What is the essence of space, matter and time?This is a question that people have been thinking hard since ancient times.Based on observational facts until the 20th centuryThe origin of the universeThe Big Bang Theory has made a relatively practical summary of this.In the late 1920s,Edwin HubbleObserved galaxiesred shiftPhenomenon, the cosmic microwave background radiation observed by Arnold Penzias and Robert Wilson in the mid-1960s and the primordial universe observed by American physicists in 2014Gravitational waveAnd 2019Scientific organizationsThese findings provide the most direct observational basis for this theory.
Big Bang Cosmologyyesmodern cosmology One of the most influential theories in.Its main idea is that the universe had a history of evolution from hot to cold.During this period, the universe system was expanding constantly, making the density of matter evolve from dense to thin, like a huge explosion.Big Bang TheoryIt is believed that the universe was formed by a dense and hot singularity after a big explosion about 13.8 billion years ago.The Big Bang theory is based onLaws of physicsOfUniversalityandCosmological principleThese two basic assumptions and the actual observation of scientific researchers.
What many people don't know is thatBig Bang TheoryIt has become common sense,World ScienceThe world's attitude towards him is "sniffy".This strange phenomenon is because this theory is consistent with the saying in the Bible that the universe has a starting point. Influenced by the philosophical trend of thought that evolution overthrew "God's creationism", the scientific community at that time blindly opposed traditional theories and did not recognize the saying similar to the Holy Bible,During this period, the western scientific community generally insisted that the universe and matter were constant and had no beginning or end.Therefore, all theories concerning that all things in the universe "have a starting point" are denied.Including EinsteinBig scientistIt is also affected by it.Einstein is summarizingGravitational field equationIt was found that the formula of R μ v - (1/2) Rg μ v=kT μ v would deduce that the universe is actually a dynamic universe with constant material changes, so another formula was imposed in the formula“Cosmological constant”To maintainStatic universeCalculation results of.In other words, the initialField equationIn fact, it is like this: Λ g μ v+R μ v - (1/2) Rg μ v=kT μ v, where the constant "∧" is the cosmological constant.Since 1922, American astronomersEdwin Hubble Start to observe“Redshift phenomenon”Start, about“Cosmic expansion”The idea of "is beginning to form.".In 1929, Edwin Hubble summed up a landmark discovery: no matter which direction you lookGalaxyThey are rapidly moving away from us, while nearby galaxies are approaching us.In other words, the universe is expanding.This means that earlierAstral bodyThey are closer to each other. It seems that they are in the same place at some time, so Hubble's discovery suggests that there is a time called the Big Bang, when the universe is at a singularity with infinite density.Einstein who heard about this soon came to Wilson, who worked for HubbleobservatoryUnder the leadership of Hubble, he personally observed the redshift phenomenon.After the interview, Einstein openly admitted that his subjective consciousness had influenced the scientific conclusions, and removed the cosmological constant in the field equation, so that we had the well-knownEinstein field equation（Einstein Field Equation）。In this regard, this important discovery of Hubble directly laid the foundation of modern cosmology based on the Big Bang.
In the late 1940s,Big Bang CosmologyGamov, the originator of, believed that our universe was bathed in the residual radiation of the early high-temperature universe, with a temperature of about 6K.Just as a stove can emit a little hot gas even though it no longer has a fire.1964, Bell, USATelephone companyThe cosmic microwave discovered by young engineers Penzias and Wilson in their workBackground radiationMany scientists engaged in the study of Big Bang cosmology have been greatly encouraged.Because the observation of Penzias and Wilson is so close to the temperature predicted by Gamov's theory, it is a very powerful support for the Big Bang theory!This is after the discovery of galaxies by Hubble in 1929Einstein shift After that, another major astronomical discovery was made.The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation has opened up a new field for observing the universe. This discovery enables us to obtain a lot of direct information about the early days of the Big Bang.
On March 17, 2014, American physicists announced the discovery of the universe for the first timePrimary gravitational waveExistingdirect evidence。primaryGravitational waveIt was published by Einstein in 1916General relativityIt is a kind of space-time wave generated at the beginning of the universe, which is weakened with the evolution of the universe.Scientists say that the original gravitational waves, like the "afterglow" of the Big Bang of Genesis, will help people trace back to an extremely short period of rapid expansion at the beginning of the creation of the universe, the so-called "inflation".However, since general relativity was proposed nearly a hundred years ago, other important predictions derived from it, such as bending of lightMercuryOfPerihelionMotion and gravityred shiftThe effects have been confirmed one by one, but the gravitational wave has never been directly detected. The problem is that its signal is extremely weak, which is difficult to measure technically.Harvard, USA-SmithsonianAstrophysicsCenter and other institutions physicists useantarcticWhen observing the "embers" of the Big Bang - microwave background radiation, the BICEP2 telescope calculated that the original gravitational wave acted on the microwave background photons, which would produce a special polarization mode called mode B, and other forms of disturbance could not produce this mode B polarization, so the mode B polarization became the "unique mark" of the original gravitational wave.The observed B mode polarization means the existence of gravitational waves.The South Pole is a microwave observed on EarthBackground radiationOne of the best places to visit.The researchers found a polarization signal of mode B that was "much stronger than expected" here. After more than three years of analysis, they excluded other possible sources and confirmed that it was caused by the original gravitational wave.At the beginning of 2016, the United StatesLaser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatory（LIGO）And scientists from the European Gravitational Wave Observatory (VIRGO) jointly announced that they had detected twoSolar massThe gravitational wave generated by the merger of black holes 1.3 billion years ago givesBig Bang TheoryNew and strong evidence was given.
Unfortunately, for the start of the Big Bang and the initial stages before and after the Big Bang, there is a serious lack of relevant observations. The actual form of the earliest cosmic matter and energy is still only a guess to a large extent.
The real existence of the universe shows that it must have its own organizational elements and basic features. In recent years, domestic scholars have used mathematical methods to integrate classical fieldsquantum mechanics、relativityAndgravitational fieldOn the basis of the theory ofexpression: Measure dimension matter base[1]。Described the construction role of the system of things with space, star molecular atomic particles, thermo optic magnetic electric motion as the core in the cosmic structure layer, and showed that the products of the system of space, star molecular atomic particles, thermo optic magnetic electric motion are the basic elements for the formation of cosmic matter and the existence of space-time.
This theory is a theoretical theory that studies Guangyu nature and its humanistic phenomena. Its main purpose is to describe the universal laws of Guangyu nature.However, the theory does not specifically describe and describe the Big Bang and other relevant conclusions, but gives a comprehensive expression of relevant quantities for the past, present and future of Guangyu Nature and its related organizations, structures, components, mechanisms, etc[2]。
The expression of the basis of the dimension of a quantity term[1]
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It is obvious that the Big Bang Theory has observed and analyzed some current situations of Guangyu Nature,Measure term dimension basisIt further shows the facts of the causes, components, structure, organization, mechanism, etc. of these phenomena that can be actually observed and logically dialectical, as well as their basic relations with other factors of Guangyu Nature.According to the Big Bang theory and the fact that can be observed and logically dialectical, the universe is a multi region, wide rangegraduality Multiple performance can be thought cognitive aggregates.
steady-state cosmology Are some young British astrophysicistsBundy，GoldandFred HoyleIt was proposed in 1948.Their view is that space and time are unified in relativity, sinceCosmological principleThink allspatial location All are equivalent, so all moments should be equivalent.In other words, thelarge scaleThe distribution is not only spatially uniform andIsotropyAnd it should remain unchanged in time.That is, at any time, at any positionObserverThe cosmic images seen are the same on a large scale. This principle is called“Complete cosmological principle"。
steady-state cosmology The universe is infinite in time and space.It claims that the universe has never had a beginning, or rather, that the universe is in the process of continuous creation.When the universe expands, the total density decreases, but more matter will be created to increase the density.Therefore, as the universe continues to expand, new matter will be continuously created in the stars to fill the gaps.
The biggest feature of stable state cosmology is that it requires matter and energyNonconservation, requirementsLaw of indestructibility of matterNot established.For this reason, Hoyle proposed to modifyEinstein field equationHe believes that the newly generated matter is caused by the transition of the newly generated vacuum from the high energy level to the low energy levelVacuum phase transitionGenerated.Steady state cosmology once caused a sensation after its introduction, but thisPrincipleThe major changes of cannot be easily taken unlessNew theoryGreat achievements have been made and they are in good agreement with the observation facts, but in fact, the degree of consistency between the stable state cosmology and the observation is not good.
Why did the universe explode from a point of infinite density, or singularity.But no one knows what triggered the explosion: the known laws of physics can't tell us what happened at that moment.CanadaWaterlooCity circumferenceInstitute of Theoretical PhysicsCelestial bodies ofphysical scientistNiayesh Afshordi said: "All physicists know that dragons may fly out of the singularity." At the same time, scientists are difficult to explain why the universe left by such a violent big bang has an almost completely uniform temperature, because it seems that there is not enough time to reach temperature balance since the birth of the universe.
For mostCosmologistThe most reasonable explanation for consistency is that some unknownEnergy formSo that the young universe expands faster than light.In this way, we can get the universe with roughly uniform temperature as we see it.But Afshordi stressed that "the Big Bang was too chaotic, so it was difficult to find out whether such expansion really existed.".In arXivpreprint In a paper published on the server, Afshordi and his colleagues turned their attention to GermanyMunichA hypothesis put forward by a research team including Gia Dvali, a physicist at Ludwig Maximilian University, in 2000.In this model, our three-dimensional universe is a membrane, floating with fourSpatial dimensionOn the "body universe".Afshordi's research team realized that if the physical universe contains its own four-dimensional stars, some of them will collapse and eventually formFour-dimensional black hole——This is similar to the way massive stars work in our universe.These four-dimensional stars will look likeSupernovaThey burst out and ejected their outer layers violently, while their inner layers collapsed into a black hole.
In our universe, a black hole is connected by a sphere called the event horizon.In view of the ordinarythree-dimensional spaceIt needs a two-dimensional object (a surface) to create the internal boundary of a black hole. In the physical universe, the event horizon of a four-dimensional black hole should be a three-dimensional object - a kind of object calledHypersphereThe shape of.When Afshordi's team simulated the death of a four-dimensional star, they found that the ejected material could form a three-dimensional film around the three-dimensional event horizon and expand slowly.Researchers assume that the three-dimensional universe we live in may be such a membrane, and the growth of the membrane we detect is considered to be the expansion of the universe.Afshordi said: "Astronomers have observed this expansion and pushed back that the universe must have started with a big bang - but this is just a mirage.".This model also naturally explains the consistency of our universe.Since the four-dimensional universe may have existed for an infinite time in the past, it has enough opportunities to make the four-dimensional universe in different regions reach a balance, and our three-dimensional universe is likely to inherit this.
brane cosmology It is a physicalSuperstring theoryandM-theoryThe theory holds that the universe is actually embedded in some higher dimensional membranes.The discipline also studies how those higher dimensional membranes affect our universe.
