardless of their religious beliefs;The lawful property of religious organizations shall be protected by law;Education is separated from religion, and citizens enjoy equal opportunities for education according to law regardless of religious belief;People of all ethnic groups should respect each other's languagesocial customs and habitsAnd religious beliefs;Citizens are not discriminated against in employment because of different religious beliefs;Advertisements and trademarks shall not contain discriminatory content against ethnic groups and religions.
The Chinese government has promulgated the Regulations on the Administration of Places for Religious Activities to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of places for religious activities.Religious belief is a kind of belief, which refers to the belief of people who believe in a particular religion in their sacred objects (including specificDogmaEtc.), byWorship identificationAnd produce the unswervingbeliefAnd wholeheartedConversion。The regulations stipulate that the administrative organization of the religious activity place shall manage the religious activity place independently, and its legitimate rights and interests and the normal religious activities in the place shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual shall infringe upon and interfere with it.Violation of the legitimate rights and interests of religious venues will bear legal responsibility.Religious activities in religious venues must also comply with laws and regulations.
The Chinese government has also issued《Rules on the Control of Religious Activities of Foreigners within the Territory of the People's Republic of China》, respect foreigners in ChinaFreedom of religious beliefTo protect the friendly exchanges and cultural and academic exchanges between foreigners and Chinese religious circles in the religious field.Foreigners may participate in religious activities at places of religious activities in China, may lecture and preach at the invitation of religious organizations at or above the provincial level, may hold religious activities attended by foreigners at places recognized by people's governments at or above the county level, and may invite Chinese religious clergy to hold religious ceremonies such as baptisms, weddings, funerals, and ashram meetings for them,They may bring religious printed materials, religious audio-visual products and other religious articles for their own use into China's borders.Foreigners who conduct religious activities in China shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations.
China to citizensFreedom of religious beliefThe legal protection of rights is basically consistent with the main contents of relevant international instruments and conventions in this regard.《Charter of the United Nations》、《Universal Declaration of Human Rights》International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights《International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights》United Nations《Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief》And《Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 》According to the Chinese version, freedom of religion or belief is a basic human right. Citizens have the freedom to choose their religion or belief. They cannot discriminate against anyone on the grounds of religion or belief. They have the freedom to worship and believe in religion, assemble, set up and maintain some places, and write and distribute publications about religion or belief,There is freedom to celebrate religious festivals and hold religious ceremonies in accordance with religious or belief disciplines, and to promote and protect the rights of people belonging to ethnic, racial, religious and linguistic minorities, which are clearly stipulated in Chinese laws and regulations and are implemented.
According to Chinese law, citizens are entitled toFreedom of religious beliefAt the same time, they must undertake the obligations stipulated by law.In China, any person, any group, including anyReligionThey should safeguard the interests of the people, the dignity of the law, national unity and national unity.This is consistent with the relevant contents of the United Nations human rights instruments and conventions.《Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief》"The freedom to express one's choice of religion or belief can only be restricted within the scope prescribed by law and necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morality, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others." The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement, discrimination, hostility or violence should be stopped by law." Citizens who believe in religion or do not believe in religion are equal before the law.This is also the basic requirement of a modern civilization and a country ruled by law.
Different countries have different histories, cultures and national conditions, which determines their protectionFreedom of religious beliefOur practice will have different characteristics.When China emphasizes the protection of freedom of religious belief, it also emphasizes the protection of freedom of non religious belief, placing the two in the same important position, thus reflecting freedom of religious belief in a complete sense.That's rightBasic rights of citizensFuller and more comprehensive protection.
The Chinese government believes that religious belief is a private matter for individual citizens, and that building a prosperous, strong, democratic and civilized socialist modern country and safeguarding national sovereignty and national dignity are the common goal and fundamental interests of the Chinese people of all ethnic groups, including believers and non believers.Therefore, religious and non religious people can achieve political unity and cooperation, and respect each other in faith.
Religion should adapt to the society in which it lives, which is the universal law of the existence and development of religion.The Chinese people are building a modern socialist country with Chinese characteristics, and the Chinese government advocates that religions should adapt to it.This adaptation does not require citizens to abandon their religious beliefs, nor to change the basic teachings of religion, but requires religion to act within the scope of law, and adapt to the development of society and the progress of civilization.This is in line with the fundamental interests of believers and religions themselves.
Since the 1980s, there have been someHeresyOrganize illegal and criminal activities under the banner of religion.The leader of a cult organization distorts religious doctrines, creates heresy, deceives the masses, resists the implementation of national laws and decrees, and incites the overthrow of the government;Or use superstition to pretend to be a ghost, causing death or injury;Or gather people to commit lewd acts and swindle money, seriously endangering the normal life and production order of the people.The broad masses of the people and people in religious circles abhor this.The Chinese judicial organs punish such criminals who seriously harm the social and public interests in accordance with the law, precisely to safeguard the public interests and legal dignity, and to better protect citizensFreedom of religious beliefRights and normal religious activities.Chinese judicial organs punish crimes according to law, which has nothing to do with religious belief. No one in China is punished because of religious belief.In today's world, no country ruled by law will tolerate such illegal and criminal activities under the banner of religion.[3]
And supervision In terms of judicial protection, China has clear provisions on punishment for acts that violate citizens' right to freedom of religious belief.Such as《criminal law》Article 251 provides that:“State organ staffWhoever unlawfully deprives citizens of their freedom of religious belief and infringes upon the customs and habits of ethnic minorities, if the circumstances are serious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than two years or criminal detention. "The People's Procuratorate also stipulated in the Decision on the Criteria for Filing Cases Directly Accepted of Infringement of Citizens' Democratic Rights, Personal Rights and Dereliction of Duty that the illegal deprivation of others' legitimate freedom of religious belief by state functionaries, such as interfering with others' normal religious activities or forcing believers to quit religion, forcing citizens to believe in religion or a certain sect, would be of serious consequences if the circumstances were flagrant,Acts that have a bad impact, as well as illegal closure or destruction of legal religious sites and other religious facilities, should be put on file.In the past 2000 years, the Chinese judicial authorities have tried several cases in violation of the relevant laws of the State and seriously harming religious feelings of believers, and punished those responsible.
In terms of administrative guarantee, Chinese governments at all levels have established religious affairs departments to administratively manage and supervise the implementation of laws and regulations on religion, and specifically implement and enforce themFreedom of religious beliefPolicy.The religious affairs department of the government shall not interfere in the internal affairs of religious groups and places of religious activities.
Like some countries in the world, religious organizations and places for religious activities in China need to register with the government according to law.The application for registration of places for religious activities should meet the following basic conditions: having a fixed place and name;There are religious citizens who often participate in religious activities;A management organization composed of religious citizens;There are religious staff who preside over religious activities or meet the requirements of various religions;There are management regulations;Have legal economic income.For places of religious activities that do not fully meet the conditions for establishment or have some prominent problems in management, the government departments will suspend or temporarily register them.Those who do not meet the registration conditions, such as illegal occupation of landUrban planning regulations, privately establishing religious facilities;Setting up a fake religious staff without authorization;Places with religious signs and superstitious activities such as "exorcism" are not allowed to be registered by government departments.Once a place for religious activities is registered according to law, it will obtain legal status, and its legitimate rights and interests will be protected;In case of any infringement of their rights and interests, the administrative organization of religious venues has the right to appeal to the relevant administrative organs of the government, even to the people's court for administrative and legal protection.According to religious habits, Christians hold religious activities such as praying and reading scriptures in their own homes with the participation of relatives and friends（Chinese ChristianityCustomarily called "family gathering"), registration is not required.
suchIdeological beliefAnd wholehearted conversionreligious ritesAnd religious activities, and used to guide and regulate their ownSecular societyThe Chinese people's congresses at all levels, as organs of the people's exercise of power, and the political consultative conferences, which play an important role in the political and social life of the countryFreedom of religious beliefSupervise the implementation of policies and laws.In the people's congresses and political consultative conferences at all levels, there are nearly 1 "?70000 religious people served as representatives and members.On behalf of the religious community, they participate in the discussion of national affairs and important social issues at the National People's Congress and the CPPCC, and put forward opinions, suggestions, criticisms or bills and proposals on government work involving religion.From 1993 to 1996 only,Religious Affairs Bureau of the State CouncilMore than 50 proposals from deputies to the National People's Congress and the CPPCC National Committee were replied to.[4]
Examples of beliefs
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Chinese Hui
The Chinese Hui is the main ethnic group of Chinese Muslims. The religious beliefs of the Chinese Hui mainly have the following characteristics:
First, rural Muslims are generally more religious than urban Muslims.
Second, the proportion of Muslims who believe in religion in concentrated areas is higher than that in mixed areas.
Third, the proportion of older people who believe in religion is higher than that of young people.
Fourth, women are more religious than men.
Fifth, the proportion of low cultural groups believing in religion is higher than that of middle and high cultural groups.
As far as religious piety is concerned, it also presents different levels and characteristics.
First, the imam of the mosque, Manla and the elderly over 60 years old believe in Islam, strictly abide by its religious rules, and adhere to the "Five Merits", especially the Friday worship.These people are religious professionals, and they are older and do not need to participate in manual labor.
Second, middle-aged Muslims, especially those living in concentrated areas, could not adhere to the five hour worship although they believed in Islam due to their participation in production, going out for business and heavy family burden.Usually, we only attend the weekly main anesthesia day gathering ceremony.Ramadan is often only "flower arrangement" for fasting, and cannot be persisted every day.
Third, the vast majority of young Muslims in rural areas believe in Islam, but they rarely participate in religious activities, and most of them do not recite the Koran, or only read "pure words".Every year, I will attend the ceremony on Eid al Fitr and Eid al Adha, and worship very little at ordinary times.
Fourth, the majority of Muslim young and middle-aged people in the city recognize their Muslim identity and know that they are Hui, but only half believe in Islam and generally do not actively perform the "Five Merits".Food taboos are not very strict.
Vietnamese
Vietnamese religious beliefs have the following characteristics:
one.Several religions with extensive influence in Vietnamese society are foreign religions.In addition to the remnants of traditional beliefs and some primitive religions, the main religions in Vietnam, such as Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity, are foreign religions.Vietnam's indigenous religions either came into being late or had limited influence.For example, Gaotaijiao and Haojiao were born in the early 20th century, and their activities were basically in southern Vietnam.
two.Foreign religions in Vietnam are more or less Vietnamese.The law of mutual influence, complementarity and change between different cultures in cultural exchanges also applies to the formation and development of religion.After being introduced into Vietnam, foreign religions were more or less affected by the local culture of Vietnam, and there were some similarities between Vietnamese traditional folk beliefs and foreign religions.Foreign religions have become an organic part of Vietnamese religions and have made great contributions to Vietnamese ideology, philosophy, morality, art and other cultural fields.
three.Although many religious believers in Vietnam are quite religious, they know little about their doctrines and doctrines, and even join the ranks of believers only because of their herd mentality or because of some kind of mobilization and propaganda.For most Vietnamese, when they encounter difficulties and setbacks in life and lose confidence in real life, they often seek spiritual sustenance, relief and hope in religion.Therefore, Vietnamese are not harsh and critical in accepting various religions.
