Inventory management is to integrate the manufacturer's inventory policy andValue chainThe comprehensive process of activitization of inventory policy.Reflection method or namePull inventory method, is usingCustomer needs, viaDistribution channelTo pull the distribution of products.Anothermanagement philosophyIs the planning method, which is based onrequirementandProduct availabilityAnd actively arrange the transportation and distribution of products in the channel.SectionThree methods, or hybrid method, namelylogical reasoningThe first two methods are combined to form amarket environmentInventory management concept reflected.A comprehensive inventory management strategy will detail policies and be used to determine where to arrange inventory, when to start replenishment shipments, and how much inventory to allocate.
Inventory DecisionThis includes determining the ordering time and quantity.When the inventory level drops to a certain level, an order must be issued. The inventory level at this time is calledOrder Point(Or der Point) or Reorder Point.[1]
Inventory management is the management of an enterprise's inventory, mainly includinginformation managementAnd on this basisdecision analysis, finallyEffective controlTo achieve the ultimate goal of inventory management and improve economic efficiency.Fenghuo headhunting experts believe that inventory management is the combination of the manufacturer's inventory policy andValue chainThe comprehensive process of activitization of inventory policy.Reaction methodPull inventory method, is usingCustomer needs, viaDistribution channelTo pull the distribution of products.Anothermanagement philosophyIs the planning method, which is based on the demand andProduct availabilityAnd actively arrange the transportation and distribution of products in the channel.SectionThree methods, or hybrid method, namelylogical reasoningThe first two methods are combined to form amarket environmentResponding inventory management philosophy.A comprehensive inventory management strategy will detail policies and be used to determine where to arrange inventory, when to start replenishment shipments, and how much inventory to allocate.
Connotation of inventory management
stockIt refers to those held by the enterprise for sale in the normal process of production and operationFinished productsOr commodity, or still inProduction processProducts in, or materials and materials to be consumed in the production process or the provision of labor services.It is a reflectionEnterprise working capitalOperationalbarometerIt is often used by a few people to adjust profits and evade national tax fundsRegulator。Because it is not only in the enterpriseworking capitalWhich accounts for a large proportion of the total, and is also of poor liquiditycurrent assets。
inventory management It is to manage the inventory of the enterprise, mainly including the inventory information management and the decision analysis based on this, and finally carry out effective control to achieve the ultimate goal of inventory management and improve economic benefits.
target
On the one hand, the reason why enterprises keep inventories is to ensure the business needs of production or sales, on the other hand, it is out of consideration of price,Retail purchaseThe price of materials is often high, and the price of bulk purchase is preferential.However, too much inventory will occupy more funds, and will increaseStorage fee, insurance premiumMaintenance fee, salaries of management personnel, therefore, inventorymanagement objectives The goal of inventory management is to balance various costs and inventory benefits to achieve the best combination of the two.
Causes
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summary
Problems and causes of current enterprise inventory management
1. The revenue, delivery and balance of inventory are not recorded truly.
Material requisition recordproduction costsAnd the collection and carry forward of expenseshuman factorMore, especially in the engineering project accounting, its disadvantages are more obvious.For example, A and BJob NoAt the same time, the accounting records at the end of the month show that the material consumption of job number B is very little or even zero, while the material consumption of job number A is a big chunk more;Raw and auxiliary materialsConsumption has been collected, but actually it is not correspondingCarry forward cost；Raw and auxiliary materials have not been collected and consumed, but actually have been carried forward;The purchased materials have been collected and consumed, the purchase invoice has not arrived, and the regulations have not been followed at the end of the periodEstimationWarehousing, resulting inBalance SheetEnding inventory records decrease or even appear red ink balance.
In material procurementProduct salesThe same person usually completes the whole process of purchase and sales, payment collection, stock in and stock out, which makes the purchase and sales work without rules to follow, and also provides black box operationshotbed, increasing the possibility of graft.
becauseInventoryLarge, resulting inworking capitalHigh occupancy. Some enterprises' inventory reserves account for more than 60% of the total working capitalWorking capital turnoverBring great difficulties.
4. The abnormal inventory reserves occupy the normal inventory reserves.
In order to control the usage of working capital, the inventory usage is reduced as much as possible in daily inventory management, and the purchase quantity is reduced, thus affecting the normal operationProduction and operationReasonable inventory reserve required.
5. Poor management.
Damaged to be scrappedOverstockInventory reserves should be reported as a key issue in the annual asset and capital verification, but they are only reported every yearSuperior competent departmentAs a result, the damaged and overstocked inventory reserves to be scrapped and overstocked are snowballing, and the problem has not been fundamentally solved.
Solutions
Analysis on the Ways to Improve the Level of Enterprise Inventory Management
1. Strictly implementfinancial systemProvisions shall be made to make account, material and card consistent.(Card refers to material purchase card, receiving card and inventory card)
The inventory management shall strictly implement the provisions of the financial system. For the inventory that has not arrived in the invoice after the arrival of the goods, the estimated warehousing procedures shall be handled in time at the end of the month to make the account, goods and card consistent.
The daily management of inventory is divided into three types: ABC according to the importance of inventory.Category A inventory accounts for 10%~15% of the total inventory, and funds account for about 80% of the total inventory. Key management, such as largespare parts Etc.Class B inventory is general inventory, with varieties accounting for 20%~30% of all inventories and funds accounting for about 15% of all inventories. It should be properly controlled and daily management should be implemented, such as materials for daily production consumption.Category C inventory accounts for 60%~65% of the total inventory, and capital accounts for about 5% of the total inventoryGeneral management, such as office supplieslabour protection applianceIt can be purchased at any time.adoptABC classificationThen, seize the key inventory, control the general inventory, and formulate a more reasonable inventoryProcurement planSo as to effectively control the inventory, reduce the occupation of reserve funds and accelerate the turnover of funds.
first,PlannerHigherprofessional qualities, for productiontechnological processAnd equipment operation shall be fully understood and masteredequipment maintenance , spare parts consumption and production materials consumption, and then make a scientific and reasonable inventory purchase plan.Secondly, it is necessary to standardize procurement behavior and increase the transparency of procurement.In the principle of economy,buyerThe quality, priceFinancial reputationDynamic monitoring;Collect various information,Similar productsCompare many goods to get the lowest price and the best quality;At the same time, large amount of raw and fuel materials and large spare partsBidding procurement, eliminate dark box operationPurchase black hole。In this way, it not only ensures the normal production, but also effectively controlsPurchase costIt accelerates the turnover of funds and improves the efficiency of the use of funds.4. Make full use ofERPAnd other advancedmanagement model , realize inventory fundsInformation management。
In order to make inventory management meet the requirements of modern enterprise management, enterprises should adopt advanced management models as soon as possible, such asERP system。ERP is used to make people, finance, goods, production, supply and sales scientifically and efficiently managed in an all-round way, so as to plug loopholes to the maximum extent, reduce inventory, and make inventory management to a new level.
change
Inventory management - three changes:
In 1953, Vice President of ToyotaDaiichi Ohno Create a high-quality, low inventoryProduction mode--Just In Time (JIT). JIT technology is the first time for inventory managementrevolutionIts basic idea is to "produce the required products according to the required quantity only when needed", that is, to pursue a kind of product without inventory or with the minimum inventoryproduction system 。In Japan, JIT is also called "Kanban" management. There is a sign in every container for transporting parts. When the manufacturer opens the container, it will give the sign tosupplierAfter receiving the label, the supplier began to prepare the next batch of parts.Ideally, when the next batch of parts is delivered, the manufacturer will just use up the last batch of parts.By precisely coordinating production and supply, Japanese manufacturing enterprises have greatly reduced their inventory of raw materials, improved their operational efficiency and increased their profits.In fact, JIT technology becomesJapanese automobile industrycompetitive edgeToyota has become one of the world's leading companies in JIT technology.
The second reform of inventory management is driven by numerical control andSensing technology、Precision machine toolAs well as the wide application of computer and other technologies in factories, these technologies have shortened the preparation time of factories from several hours earlier to several minutes.With the help of the computer, the machine quickly switches from one preset tool and mold state to another without going to the remoteTool roomOr conduct commissioning and adjustment after manual treatment, and the acceleration of servicingIdleKey changes have taken place in the time structure, which has hampered the WIP inventory andIndirect costsIt also decreases.StillToyotaThe company took the lead in this field in the 1970s.As the engine supplier of Toyota,yanmar Diesel engineYanmar Diesel followed Toyota's leadOperating proceduresIn less than five years, the number of models has almost quadrupled, but the inventory of products in process has decreased by more than halflabour productivityIt also increased by more than 100%.
inventory management
Information technology andInternet technologyAfter the rise of inventory management, the third revolution took place.Through the application of information technology in enterprises (such as ERPMRPⅡAnd so on), which can make the enterprise'sProduction planThe information is fully shared with the marketing information, and the planning, procurement, production and sales departments can also better coordinate.Internet technology can make production prediction more accurate and reliable than before.Dell is a successful practitioner of this revolution, which makes full use of information technology and Internet technologyOnline direct selling, according to customer requirementsCustomized products。At the beginning, when the Internet was still limited to a few scientific and military purposes,DellDirect sales can only be carried out through such networks as the telephone. However, after the popularity of the Internet, Dell organizes production according to customers' online orders to provide fully personalized products and services.Dell proposed three items: "abandon inventory, constantly listen to customers' opinions, and never conduct indirect sales"Golden rule。Dell is completely wiped outFinished product inventoryThe inventory of its parts is calculated in hours. When its sales reached 12.3 billion dollars, the inventory was only 233 million dollars,Cash Turnover Period It is negative 8 days.
effect
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To manage inventory, you must first understand the role of inventory management, which can be divided into four types based on its effectiveness:Cycle inventory、Safety stockExpected inventory and pipeline inventory.
Cycle inventory
Many goods have relatively stable needs, that is, they often use or sell gradually, so they have relatively stable needsDemand rateHowever, purchase or production is not economical, so it is necessary to cooperateeconomic performanceIt must be mass produced first, and then stored and used gradually.
Safety stock
Safety stock（safety stock）It means that the existing inventory in hand is sufficient to meet unexpected demand or supply delivery, if the futurerequirementAnd the time required for transportation can be determined, so the safety stock is unnecessary.
Expected inventory
Anticipation inventories are used to establishInventory, in case of an increase in demand or a decrease in supply, this inventory method is often applicable toSeasonalityProducts required.Take the toy industry as an example,Toy manufacturingThe operator establishes the stock needed for the whole year for December sales, however, production usually requiresStandard operation（level operation）。The change of operation level is wasteful, which leads to higherWage costAnd ending costs, overtime and labor slowdown costs, inefficient use of equipment, and low quality andproductivity。
pipeline inventories
Pipeline inventory management refers to the management of inventory during transportation, including the freight transportation of suppliers, the transportation between two workstations in the factory, the railway transportation between branch warehouses, the route from warehouse to retailer, and even the delivery toRetail storeOn the shelf.The quantity of inventory depends on the flow of raw materials and the time required.
Management significance
1. It can help enterprise warehouse management personnel toGoods in stockConduct detailed and comprehensive control and management;
3. Various inventory reports andInventory analysisIt can provide a basis for enterprise decision-making;
4. Realize inventory reductionFund occupationTo avoid overstock or shortage of goods and ensure that enterprisesoperating activitiesSmooth progress.
Inventory as an importantcurrent assetsIts existence is bound to take up a lot ofworking capital。Generally, inventory accounts for about 30% of the total assets of industrial enterprisesCirculation enterprisesIs even higher, and its management and utilization are directly related to the capital occupation level and assets of the enterpriseOperational efficiency。Therefore, if an enterprise wants to maintain a highProfitabilityWe should attach great importance to inventory management.Under different inventory management levels, the average capital occupation level of enterprises varies greatly.By implementing correct inventory management methods, the average capital occupation level of enterprises can be reduced, and the circulation speed andTotal asset turnoverIn order to ultimately improve the economic efficiency of enterprises.
Inventory inBalance SheetIt belongs to current assets. However, from the perspective of inventory management, inventory is not an asset but a backlog of costs. Although insufficient inventory may not be satisfiedcustomer demand, some orders are lost;However, too much inventory will also overstock the company's fundsaccounting standard No. 35 Bulletin Asset impairment assessment, if it is a dead product, it will immediately affect the companyCurrent profit and loss。
Knowledge Introduction
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Related costs
Costs related to inventories can be roughly classified into the following three types:
In order to make the total inventoryCost minimization, there are the following inventory management technologies:
1. ABC method: Classify according to the value of inventory. Generally, Class A inventory is the most expensive and the most strict in management, followed by B, C, etc.
2. JIT method: timely production system to keep the inventory at the lowest level.
3. EOQ method: economic order quantity, which is calculated based on the consideration of order cost and holding costInventory costminimization。
1. Establish and improveEnterprise internal control system, give play to the role of the internal inventory control system, and clarify the functions and powers.SMEs should be based on《accounting law》、《company law》Perfect the legal person system, fulfill the rights and obligations of legal persons, organize the establishment of internal inventory control system, combine the production and operation characteristics of enterprises, from strict procurement and sales system, standardize the inventory procurement, consumption and sales links, establish information files of suppliers and sellers, strengthen the management of their reputation and qualification levels, and further clarify thePost responsibilities, strictly implementIncompatibilityThe principle of separation of posts should play the role of internal inventory control system.
2. Strengtheningsupply chain managementAnd strengthen exchanges and cooperation between enterprises.Supply chain management can reduce purchase costs, and suppliers can keep track of inventory information at any time by extending the boundaries of the organization. Without maintaining high inventory holding costs, enterprises can produce the products they need without piling up inventory, thus reducing inventory holding costs.It can also reducetransaction cost And the cost of obtaining information, while also reducing the storage costs of enterprises.
3. Reasonably integrate the internalLogistics resources, make full use ofThird party logistics。Whether the logistics resources inside the enterprise are fully utilized directly affects the economy of inventoryPurchase volume, storage volume and inventory cost.Attention should be paid to the following issues when using the third-party logistics: First, in terms of the utilization of internal and external resources, integration should be carried out firstInternal resourcesAt the same time, employment arrangement and diversion of surplus personnel should also be consideredNon economic factors；Second, attention should be paid tophysical distribution managementTalent introduction andagencyThe role of,Modern logisticsmanagement theory With enterprise inventory management, to a large extent, it depends on talents who are proficient in modern logistics management;Third, in the process of strengthening inventory management, it is not limited to the consideration of inventoryStorage costandDistribution cost, enterprises should also be improvedoperation flow Design andEnterprise branchAnd the establishment of business outlets.
