Ningbo isNational Historical and Cultural City, ancient nameYin、all around、Mingzhou[71]With a civilization history of more than 7000 years“Hemudu culture”The country of origin, the Kingdom of Zijin in the Xia Dynasty, 4200 years ago, is believed to be the earliest origin of Ningbo as a city.Ningbo has prospered from the port since ancient timesOne of the first cities to open ports in China.[210]Tang Dynasty became“Maritime Silk Road”Starting point, andGuangzhou、YangzhouAnd called.Song Dynasty andGuangzhou、QuanzhouIt is one of the three major foreign trade ports in China.In the Ming Dynasty, Ningbo was named after "Haiding means Boning".[153-154][193]Opium WarLater, it was designated as one of the "five major trade ports".In 1987, it was listed asCities with independent planning status[212]。Ningbo Zhoushan PortIt is the third largest container port in the world, and its annual cargo throughput ranks first in the world.[137]
In 2023, Ningbo will achieve a regional GDP of 1645.28 billion yuan, a per capita GDP of 163900 yuan, and a general public budget revenue of 178.59 billion yuan。[197][202]
As early as 8000 years ago, the ancestors of Ningbo have multiplied here and created brilliantHemudu culture。[155]
About 4200 years ago, the Kingdom of Jinzi in the Xia Dynasty was considered as the earliest origin of Ningbo as a "city". About the end of the primitive society, at the beginning of the summer at the latest, "Yin" has become a definite place name, which is located at the junction of Yin and FengChijin MountainIt was named after Jiayi as "Yin", which was pronounced as "silver".[156-158][166-167]
During the Spring and Autumn Period (473 BC), the State of Yue merged with the Empress of Wu, and set up Quyu City (later renamed as Juzhang, which is located in Wangjiaba Village, Zheshan, Cicheng Town, Jiangbei District, Ningbo City today).[159]
In the 23rd year of King Huai of Chu (306 BC), Chu exterminated Yue and killed the king of YueBorderlessThe Jiangdong region is set as Jiangdong County, and Ningbo belongs to Jiangdong County of Chu State.[160]
In the 25th year of the reign of King Qin (222 BC), Qin unified the six countries and implemented the system of prefectures and counties. The whole country was divided into 36 prefectures. Kuaiji Prefecture was set up in Wuyue to govern Wu County (today'sSuzhou）, led twenty-six counties, and set up three counties in Yindi, namely, Yin, Mao, and Juzhang. The county government of Juzhang crossed the city (today'sJiangbei DistrictCicheng Town）Yinxian County was governed in Baidu City (todayFenghua DistrictBaidu Village, Xiwu Subdistrict), where Mao County is located in the same valley of Mao Mountain (today'sYinzhou District5. Towns and townships).[161][169]
In the first year of the Western Chu Dynasty (206 BC),Nape featherThe capital was Pengcheng (today's Xuzhou), established as the overlord of the Western Chu Dynasty, granted Yingbu as the King of Jiujiang, and Ningbo belonged to Jiujiang Guojijun.
In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty (201 BC), Liu Bang granted the same surname to WangLiu JiaJingwang, NingboJing StateKuaiji County.
In the 12th year of Emperor Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty (195 BC), he was granted the title of brother and sonLiu BiAs the King of Wu, Ningbo belongs to Kuaiji County of Wu.
In the third year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (154 BC)Liu FeiKing of Jiangdu, NingboJiangduKuaiji County.
In the fifth year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty (106 BC), there were 13 prefectures in the country, and Ningbo belonged to Kuaiji County, the provincial governor of Yangzhou.[175]
In the second year of the Western Han Dynasty (85 BC), Huipu County was set up in Huipu Township of Yinxian County. Now Ninghai and Xiangshan belong to Yinxian County in the north and Huipu County in the south.[176][180]
In the first year of Yangshuo in the Western Han Dynasty (24 BC), Duwei in the eastern part of Kuaiji Prefecture moved to Yinxian County and then to Juzhang County.[168]
In the first year of Tianfeng's reign (the 14th year), the whole country was divided into 125 counties. Yin County was renamed Jin County, Mao County was renamed Haizhi County, and Juzhang County remained unchanged.
In the first year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 years), the name was restored and changed back to PuZhang'an County。[175]
In the fourth year of Yongjian in the Eastern Han Dynasty (129 years), Kuaiji Prefecture was divided into two prefectures, Wu and Kuaiji. Kuaiji Prefecture was moved from Wu County to Shanyin County, and the Eastern Duwei also moved from Quzhang to Zhang'an (today'sLinhai City）。[175]
During the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 years), it belonged to the State of Wu, and the divisions of Yin, Mao, Juzhang and Yuyao remained stable.[175]
In the first year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (280 years), 800 households in Xiyin County and 200 households in Linhai CountyNinghai CountyMost of Ninghai County is from Yinxian County, south of Sangzhouling, which is nowSanmen CountyThe belt is under the jurisdiction of Ninghai from Linhai CountyLinhai County。[177-179]
In the fourth year of Long'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (400 years), the Sun'en Rebellion Army entered Jiakou (now Haikou) from Haidao and broke through the county seat of Juzhang, so it moved to Xiaoxi (now Yinjiang Town, Haishu District).《Jiaqing Rebuilds Unified Annals》It is recorded in the old city of Juzhang that "there are two counties (Juzhang County). One is Han County, which is within the boundary of Cixi County, and the other is Jin County, which is in the south of today's Yinxian County. In the fourth year of Long'an in the Jin Dynasty, Sun En caused a disturbance, which was discussed by Liu Jianzhi and others, and Juzhang County was built in Xiaoxi Town, that is."[164]
In the ninth year of Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty (589), Yin, Mao, Yuyao and Juzhang were integrated into oneJuzhang County, known as "Dajuanzhang" in history, the county is still located in Xiaoxi (today's Haishu DistrictYinjiang Town）。[163]
In the fourth year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty (621), Juzhang County was analyzed, and Yinzhou andYaozhouThe former Yuyao County is located in Yaozhou, and the former Yin, Mao and Juzhang counties are located inYinzhou, set up a state to governSanjiangkou。[163]
In the seventh year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty (624), Yao Prefecture was abolished as Yuyao County and was subordinate to Yue Prefecture.[163]
In the eighth year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty (625), Yinzhou was abandoned as Mao County, and the county seat was moved to Xiaoxi (now Yinjiang Town, Haishu District), which was subordinate to Yuezhou.[163]
In the first year of Tang Shenlong (705), part of Ninghai and Mao County were set upXiangshan County, governing Pengmu Village (today's Dancheng).[175]
In the 26th year of Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty (738), Mao County was divided into four counties: Mao County, Fenghua County, Cixi County and Wengshan County. The county belonged to the Siming Mountain Area, and was unified by the Mingzhou Prefecture, which was still governed by the brook.The state is named after the mountain. People from Mingzhou are often called Ji by Siming.[163]
In the first year of Tang Tianbao (742), Mingzhou was renamedYuyao CountyIt governs four counties, namely Mao, Cixi, Fenghua and Wengshan.
In the first year of the Qianyuan era of the Tang Dynasty (758), Jiangnan Dongdao was renamed Zhejiang Dongdao, Yuyao County was renamed Mingzhou, and it governed four counties, namely, Mao, Cixi, Fenghua, and Wengshan.
In the second year of Guangde in the Tang Dynasty (764), Xiangshan County was included in Mingzhou, and Mingzhou was expanded from 4 counties to 5 counties.[163]
In the sixth year of Dali in the Tang Dynasty (771), Wengshan was abandoned and Mao County was moved from a small streamSanjiangkou, namely the former Yinzhou governance.[175]
In the first year of Changqing in the Tang Dynasty (821), the governor Han Cha observed Shi Xuerong in the east of Zhejiang Province and suggested that the Yinjiang River be to the north of the brook, and the terrain is low and narrow. Please move Mingzhou to govern Mao County.So the state and county were governed bySanjiangkouSo far, the state's governance has not changed, and Mao County has become a subsidiary state.[163]
In the third year of Liang Kaiping in the Five Dynasties (909), the Ming State Wang Navy was set up and was subordinate to the Wuyue State.Because Zhu Maolin, the great ancestor of Zhu Huang, the founder of the late Liang Dynasty, was homonymous with Mao, Mao avoided changing Mao County to Yin County. Originally, it belonged to Wanghai Town in the east of Mao County, and was upgraded to Wanghai County (today's Zhenhai District and Beilun District). Wang Haijun of the Ming Dynasty administered six counties, namely Yin, Cixi, Fenghua, Wengshan, Wanghai and Xiangshan, and Wanghai County was under the jurisdiction of Wang HaixianZhaobao MountainLu, Yinxian CountySanjiangkou。
In the first year of Jianlong of Song Dynasty (960), Wu and Yue surrendered to the Song Dynasty, set up Liangzhe Road, and changed Mingzhou Wang Navy into Mingzhou Fengguo Army.
In the fourth year of Song Chunhua (993), the whole country was divided into ten roads. The Fengguo Army of Mingzhou was subordinate to the East Liangzhe Road.
In the third year of the Song Zhidao era (997), it was added to the 15th Route, and the Fengguo Army of Mingzhou was subordinate to the Liangzhe Route.
In the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Xining of the Song Dynasty (1073), Wengshan County, Yinxian County and Xiangshan County were newly established as Changguo County (today'sZhoushan City）Mingzhou governs six counties, namely Yin, Cixi, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Dinghai and Changguo.[175][181]
In the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Xining of the Song Dynasty (1077), Haiyan, Lingyan and Daqiu, the three townships of Jieyin County, returned to Dinghai County (today'sBeilun DistrictXinqi, Daqi, Xiapu, Chaiqiao, Baifeng, Guoju, Sanshan, Meishan and other towns).
In the third year of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty (1133), it was set up as an envoy in the coastal areas of eastern Zhejiang and Fujian, and set up to govern the sea (today's Zhenhai District and Beilun District).
In the fourth year of Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty (1134), it was changed into the coastal envoy of East Zhejiang Huaihe Road in Fujian.
On November 24 of the fifth year of Shaoxi in the Song Dynasty (1194), Zhao Enlai, the crown prince, became the emperor. He was named Ningzong and upgraded Mingzhou to Qingyuan Mansion. Qingyuan Mansion governs six counties, namely Yin, Fenghua, Cixi, Dinghai, Xiangshan and Changguo.
In the first year of Qingyuan in the Song Dynasty (1195), it was renamed Qingyuan.
In the 13th year of the Yuan Zhiyuan era (1276), Qingyuan Mansion was changed to Qingyuan Road, with a general administration office set up to lead 6 counties as before.
In the 15th year of the Yuan Zhiyuan era (1278), Changguo County was upgraded to Changguo Prefecture (county-level prefecture), still located on Qingyuan Road.
In the first year of Yuanzhen (1295), Fenghua County was upgraded to Fenghua Prefecture (county-level prefecture), which was subordinate to Qingyuan Road.
In the sixth year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (1302),Zhedong Daoxuan WeisiResettlementQingyuan RoadIt governs seven roads including Qingyuan, Quzhou, Wuzhou, Shaoxing, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Chuzhou, and Qingyuan Road governs Yin County, Xiangshan County, Cixi County, Dinghai County, Fenghua Prefecture and Changguo Prefecture.[163]
In 1355, the 15th year of the reign of Yuan Zhizheng,Fang GuozhenSeizing Qingyuan Road, Shi Qingyuan, Taizhou, Wenzhou and Yuyao were all under Fang Guozhen's control and set up a government office in Qingyuan.
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1367), Fang Guozhen surrendered Zhu Yuanzhang and changed Qingyuan Road to Mingzhou Prefecture.
In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), Changguo Prefecture and Fenghua Prefecture were restored as counties, and Mingzhou Prefecture administered six counties, namely Yin, Cixi, Xiangshan, Dinghai, Fenghua and Changguo.
In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381), in order to avoid the national title,Zhu YuanzhangAdopt scholars from Yinxian CountyShan ZhongyouAccording to the proposal of "Haiding is Boning", Mingzhou Prefecture is renamed Ningbo Prefecture.[3]
In the 20th year of Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty (1387), Changguo County was abandoned and merged into Dinghai County, and Ningbo Prefecture administered 5 counties.
In the 15th year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1658), Zhejiang Governor was appointedNingshaotai Road, governing Ningbo Prefecture.
In the 26th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1687), the Qing government changed its name to Dinghai Mountain in the name of Zhoushan.
In the 27th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1688), Haixian County was newly established in the old territory of Changguo (today'sZhoushan City）, still under the jurisdiction of Ningbo Prefecture, and changed the original Dinghai County into Zhenhai County (today's Zhenhai District and Beilun District).
In the 21st year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1841), Haixian County was upgraded toDinghai Zhili Hall, Li Ning Shaotai Road.
In the eleventh year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1861), the Taiping Army conquered Ningbo and changed the Ningbo Prefecture into Ningbo Prefecture.
In the first year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1862), the Taiping Army withdrew and became the government again.
On November 5, 1911, the third year of Xuantong in the Qing Dynasty, Ningbo was recovered.
In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the government system was abolished, and all counties were directly subordinate to the provincial military government. The Dinghai Zhili Department was changed to Dinghai County, and the islands such as Nantian in Xiangshan County were analyzedNantian County。
In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), Ningshaotai Road Administration was established in the Qing DynastyKuaiji RoadThe Daoyin Administrative Office is located in the urban area of Yinxian County and has jurisdiction over 20 counties including Yinxian County, Cixi, Fenghua, Zhenhai, Xiangshan, Nantian, Dinghai, Shaoxing, Xiaoshan, Zhuji, Yuyao, Shangyu, Shengxian, Xinchang, Linhai, Huangyan, Tiantai, Xianju, Ninghai, Wenling, etc.
In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), Ningbo City was established in Yinxian County and its suburbs, directly under the provincial government.
In the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931), it withdrew from the city and returned to Yinxian County.
In October of the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), Zhejiang Province set up an administrative supervision district and the Seventh Office of Administrative Supervision Commissioner in Yinxian County, which governs 12 counties, including Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Dinghai, Nantian, Ninghai, Yuyao, Shangyu, Shengxian and Xinchang, and later Shaoxing, Zhuji and Dongyang.
In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), it was changed into the fifth administrative supervision area.
In the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), it was changed into the sixth administrative supervision area, which governs 8 counties, including Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Dinghai, Nantian and Ninghai. Yuyao is classified as the third administrative supervision area.
In the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), Nantian County was removed and its territory was located near Sanmenwan, Linhai and Ninghai countiesSanmen County, belonging to the seventh administrative supervision area.
On April 19, the 30th year of the Republic of China (1941), the Japanese invaders occupied Ningbo and established the puppet Yinxian County Township Federation.Soon, the Pseudo Ningbo Commissioner's Office was established, which governs six counties, namely Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Xiangshan and Dinghai. The Pseudo Yinxian Township Federation was renamed the Pseudo Yinxian County Government.At that time, Ninghai County was not occupied, and the National Government Yinxian County Government retired to work in Ninghai County.
In August of the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945), the Japanese surrendered, and the sixth administrative supervision area returned Yinxian County, governing seven counties, including Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Ninghai, Xiangshan and Dinghai.
On May 25, 1949, Ningbo was liberated.On June 5, the Second District Commissioner's Office of Zhejiang Province was established, which divided the urban area of Yinxian County and its suburbs into Ningbo, a city directly under the province.In October, the Second Commissioner's Office was renamed as the Ningbo Commissioner's Office. It is located in Ningbo City and has jurisdiction over seven counties, namely Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Dinghai and Yuyao.In November, Ningbo set up four district offices: Zhenming, Haishu, Jiangdong and Jiangbei.
In January 1952, Shaoxing District was removed, and Shangyu, Xinchang, Shengxian County and Ninghai County of Taizhou District were divided into Ningbo District.
In February 1953, it was divided into Shaoxing County, Dinghai County and Zhoushan District.
In April 1954, Xiangshan County was designated as Zhoushan Special District.In June, Taizhou District was cancelled and Linhai, Tiantai and Sanmen counties came to Lishui.Ningbo District governs 13 counties including Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Yuyao, Shangyu, Xinchang, Shengxian, Shaoxing, Ninghai, Linhai, Tiantai and Sanmen.
In September 1957, Zhuji County and Xiaoshan County were included in Shaoxing District.In October, five counties, Ninghai, Linhai, Tiantai, Sanmen and Xianju, were designated to belong to the newly established Taizhou District.Ningbo District governs 11 counties including Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Yuyao, Shangyu, Xinchang, Shengxian, Shaoxing, Zhuji and Xiaoshan.
In February 1958, Shaoxing, a city under the jurisdiction of the province, was reduced to a city under the jurisdiction of a special district, which was divided into Ningbo Special District.In October, Zhoushan District was withdrawn and Zhoushan County returned to Ningbo District.In December, Zhenhai County and Yinxian County were removed and merged into Ningbo City.Ningbo Special Zone governs Shaoxing City and 10 counties including Cixi, Fenghua, Yuyao, Shangyu, Shengxian, Shaoxing, Zhuji, Zhoushan, Xiangshan and Tiantai.
In January 1959, Taizhou District was removed and Xiangshan County was restored to Ningbo District (October 1958Ninghai CountyIncorporated into Xiangshan County under Taizhou District), Tiantai County under Ningbo DistrictXiaoshanCountyHangzhou。
In October 1961, Ninghai, Xinchang and Yinxian were re established as counties, still belonging to Ningbo.
In April 1962, Zhoushan County and Tiantai County belonged to the newly established Zhoushan District and Taizhou District respectively.In December, Shaoxing City was removed and merged into Shaoxing County.
In January 1963, Zhenhai County was re established, still belonging to Ningbo Special District.
In September 1964, five counties of Shaoxing, Shangyu, Xinchang, Shengxian and Zhuji were set aside, which also belong to the newly established Shaoxing Special District.At that time, Ningbo Special Administrative Region had jurisdiction over 7 counties, namely Yinxian, Cixi, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Ninghai and Yuyao.
In August 1978, Zhenhai County was designated as Ningbo City.
In July 1983, the Ningbo Regional Administrative Office was revoked, and the system of city governing county was implemented. Six counties, Yinxian County, Cixi County, Xiangshan County, Fenghua County, Ninghai County and Yuyao County, were under the jurisdiction of Ningbo City.
In January 1984, Haishu District and Zhenming District were merged into Haishu District.
In July 1985, Zhenhai County was removed and divided by Yongjiang River, with Zhenhai District in the north of the Yangtze River and Binhai District in the south of the Yangtze River.In the same month, Yuyao County was abolished and establishedYuyao City。
In September 1987, with the approval of the State Council, Ningbo becameCities with independent planning status。In the same year, the coastal area was changed to Beilun District.
In October 1988, Cixi County and Fenghua County were abolished and Cixi City and Fenghua City were established.
In 1990, Ningbo City governed five districts, namely Haishu, Jiangdong, Jiangbei, Zhenhai and Beilun, three counties and cities, namely Yuyao, Cixi and Fenghua, and three counties, namely Yinxian, Xiangshan and Ninghai.[175]
In 2016, Ningbo City was revokedJiangdong District, the administrative region under the jurisdiction of the former Jiangdong District will be transferred to Ningbo CityYinzhou Districthave jurisdiction over.Put Jishigang Town, Gulin Town, Gaoqiao Town, Hengjie Town, Yinjiang Town, Dongqiao Town, Zhangshui Town, Longguan Township and Shiqi Street in Yinzhou District under the jurisdiction of Haishu District, Ningbo City.Abolish Fenghua City at the county level and establish Fenghua District of Ningbo City[4]。
Zoning Details
By 2023, Ningbo has 6 districts, 2 counties, 2 county-level cities, 73 towns, 10 townships, 73 sub district offices, 754 neighborhood committees and 2169 village committees.[207]No. 2001, Ningchuan Road, Yinzhou District, Beijing Municipal People's Government[107]。
Ningbo is located in the middle of China's coastline, the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta, between 120 ° 55 '~122 ° 16' east longitude and 28 ° 51 '~30 ° 33' north latitudeZhoushan IslandsAs a natural barrier, it is close to the northHangzhou Bay, westShaoxing CityOfShengzhou City、Xinchang County、Shangyu District, southSanmen Bay, and withTaizhou CityOfSanmen County、Tiantai Countyto be connected.The total land area of Ningbo City is 9816 square kilometers (the land area published in the statistical yearbook is calculated from the 0 meter isobath). The total land area of Ningbo City is 9816 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 3730 square kilometers;The total sea area is 8355.8 square kilometers[75]The total coastline is 1594.4 kilometers, accounting for 24% of the provincial coastline.There are 614 islands and islets in the city, covering an area of 255.9 square kilometers[5]。
Large high-definition satellite map of Ningbo
Electronic Map of Ningbo City
Topographic map of Ningbo
landforms
Ningbo is high in the southwest and low in the northeast.The urban area is 4-5.8 meters above sea level, and the suburb is 3.6-4 meters above sea level.The landform is divided into mountains, hills, basins and plains.The mountain area of Ningbo City accounts for 24.9% of the land area, the hills account for 25.2%, the basins account for 8.1%, and the plains account for 40.3%[5]。
climate
Ningbo South Business District
Ningbo is located in Ningbo Plain, with moderate latitude, subtropical monsoon climate, mild and humid, and four distinct seasons.The multi-year average temperature in Ningbo is 16.4 ℃. The average temperature is the highest in July, 28.0 ℃, and the lowest in January, 4.7 ℃.The frost free period in Ningbo is generally 230 to 240 days.The annual average precipitation is about 1480mm, accounting for 60% of the annual precipitation from May to September.The annual average sunshine duration is 1850 hours.Ningbo has four distinct seasons, four months in winter and summer, and only two months in spring and autumn.If the average temperature is more than 22 ℃ for summer, less than 10 ℃ for winter, and 10~22 ℃ for spring and autumn, the standard division is generally the sixth stage of spring in March, the first stage of summer in June, the sixth stage of autumn in September, and the sixth stage of winter in November.The crop growth period is 300 days.The annual average precipitation is 1480 mm, and the mountain and hilly areas are generally 30% more than the plain. The main rainy season includes spring rain and plum rain from March to June, typhoon rain and autumn rain from August to September, and the precipitation in the main flood season from May to September accounts for 60% of the whole year[5]。
hydrology
Ningbo is one of the eight major river systems in Zhejiang ProvinceYuyaojiang、Fenghua River、Yongjiang RiverYuyao River originates from Lianghu Lake, Shangyu District;Fenghua River originates from the mottled bamboo in Fenghua District.Yuyao River and Fenghua River converge into Yongjiang River at the "Sanjiangkou" in the urban area, flow to the northeast, and enter the East China Sea via Zhaobao Mountain[5]。
natural resources
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mineral resources
Quiet Ningbo
There are 85 kinds of proven mineral resources in Ningbo, mainly non-metallic ores, mainly including fluorite, alunite, pyrophyllite, gypsum, silica, fluorite, granite, etc. Metal ores include lead-zinc ore, iron ore, which have not formed deposits, or although they have formed deposits, their grades are not high.Chunxiao gas field It is located in the East China Sea West Lake depression, about 350 kilometers southeast of Ningbo, with a total area of 22000 square kilometers and natural gas reserves of more than 70 billion cubic meters.The East China Sea has always been known as the "Persian Gulf of East Asia". The sea area is rich in natural resources. The natural gas reserves on the Chinese continental shelf alone are 5 trillion cubic meters, and the crude oil reserves are about 100 billion barrels[6]。
plant resources
There is little difference in vegetation distribution between north and south in Ningbo city, but there is obvious difference between east and west.The main forest vegetation is Pinus massoniana, which is distributed in the north and south of the city. Most of the cultivated cash crops have strong adaptability.With the difference of altitude, coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest, cultivated plants and coastal vegetation are distributed from west to east.Coniferous forests are distributed on mountain tops, mostly formed by secondary succession. Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests also exist in some well protected areas.Broad leaved forests are distributed in the mountains and hills below 750 meters, and a considerable part of them are formed by artificial afforestation.Tiantong Forest Park, Ruiyansi Forest Farm, Ninghai Nanxi Hot Spring and other places have preserved original broad-leaved forest communities.Cultivated plants are mostly located below 50 meters above sea level, including food crops, cash crops and artificially cultivated trees.Salt tolerant plants such as Artemisia halophila and Phragmites communis are distributed in the beach and coastal wasteland.
ocean resources
Ningbo Chunxiao Oil and Gas Field
Ningbo has a long coastline, winding harbors and scattered islands.The total sea area of the city is 8355.8 square kilometers, and the total coastline is 1678 kilometers, accounting for about a quarter of the provincial coastline.There are 611 islands of different sizes in the city, with an area of 277 square kilometers.There are two ports and one bay in Ningbo, namely Hangzhou Bay, Beilun Port and Xiangshan Port[129]。
population
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By the end of 2023, Ningbo has a registered population of 6.222 million, 11000 more than the end of the previous year, including 3.161 million in the urban area.32494 people were born throughout the year, including 16932 men, with a sex ratio of 108.8:100.The birth rate is 5.23 ‰, the mortality rate is 8.55 ‰, and the natural growth rate is -3.32 ‰;The net migration rate is 5.10 ‰, with 31692 people.At the end of the year, the permanent population of the city was 9.697 million, an increase of 79 thousand over the end of the previous year. The proportion of urban population in the total population (i.e. the urbanization rate) was 79.9%, an increase of 1.0 percentage point.[201]
Change of permanent population in Ningbo (2018~2023)
Leadership information as of May 2024[96][102][140-143][162][165][189][192][194-196][214]
Economics
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overview
Ningbo isYangtze River deltaThe southern economic center and chemical industry base are industrial and commercial cities in East China, as well as financial and economic centers in Zhejiang Province.Since the opening of Ningbo as a port, industry and commerce have always been a big business card of Ningbo.Especially since the reform and opening up, Ningbo's economy has continued to develop rapidly, showing great vitality and potential.
In 2023, Ningbo will achieve a regional GDP of 1645.28 billion yuan, an increase of 5.5% over the previous year at constant prices.In terms of industries, the primary industry realized an added value of 38.38 billion yuan, up 4.7%;The secondary industry realized an added value of 754.05 billion yuan, up 5.7%;The tertiary industry realized an added value of 852.85 billion yuan, up 5.3%.The ratio of three industries is 2.3:45.8:51.9.According to the permanent population, the per capita GDP of the city is 170363 yuan (equivalent to 24176 dollars at the annual average exchange rate).[201]
In 2023, Ningbo will achieve a total financial revenue of 338.41 billion yuan, an increase of 0.8% over the previous year, of which the general public budget revenue will be 178.59 billion yuan, an increase of 6.3%.In the whole year, the city completed 223.51 billion yuan of general public budget expenditure, an increase of 2.2%, including 20.6%, 10.7% and 8.7% of science and technology expenditure, agriculture, forestry and water expenditure, and urban and rural community expenditure, respectively.[201]
Change of Ningbo's GDP (2018~2023)
Reference source:[137][170-174][201]
primary industry
Ningbo East New Town
In 2023, Ningbo will completeThe added value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery was 40.19 billion yuan, an increase of 4.7% over the previous year.The grain sown area was 1.726 million mu, up 0.1%, and the grain output was 750000 tons, up 4.8%;The output of pig, cattle, sheep and poultry meat was 103000 tons, up 10.4%;Egg production was 39000 tons, up 11.3%;The output of milk was 44000 tons, up 3.0%.There were 32 new municipal agricultural leading enterprises in the whole year, up to 374 by the end of the year, including 60 provincial key agricultural leading enterprises and 11 national key leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization.[201]
the secondary industry
Ningbo isMade in China 2025The first pilot demonstration city[110]，Ministry of Industry and Information TechnologyThe number of announced single champion enterprises in the manufacturing industry ranks first in China, and the number of specialized and new "little giant" enterprises ranks fourth in all cities[111]。
In 2023, Ningbo will realize the added value of industries above designated size of 528.82 billion yuan, up 6.6% year on year, including 8.2% growth of private enterprises.In terms of industries, 23 of the 36 industry categories achieved positive growth in added value;The proportion of added value in the top ten industries showed "seven rises and three falls", of which chemical raw materials, automobile manufacturing and electrical machinery manufacturing increased by 17.8%, 13.9% and 13.0% respectively.In terms of economic types, the added value of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 5.3%, joint-stock companies by 15.3%, limited liability companies by 9.6%, private enterprises by 4.3%, foreign-invested enterprises by 2.0%, and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan invested enterprises by 5.7%.In the whole year, the sales value of industrial enterprises above designated size in the city reached 2387.33 billion yuan, up 1.0%, of which the export delivery value was 381.63 billion yuan, down 8.1%.Industrial enterprises above designated size achieved a total profit and tax of 220.76 billion yuan, down 4.0%, of which the total profit was 137.52 billion yuan, down 2.2%.[202]
Ningbo has a long history of business.Ningbo Business GroupIt used to be one of the top ten business groups in China and a local business group that successfully carried out modernization transformation.Ningbo's local financial industry started from banks.Ningbo bank industry started in the early 17th century. At that time, Qianhang Street, located in Jiangxia, was the center of Ningbo bank industry.During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, as the transportation of precious metals was cut off, the local bank in Ningbo began to have a posting system. Instead of using cash, funds were collected and transferred through the bank for unified settlement.This change transformed Ningbo's traditional bank industry into a modern banking industry.And Ningbo business groups have also emerged toQin Runqing、Yu QiaoqingA large number of financial circles represented by.
In 2023, Ningbo will achieve a total retail sales of consumer goods of 521.26 billion yuan, an increase of 6.5% over the previous year, including 206.74 billion yuan above the designated size, an increase of 6.2%.In terms of major commodity categories above the designated size, the retail sales of automobiles increased by 10.1%, including 87.5% for new energy automobiles;Household appliances and audio and video equipment, grain, oil and food, petroleum and its products decreased by 0.6%, 2.0% and 5.1% respectively.At the end of the year, there were 10366 trade legal person enterprises above designated size in the city, with annual operating revenue of 4570.88 billion yuan and total profits of 44.74 billion yuan.[201]
In 2023, Ningbo completed a total of 12.7 trillion yuan of securities transactions, an increase of 5.7% over the previous year, including 6.3 trillion yuan of stock and fund transactions, a decrease of 4.0%.At the end of the year, the balance of securities customer transaction settlement funds was 23.93 billion yuan, down 5.3%.The annual futures agency trading volume was 130.818 million, up 17.3%;Agency transactions totaled 7.6 trillion yuan, up 4.5%.At the end of the year, 3.079 million securities investors opened accounts, up 7.7%.At the end of the year, there were 1 securities company, 32 securities branches, 166 securities business departments, 1 securities investment consulting company, 1 futures company, 15 futures branches and 39 futures business departments in the city.Continue to implement the Ningbo plan of "Phoenix Action", add 6 domestic listed companies throughout the year, and complete the initial launch（IPO）It raised 3.24 billion yuan, and at the end of the year, the total number of domestic listed companies reached 120.[201]
By the end of 2023, Ningbo has 68 banking financial institutions, including 3 policy banks, 5 large banks, 12 joint-stock commercial banks, 13 urban commercial banks, 1 postal savings bank, 7 foreign banks, 9 rural cooperative financial institutions, 12 new rural financial institutions, and 6 non bank financial institutions.The balance of domestic and foreign currency deposits at the end of the year was 3407.16 billion yuan, up 8.9% from the end of the previous year;The balance of local and foreign currency loans was 3813.3 billion yuan, up 15.6%.
By the end of 2023, there are 31 property insurance institutions at municipal level and above, 26 life insurance institutions and 85 professional intermediaries in Ningbo.The premium income of the whole year was 45.52 billion yuan, up 9.4% over the previous year.Including 19.78 billion yuan of property insurance premium income, up 3.8%;Life insurance premium income was 25.74 billion yuan, up 14.2%.In the whole year, 65.2 trillion yuan was provided for risk protection, up 43.4%.The annual compensation expenditure was 18.36 billion yuan, including 12.84 billion yuan for property insurance and 5.52 billion yuan for life insurance.[201]
In 2023, Ningbo will complete 870 million tons of social freight traffic, an increase of 9.1% over the previous year, and 534.28 billion ton kilometers of cargo turnover, an increase of 12.7%.The passenger traffic volume of the whole society was 92.134 million person times, up 91.1%.Among them, the highway passenger traffic volume was 19.53 million person times, an increase of 76.8%;The railway passenger volume was 57.807 million person times, up 95.0%;The passenger volume of civil aviation was 12.902 million, up 109.3%.[201]
By the end of 2023, the total mileage of highways in Ningbo will reach 11489.8 kilometers, including 664.7 kilometers of expressways.Five new berths were built in Ningbo port throughout the year, and 118 production berths above 10000 tons were built at the end of the year.Ningbo Jinzhou Railway was officially completed and opened to traffic;62 kilometers of new railways were built throughout the year, with a total railway mileage of 437.2 kilometers, including 158 kilometers of high-speed railways.[201]
Ningbo PortIt is a large national port with advanced equipment and sufficient transportation capacity. It not only undertakes the heavy task of waterway transportation in Ningbo, but also becomes the distribution center and logistics center of ocean shipping trade in Zhejiang Province and even East China.
In 2023, Ningbo Zhoushan Port will complete a cargo throughput of 1.32 billion tons, an increase of 4.9% over the previous year, ranking first in the world for 15 consecutive years, of which Ningbo Port will complete a throughput of 670 million tons, an increase of 5.5%.In the whole year, Ningbo Port handled 111.451 million tons of iron ore, up 6.5%;The coal throughput was 63.328 million tons, down 0.7%;The crude oil throughput was 62.06 million tons, down 1.5%.Throughout the year, Ningbo Zhoushan Port completed a container throughput of 35.301 million TEUs, an increase of 5.8%, and its position as the world's third largest container port was further consolidated, of which Ningbo Port completed a container throughput of 32.302 million TEUs, an increase of 5.0%.At the end of the year, Ningbo Zhoushan Port had 302 container routes, including 142 ocean trunk lines.Ningbo Zhoushan Port has opened more than 100 sea rail intermodal lines, including 25 regular trains, with business radiating to 65 prefecture level cities in 16 provinces (districts, cities) nationwide.[202]
Ningbo Lishe International AirportIt is an airport in Ningbo, located in Gulin Town, Haishu District, Ningbo City, and an important trunk airport in China.The airport covers an area of 2.5 million square meters, has 16 parking stands, and the terminal covers an area of 43500 square meters. The runway is 3200 meters long and 60 meters wide. It is equipped with advanced communication, navigation and air control systems, reaching the 4E airport standard, and can take off and land large passenger aircraft, including Boeing 747.The airport is 12 kilometers away from the downtown of Ningbo, only 10 to 30 minutes' drive from the downtown, which is very convenient.On October 30, 2022, the first fifth right of way cargo route of Ningbo Airport was successfully launched, and Ningbo officially became the fifth right of way open city[128]。
Public transportation
By the end of 2023, Ningbo had 9773 standard operating buses, a decrease of 1.6% over the previous year;There were 1243 operating lines, up 1.4%.The traffic volume of rail transit grew rapidly, with 366.279 million passenger trips completed by rail transit throughout the year, an increase of 42.8%.At the end of the year, there were 6145 taxis in the city.[201]
Ningbo Rail Transit (Ningbo Rail Transit) is an urban rail transit serving Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. Its first subway line was opened for trial operation on May 30, 2014, making Ningbo the 21st city in mainland China to open rail transit.By 2022, Ningbo Rail Transit will have 5 lines in operation, including Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4 and Line 5, with a total operating mileage of about 185 kilometers and 127 stations (including duplication).
By the end of 2023, there will be 1725 schools of all levels and types in Ningbo, with a total number of 1.497 million students.Among them, there are 16 universities in Ningbo with 199000 full-time students;88 ordinary high schools with 108000 students;32 secondary vocational schools with 61000 students;250 junior high schools with 235000 students;381 primary schools with 578000 students;There are 949 kindergartens with 262000 students.At the end of the year, there were 621 full-time private primary and secondary schools (kindergartens) in the city, with 162000 students, accounting for 13.0% of the total number of full-time primary and secondary schools (kindergartens) in the city.[201]
In 2023, the R&D expenditure of industrial enterprises above designated size in Ningbo will reach 63.1 billion yuan, up 3.8% over the previous year.Financial expenditure on science and technology was 18.22 billion yuan, up 20.6%.64000 patents were granted, including 9372 invention patents.1920 new high-tech enterprises were identified throughout the year, and 7021 were effective high-tech enterprises at the end of the year, up 31.6% year on year.6518 national technology-based SMEs and 4410 provincial technology-based SMEs were newly recognized;6 provincial science and technology leading enterprises and 22 provincial science and technology giant enterprises were newly added;One newly recognized provincial technology innovation center;3 provincial and ministerial key laboratories were newly added, with a total of 3;There are 2 new science and technology business incubators at provincial level and above, totaling 22;There are 10 new mass entrepreneurship spaces at provincial level and above, with a total of 80.A total of 5505 registered technology contracts were identified throughout the year, an increase of 35.1% over the previous year;The technology trading volume was 88.8 billion yuan, up 72.1% year on year.[201]
Cultural undertakings
By the end of 2023, Ningbo has 28 national intangible cultural heritage representative projects and 478 provincial and municipal intangible cultural heritage representative projects.The first "One Person, One Art" National Art Popularization and Socialization Service Standard "was studied and issued.16 provincial cultural relics protection units and 52 municipal cultural relics protection units were newly added.The Chenwang Site in Fenghua, Ningbo and the Six Dynasties Site in Duyi Lane, Yuyao were selected as the important archaeological discoveries in Zhejiang in 2023.Ningbo Museum's "Convergence - Special Exhibition for the 1200th Anniversary of the Establishment of Ningbo City" and Zhou Yao's Insect Museum's "One Butterfly, One World - Mr. Zhou Yao's Permanent Exhibition of Scientific Life and Insect World" won the Provincial Museum Exhibition Excellence Award.New achievements have been made in waterway archaeology, and the second phase excavation of Jingtoushan site has been continued. 19 pre-qin sites and 2 cultural relics have been found in the archaeological survey of pre-qin sites in Fenghua River basin.455 "15 minute quality cultural life circles", 41 urban study rooms and 18 cultural post stations were added throughout the year.[202]
In 2023, NingboA total of 48 national events were held.Team up to participate in the 19th Asian Games in Hangzhou, winning 15 gold medals, 7 silver medals and 1 bronze medal;He participated in the first National Student (Youth) Games and won 12 gold medals, 17 silver medals and 17 bronze medals.At the end of the year, the city had 29760 sports venues and facilities, with a total area of 28.5 million square meters.The annual sales of sports lottery reached 4.22 billion yuan, an increase of 37.2% over the previous year.[202]
medical and health work
By the end of 2023, there were 5067 medical and health institutions in Ningbo.226 hospitals (including maternity insurance hospitals), including 10 Grade III Grade A hospitals (including maternity insurance hospitals) and 14 Grade III Grade B hospitals (including maternity insurance hospitals);There are 158 community health service centers and township hospitals.At the end of the year, the city had 50000 sickbeds, 107000 health professionals of all kinds, 93000 health technicians, including 38000 licensed doctors (including assistants) and 40000 registered nurses.According to the census population, the number of beds, health technicians, licensed doctors (including assistants) and registered nurses per 1000 people respectively reached 8.1, 14.9, 6.1 and 6.4, and the number of general practitioners per 10000 people reached 7.6.[201]
In 2023, the per capita disposable income of Ningbo residents will be 71731 yuan, an increase of 4.9% over the previous year, and an actual increase of 4.5% after deducting the impact of price factors.By urban and rural areas, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 80144 yuan, an increase of 4.5%, or 4.1% in real terms;The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 48350 yuan, up 6.3%, or 5.9% in real terms.The per capita income difference between urban and rural residents is 1.66.The per capita living consumption expenditure of the city's residents was 45503 yuan, up 5.8%.By urban and rural areas, the per capita living consumption expenditure of urban residents was 50347 yuan, up 5.1%;The per capita living consumption expenditure of rural residents was 32039 yuan, up 8.6%.[201]
social security
By the end of 2023, the number of basic endowment insurance, basic medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance for enterprise employees in Ningbo City was 5.409 million, 5.172 million, 3.416 million, 4.712 million and 3.861 million respectively, and the number of basic endowment insurance and medical insurance for urban and rural residents was 966000 and 2.867 million respectively.By the end of the year, the city had issued 10.271 million social security cards, and the activation rate of financial accounts of social security cards reached 70.7%.
By the end of 2023, Ningbo had 266 elderly care institutions with 46000 beds.At the end of the year, there were 56000 people with minimum living security in the city, and 690 million yuan of minimum living security funds were actually distributed throughout the year.The minimum living standard of the city was raised to 1255 yuan/month.The minimum wage standard for enterprise employees is 2280 yuan/month and 2070 yuan/month.The per capita disposable income of low-income farmers in the city was 24616 yuan, an increase of 12.6% over the previous year.Throughout the year, 33000 disabled people with difficulties enjoyed living subsidies, and 89000 severely disabled people enjoyed nursing subsidies.All the 33000 disabled people in the city who need rehabilitation services have received rehabilitation services.At the end of the year, 2075 people were supported by the city's poverty-stricken population.[201]
In 2023, Ningbo will add 54000 affordable rental housing units (rooms), totaling 151000 units (rooms).In the whole year, 197 urban villages with a total area of 10.146 million square meters were renovated, and 49 old residential areas with a total area of 1.214 million square meters were renovated. Three experiences such as "comprehensive renovation once" were included in the list of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development.The Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Public Rental Housing Security in Ningbo was issued, and 61500 public rental housing families in Ningbo were guaranteed.
In 2023, Ningbo City and County Charity Federation will raise 980 million yuan in donations, spend 930 million yuan in relief, and help 544000 people in need;By the end of the year, the municipal and county level charity associations had raised 11.72 billion yuan in total, paid 9.78 billion yuan in aid, and helped 6.73 million people in need.Throughout the year, charities in the city's civil affairs system raised 3.58 billion yuan in donations and 2.13 billion yuan in relief spending, with 1.628 million people receiving assistance.Throughout the year, the city and county level charity volunteer teams carried out 15727 activities, 257000 volunteers participated in the service, and the service time accumulated to 476000 hours.[202]
Historical culture
Announce
edit
place name
Ningbo, taken from "Haidingze Boning", short for“Yong”, as early asZhou DynastyThis name already exists.The word "Yong" is a pictographic character of the ancient bell. In the county boundary of Yin County and Feng County, the mountain peaks are very similar to the ancient bell, so it is calledYongshanThis river is calledYongjiang RiverThis area is called "Yong" area.In addition, due to the oldNingbo MansionThe Kuaiji Mountain under its jurisdiction has a continuous culture. There are four caves on its main peak, which are like windows with light. It is called“Siming mountain”"Siming" has also become the nickname of Ningbo.“Ningbo Guild Hall”Also known as“Siming Office”。
dialect
Ningbo dialect, is a kind ofWu dialectDialectWu dialect Taihu LakeYongjiang small piece.Ningbo dialect has 29 initialsDullness。Ningbo dialect has 50 finalsEntering rhyme。Ningbo dialect has seven tones: Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shangsheng, Yin De, Yang De, Yin In and Yang In.[12]Ningbo dialect has retained many mediaeval sounds《Song rhyming dictionary》And《Jade article》These classical reference books can find out their most original writing methods.Of course, these words are often very obscure and difficult to recognize, and it is generally impossible for non professionals to read and accurately read them.However, if you look at a dialect from the perspective of word meaning, you will find that its three syllable and four syllable slang, colloquial expressions, figurative expressions, dialect idioms, and more syllable phrases and proverbs can not only be written, but also very exciting and vivid. These are the most living and vital factors of Ningbo dialect.The language features of Ningbo dialect, such as onomatopoeia, fixed collocation, inversion, onomatopoeia, and many folk proverbs with local characteristics, have brought rare interest.Since the opening of the port of "Five Ports for Trade", western culture has gradually spread to the east, and foreign products have increasingly entered the vision of citizens' life. In the old days, the West was called the West, so many nouns were prefixed with "foreign", becoming a language phenomenon in a specific historical period.[13]
school
Siming SchoolDuring the Chunxi period of the Southern Song Dynasty, a scholar in Mingzhou who was known as "Mr. Chunxi Four"Yang Jian、Yuan Xie、Shen HuanThey mainly studied and learned from Lu Jiuyuan's "mind theory", which combined the "mind" as the source of everything in the universe and the "psychology" as well as the school style formed by integrating the various theories of Zhu Xi's Neo Confucianism.
Yaojiang SchoolIts founder is Yu Yaoren, a philosopher, writer, militarist and politician of the Ming DynastyWang Shouren(Nicknamed Yangming), it is named after the Yao River in Yuyao.Wang Shouren inherited and carried forward Lu Jiuyuan's theory of mind in the Southern Song Dynasty, and put forward such philosophical thoughts as "nothing beyond the mind", "to conscience", and "unity of knowledge and action". It is a great achievement of ancient Chinese subjective idealism, and is known as "Wang's theory" in history.Its main successors areQian Dehong、Shen Guomo、Shi XiaoxianEtc.
East Zhejiang School: Its founder was Yu Yaoren, an enlightenment thinker in the late Ming and early Qing DynastiesHuang Zongxi。Huang Zongxi publicly exposed and criticized the autocratic monarchy in politics, pointing out that it was the source of evil that "made the world restless", and advocated civil rights.Economically, "industry and commerce are all based" is proposed, and academically, "pragmatism" is advocated.In addition to philosophy and history, it has studied astronomy, geography, mathematics, literature, art, religion and other aspects, and is the most influential school in the Qing Dynasty.Its representatives areVansda、Wan Sitong、Quan ZuwangEtc.
Ningbo, located in eastern ZhejiangVietnamese cultureUnder the long-term influence of, in the superior natural environment, formed a unique custom.[14]
folk custom
folk custom
details
Mid Autumn Festival on August 16
The Mid Autumn Festival is celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar in all parts of China, while the 16th day of the lunar calendar is celebrated in Ningbo.There are two explanations for its origin: one is that Zuocheng and Taiwei Fang Guozhen in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces changed it with their own birthdays at the end of the Yuan Dynasty;It is said that Shi Hao, the prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty and a native of Yinxian County (now Yinzhou), was the prime minister at that time. He went home to accompany his mother to celebrate the Mid Autumn Festival every Mid Autumn Festival. One year, the Mid Autumn Festival was not able to return in time because of something in the imperial court, and his family was convinced that he would return to celebrate the festival. The next day, August 16, Shi Hao did indeed return. Later, in order to commemorate this filial piety,So we chose to celebrate the Mid Autumn Festival on August 16.During the Mid Autumn Festival, families get together, go to temple fairs, watch dragon boats, eat moon cakes, and also give moon cakes to each other.[15]
Lion dance
It is popular in Ninghai County, Ningbo City. Generally, in the first month of the summer calendar or Buddhist festivals, dozens of farmers form a team and go to each village to dance lions in turn to show respect for ancestors, welcome gods, ward off evil spirits and dispel demons.The lion dance includes solo dance, duet dance and group dance. Three lions dance together, one male, one female and one cub. While dancing, they beat gongs and drums. The most wonderful performance is "grabbing five lights", that is, one lamp is set in the middle and four corners of the venue, and the lion dances wildly in the middle, playing, biting, grabbing lights, etc. The crowd around is watching.[14]
Dragon-boat Racing
Urban and rural dragon boat races are mainly held in ponds, rivers and lakes. Dragon boats are divided into green dragon, yellow dragon, white dragon, etc;Dragon boat races are usually held on the fifth day of May and the sixteenth day of August in the lunar calendar.The former is said to be the day when Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet and Sanlu doctor of the State of Chu, threw himself into the Miluo River and rowed a dragon boat to show that people were competing for rescue.The latter is the Mid Autumn Festival in Ningbo.In addition to holding temple fairs, dragon boat racing can increase the festival entertainment atmosphere.At the beginning of the race, the rowers raised their heads high, one stood at the front of the dragon boat and sounded the gong to command. The clothes were the same color as the dragon boat. A firecracker sounded, and the dragon boat started at the same time. The sound of gongs and drums and the shouts of the crowd watching on the shore were heard all the time. The scene was very lively, and the first to the end was the winner.Dongqian Lake in Ningbo is the most famous dragon boat.[14]
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the female Yingtai of the Zhu family in Shangyu disguised herself as a man and studied with Liang Shanbo in Kuaiji for three years.After Zhu Yingtai returned home first, Liang Shanbo visited Zhu's home the next year, only to know that she was a female. He asked someone to hire her, but Zhu already made a promise.Hou Shanbo, the county magistrate, was diligent and devoted to the people. He died in office and was buried in Chengxi Township.Later, Zhu Yingtai went over the Tomb of Bo Mountain and cried bitterly. The tomb split itself. Zhu Yingtai jumped into the tomb of Liang Dynasty and was buried together.At present, there are Liang Zhu Tomb and Liang Shan Bo Temple in Xixiang, Ningbo.There is a saying in Ningbo that "if you want your husband and wife to grow old together, you can arrive at the Liangshan Bomiao once".Now, the story of Liang Zhu spreads in various artistic forms, such as film, drama, folk art, and so on. It has a very wide range, involving and spreading to European and American countries, and is known as the Oriental《Romeo and Juliet》。[14]
Eating sweet potato soup and fruit in winter solstice:
In Ningbo's traditional customs, sweet potato soup and fruit is one of the must eat foods on the winter solstice."Double" and "double" are homonymous. In Ningbo people's understanding, eating sweet potatoes on the winter solstice is to "double" all the bad luck of the past year.Tangguo, withDumplingSimilar, but much smaller, and no stuffing inside.Tangguo is also called Yuanzi, meaning "reunion" and "completeness".When Ningbo people make sweet potato soup and fruit, they are used to adding wine.In Ningbo dialect, liquor is also called "oar board", and "oar" is homonymous with "rising" in Ningbo dialect, taking the good lead of "rising wealth" and "rising happiness".[16]
technology
Ningbo's traditional crafts are nurtured in the profound accumulation.Such as bone wood inlay, gold and silver colored embroidery, clay gold colored paint, vermilion wood carving, Yong style furniture, etc., the selection of wood is exquisite, the craftsmanship is excellent, and the style is unique.
technology
technology
introduce
Bone wood inlay
Traditional craft.Its history can be traced back to the Sui and Tang dynasties more than 1000 years ago. Bone wood inlay in the Ming Dynasty was mainly used for carving furniture.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, Ningbo's bone wood inlay was famous for its unique local style and exquisite techniques, and was listed as "tribute".In terms of production methods, it can be divided into high inlay, flat inlay and mixed inlay.The high inlay adopts ivory, boxwood, bamboo yellow, wax stone, etc. as the raw materials for the decorative patterns on the drawing, which are sawn and embedded on the wood blanks.The flat inlay is made of ivory, bone pieces, Luodian, wood pieces, etc., which are decorated according to the surface pattern of the drawing and embedded into the wood billet, and then drawn with a carving knife.The composition of inlaid paintings can be divided into "painting" and "ancient style". The former is similar to the folk paintings of the Ming and Qing dynasties, while the latter is similar to the Han paintings. Its content is to express the theme of auspiciousness, longevity, wealth and honour, and the theme is people, landscapes, flowers and birds. The products include beds, tables, chairs, kitchens, etc.[17]
Zhu Jinmu Carving
Traditional craft.It is also called lacquer gold wood carving.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the craftsmanship had reached a high level.It is based on wood carvings, with cinnabar color as the bottom, and pasted with gold decorations, which looks magnificent.Wood carvings are made of high-quality wood such as camphor wood, basswood and ginkgo, and are carved according to different objects by means of relief, openwork and round carving. The themes are mostly drama stories, with simple and vivid shapes and profound knife skills.Some are exquisite and lifelike, while others are rough.Zhu Jin wood carvings are mainly used in temples, temples, ancestral halls and other buildings, as well as large furniture and statues such as wooden beds and sedan chairs.[18]
Muddy gold colored paint
Traditional craft.The history of Ningbo lacquerware can be traced back to the Hemudu culture 7000 years ago. The name "Nijin" began in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.The method is to grind the gold foil into powder, mix it with the big paint, or paint or fill it.Lacquerware is mainly made of wood, but also bamboo pieces and bamboo weaving.The basic colors of lacquer ware are vermilion and black.The traditional production methods include the sunk flower with the grain decorated inside the transparent paint film, the flat flower with the grain decorated on the surface of the paint film, and the floating flower with the grain decorated on the surface of the paint film by means of plastic piling and inlaying. The floating flower technology is a more representative technique in the traditional technology of Ningbo lacquer ware.Lacquerware is mainly decorated with gold, including gold painting, gold pasting, gold piling, gold chasing, gold cutting, and flat gold. The themes include flowers and birds, landscape characters, and auspicious patterns.[19]
Gold and silver colored embroidery
Also known as "antique color", it is a masterpiece of traditional Yong embroidery.Yong Embroidery, Xiang Embroidery, Suzhou Embroidery, Beijing Embroidery, Guangdong Embroidery and Shu Embroidery are known as the six famous embroideries in China.Gold and silver colored embroidery is made of silk fabrics of various colors, and gold and silver threads are embroidered around colored embroidery and plain embroidery patterns.It is antique and magnificent.The background color is mainly dark, mainly including dark red, dark blue, dark green, black, rust red, coffee, etc. The production process can be divided into three categories: net embroidery, gold embroidery, and pad embroidery.Themes include dragon and phoenix, flowers, fine birds, etc.It is mainly used for embroidering clothes, cushions, tablecloths, bedspreads, soft bags and other daily necessities.[20]
straw mat
In ancient times, it was called Ming Xi, also called Yong Xi, commonly known as "Xi Zi".The mat grass, which is rich in Huanggulin, Xixiang, Ningbo, is woven with white or green hemp as warp.Ningbo straw mat is precise in texture, thick and straight, strong and elastic, soft and smooth, can cool down, easy to collect, durable, and can be used for bedding, packaging, and hanging doors and windows.
Straw hat
This area is good at weaving straw hats. The golden straw hat woven in Changhe Township, Cixi, the hometown of straw weaving, is the best. It is as light as clouds, as bright as snow, beautiful and practical. After bleaching, dyeing, embroidery, and decoration, it can be matched with fashion. It is not only a practical sunshade, but also a decorative handicraft.According to the raw materials, straw hats are divided into more than 10 kinds, including gold silk, wheat straw, vetec, salt grass, mat grass, Chinese alpine rush, yellow grass, cockscomb grass, papyrus, yellow cauliflower leaves, Leffey grass, etc. The annual total output is more than 20 million. In addition to more than 5 million mat straw hats for domestic sales, most of them are exported as semi-finished products, which are designed by foreign countries according to popular clothing, and put into the market after being decorated.
Ningbo Bamboo Weaving
Ningbo is the hometown of bamboo weaving. Siming Mountain is rich in bamboo. Historically, bamboo has been used to weave various simple and practical baskets, baskets, mats, baskets, cages, etc.In the Ming and Qing dynasties, people from the south of the Yangtze River went to Beijing to take an exam. The examination baskets and food baskets were all made of bamboo. Now there are dozens of village bamboo weaving factories in Yinzhou, Fenghua and Yuyao. Workers are good at making use of bamboo strips and strips to skillfully weave various kinds of animals with vivid and interesting shapes, and combine them with traditional pots, baskets, boxes and coils to make chicken pots, duck dishes, owl boxes, flower pot sets, vases, waste paper baskets, etc,It is not only practical, but also can be viewed and sold overseas.
By the end of 2022, there are 75 star hotels in Ningbo, including 21 five-star hotels;There are 9 tourist resorts at or above the provincial level, including 1 at the national level.[137]
By December 2023, Ningbo has created 87 national tourist attractions above 3A level, including 2 5A level, 36 4A level and 49 3A level.[191]
brief introduction
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Fenghua Xikou
Fenghua XikouIt is an AAAAA tourist attraction in China, with the background of the hometown of Chiang Kai shek and Chiang Ching kuo's father and son, as well as the Buddhist culture of Xuedou Mountain and Xuedou Temple. It also has the original address of Jiang Liangjiang and the ancient and elegant charm of the Republic of China in the town, including Wuling Gate, Jiang Mu Tomb Path, Yutai Salt Shop, Wenchang Pavilion (Kuige Lingxiao), Small Western House, Jiang's Fenggao House, Maha Hall, Wuling Middle School, Imperial Book PavilionJinjingchi, Miaogaotai, Qianzhangyan, Jiangjunnan, the original site of Zhonglv Hotel, Sanyintan, Xufuyan, Tingxiahu and General Zhang Xueliang's first place of confinement, etc.
Fenghua Xikou
Hemudu site
Hemudu site Located in Yuyao, it was excavated in 1973 and is an important Neolithic site in southern China.The rice residues and hundreds of bones found in it advanced the history of rice planting in China to 7000 years ago, corrected the traditional saying that japonica rice was introduced from India and indica rice was introduced from Japan, and established the view that Chinese rice cultivation originated from China in academic circles.
Baoguo TempleLocated in the hinterland of Lingshan Mountain, it has a history of more than 970 years and is famous for its exquisite architectural techniques.The existing Mahavira Hall was rebuilt in the sixth year of Dazhong Xiangfu in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is the oldest and best preserved wooden structure building in the Northern Song Dynasty south of the Yangtze River, and has high historical, artistic and scientific value in the history of Chinese architecture.All the structures of the whole hall use the ingenious connection between bucket arches and accurate mortise tenon technology, and each component of the building is firmly combined without a nail, supporting the weight scale of more than 50 tons of the whole hall roof.
Tianyi PavilionFounded in the fortieth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, it was presided over by Fan Qin, the retired right aide of the Ministry of War at that time. It is the oldest existing private library in China, the oldest existing library in Asia, and one of the three oldest family libraries in the world.As Fan Maozhu, the eighth grandson of Fan Qin, presented a large collection of books, the Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty ordered the surveying and mapping of the houses and bookcases of Tianyi Pavilion, and created the famous "seven pavilions in the south and north" for collection《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》Tianyi Pavilion has been famous in China since then.After the liberation, with the concern of Premier Zhou Enlai and the response of many local collectors, the number of rare and rare books in Tianyi Pavilion has been restored, and the number of rare and rare books has reached more than 80000 volumes.
Dongqian Lake
Dongqian LakeIt is 15 kilometers away from the east of Ningbo City. The southeast of the lake is backed by green mountains, and the northwest of the lake is close to the plain. As a part of the geology of Fujian and Zhejiang, it is a natural lagoon formed by geological movement in ancient times.It is praised by Mr. Guo Moruo as "the scenery of West Lake and the spirit of Taihu Lake".Dongqian Lake is composed of Guzi Lake, Meihu Lake and Outer Lake. It is 8.5 kilometers long from north to south, 6.5 kilometers wide from east to west, 45 kilometers long around the lake, and covers an area of 22 square kilometers. It is the largest (natural) fresh water lake in Zhejiang Province, with an area three times that of Hangzhou West Lake, an average depth of 2.2 meters, and a total water storage of 33.9 million cubic meters.
Yuehu Lake is located in the southwest of Ningbo. The lake is long and narrow, with an area of about 0.2 square kilometers.During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, ten continents of Moon Lake were built.During the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty, pavilions, towers, and seasonal flowers and trees were widely planted, forming the ten continents on the Moon Lake.Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Yuehu has been the academic center of eastern Zhejiang and the place where scholars and literati have a rest.It is now the most important historical and cultural protection area in Ningbo.
Moon Lake
Hangzhou Bay National Wetland Park
Hangzhou Bay National Wetland ParkWith a total area of 43.5 square kilometers, it is one of the eight saltwater wetlands in China, located near the Hangzhou Bay Sea Crossing Bridge, a world-class bird watching resort, and a wetland eco-tourism area integrating wetland restoration, wetland research and environmental education.Wetlands are rich in types, including vast beaches, large reed marshes, offshore sandbanks and reclaimed wetlands in ponds, of which the Andong beach in the coastal area is listed as an important wetland in China.With good environment and rich food, it attracts a large number of migratory birds every year. This is because wetland is an important transit station for migratory birds to migrate from Siberia to Australia.
Ningbo Fangte Oriental God Painting is located inNingbo Hangzhou Bay New AreaThe south bank of the sea crossing bridge is divided into eight categories: folklore, folk opera, classic love legend, mysterious culture, acrobatics and sports, folk festivals, folk handicrafts, and comprehensive projects.More than 20 theme projects, such as Nuwa Mending the Sky, Eternal Butterfly Love, Great Wall Love, Soul stirring Journey, and Shenzhou Tower, have been designed by using equipment technologies such as dark riding, four sided phantom imaging, and live stunt robots[21]。
Ningbo Fangte Oriental God Painting
Haipi Island in Hangzhou Bay
Hangzhou Bay Haipi Island won the title of National AAAA Tourist Attraction in December 2017. The scenic spot consists of four parts, namely, two major theme parks on land and water - Haipi Island Happy World and Water World, Hangzhou Bay Seabed Hot Spring, and Hangzhou Bay Seabed Hot Spring Hotel[22]
Since the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of important officials have appeared in Ningbo.In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Shi family of Yin County, which produced three prime ministers, came from Ningbo.In the Ming Dynasty, there appeared famous officials in Ningbo who were known as "the seeds of reading in the world"Fang XiaoruAnd four cabinet ministersShen Tongyi、Zhang Huangyan、Xiong RulinandShen ChenquanAnd many ministers.Republic of ChinapresidentChiang Kai shekThe 6th and 7th "President" of the Republic of ChinaChiang ChingkuoAll Ningbo nationality[23]The military and political officials of the Republic of China belong to Ningbo nationalityHu Zongnan、Yu JishiEtc.
Ningbo Merchants' Group rose in the middle and late Ming Dynasty to establishTongrentangOfBe cheerfulIs representative.In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, Ningbo merchants landed in Shanghai and became an important commercial and social force.The representatives of this period areLi Yeting, the Fang family in ZhenhaiBe faithful and honest、Ye Chengzhong、Yu Qiaoqingwait.Sun Yat-senHe once commented that "every port in our country has a career of Yongren, that is, European countries have many Yongshang footprints, and their ability is really second to none." After World War II, the Ningbo Business Group moved to Hong KongNorth AmericaAnd so on. At this time, the representative isWang Kuancheng、Bao Yugang、Run Run Shaw、Li Dasan、Cao Guangbiao、A period of prosperity、Zhang Zhongmou、Zhao AnzhongEtc.Since the 1980s, Ningbo has also emerged a number of business celebrities, includingDing Lei、Zhuang SihaoEtc.[24]
