Kong Zhi (the year of birth and death is unknown) was born in Nanyang, Henan Province in the Western Han Dynasty.Officials of the Western Han Dynasty.[2]
Kong was originally an iron merchant of Daye, and his assets accumulated to thousands of gold.Later, Emperor Wu, who was recommended by Zheng at that time, together with Xianyang and Sang Hongyang in Dongguo, was called "an analysis of Qiuhao when talking about benefits and things".In the fourth year of Yuanshou (119 BC), he was the Grand Agricultural Officer, and shared the salt and iron affairs with Xianyang.It is suggested to raise money for the people to pay their own expenses, and sell salt because of official tools.Those who dare to sell salt from cast iron ware, sitting on their left toes, sank into their wares.If the county does not produce iron, a small iron officer will be appointed to make it belong to the county.Emperor Wu followed his advice and implemented salt and iron official camp.[3]
In the second year of Yuanding (115BC), he was a great minister.It can also be used to transport goods with the Dasi Nong Zhongcheng Sang Hongyang.Later, it was said that the ship was not in accordance with the imperial edict. In the first year of Yuanfeng (110 BC), Emperor Wu ordered Sang Hongyang to take charge of the big agricultural affairs and take charge of salt and iron on his behalf.I didn't know what to do.[3]
Kong's only ancestral homeliang Suiyang(TodayShangqiu, Henan）The Qin Dynasty exterminated Wei and moved the Kong family to Nanyang.At the time of Kongchi, Weipotian was an iron casting workshop, widely associated with the princes, and developed a commercial iron smelting patent in Nanyang, which won a huge fortune.The arrival of these merchants naturally changed the customs of Nanyang, and the custom of being a merchant rose.[1]
laterLiu BangAlthough he won the world after destroying Chu and establishing a Han Dynasty, he was already poor and weak after years of war. It is said that even the emperor's relatives at that time were also very poor.In this way, we can have a rest for more than ten years in the seventh day of the Han Dynasty,countryThe governance policy for the common people is quite loose. As long as you have the ability, you can find ways to make money and become rich.Under such a policy background, the flexibleNanyangThe businessman opened his hands and showed his business talents.NanyangThe iron smelting industry and commerce were developed, which was what the Western Han Dynasty called"Five Cities"One, these five cities are BeishiHandan, DongshiLinzi, XishiChengduLuoyang is the central city, while Nanyang is the southern city.
go into politics
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Kong onlyDongguo XianyangHe was also the Grand Agricultural Officer, in charge of salt and iron affairs.successorBig Si Nong, set up salt and iron monopoly organizations all over the country, and recommended merchants who became rich with salt and iron as officials.[1]
dynastic title of Liu BangLiu BangAt that time, the source of mountains and rivers, such as iron smelting, mining, and salt boiling, had been delegated to private businesses to allow people to mine freely. Until Emperor Wen ascended the throne, he still "allowed people to cast money, smelt iron, and boil salt", and continued to allow private production and sales of salt and iron.At that time, there were a large number of merchants in Nanyang who became rich by operating iron smelting and salt boiling. The famous rich people at that time were Cao, Zhuo, Cheng Zheng, etc., while the Kong family in Nanyang was even richer and had a lot of money because of their proficiency in "drum casting" and "the benefits of merchants".According to the Records of the Historian, at that time, these rich businessmen not only enjoyed themselves, "rich businessmen and great businessmen traveled around the world, and everything they traded was not accessible, and they got what they wanted, but also moved to the capital of Xinjiang, the heroes and princes." In addition, they also had a taste of not paying attention to the emperor when they got rich.
Martial EmperorIn the middle period, due to the repeated large-scale conquest of the Huns, huge military expenditure and continuous natural disasters, the people went into exile everywhere, the national treasury was empty, and the finance could not make ends meet. The court had no choice but to borrow from the rich and powerful.However, one by one, these rich businessmen became iron roosters. "Rich businessmen and big merchants smelt and sold salt, and their wealth may accumulate tens of thousands of gold, instead of the urgency of the left government, the people were in serious trouble".ThisMartial EmperorOf course, I am very dissatisfied.Perhaps this was the important reason why he later severely attacked businessmen.Martial EmperorOn the one hand, it imposed heavy taxes on merchants, and on the other hand, it cut off their wealth.If salt and iron are changed from private tocountryExclusive, "cage world salt and iron".
andMartial EmperorIf you want to manage salt and iron yourself, you must have knowledgeable talents.So he searched among the big salt merchants and iron merchants, and finally found a minister（Big peasant orderAt the suggestion of Zheng (then), Kong was employed as a major agricultural official, while Xianyang and Sang Hongyang in Dongguo were also employed.These three men are good at iron treatment, salt boiling and scheming.Martial EmperorLet them be their own finance ministers and control the economic lifeline of the country, presumably because they think that these three people are the best golden partners, and they must live up to their great trust.However, the fact makesMartial Emperorgreatly disappointed.
Strike from office
Although Kong and Dongguo Xianyang wanted tohave some achievement, painstakingly establishedSalt and iron management organization。But theynot choose the right person for the job, using some big merchants who deal in salt and iron to serve as localSalt officer、Iron officer。Although these people are familiar with the salt and iron business, they often use their power to engage in malpractices. The iron tools they produce are not only of high price but also of poor quality. It is said that the sickle is always cutting grass.Although this is a bit exaggerated, we can imagine to what extent the salt and iron business under Kong's control is bad.Whether Kong only accepted bribes and indulged in this situation is unknown without historical research.But one thing is clear, because of their poor management, Kong has seriously damagedSalt and Iron Official CampLater, they were also dismissed.
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During the Qin and Han Dynasties, officials in charge of the national finance and economy gradually evolved into professional leaderscountryThe officer who stored the granary or advised farmers to teach mulberry.True nameInternal History of Controlling Millet, the first year after Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (143 BC), renamedBig peasant order, the first year of Emperor Wu's Taichu (104 BC), changed toBig Si Nong。When Xinmang was called Xihe, it was later changed toan official in charge of transmitting and receiving orders, a compound name in the Eastern Han DynastyBig Si Nong。From the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, or official name for short.Qin homeInternal History of Controlling Millet。In the Western Han Dynasty, Yanzhi was one of the nine ministers.In the first year after Emperor Jing (143 BC), it was renamedBig peasant order。In the first year of Emperor Wu's Taichu (104 BC)Big Si Nong。Money ValleycountryThe chief financial officer is in parallel with the minority government that manages the emperor's private property.The subordinate officials include TaicangUniform transmission、Leveling, Dunei, Ji Tian Wu Ling, Cheng, Ou Guan, Tieshi Liang Chang, Cheng, and the county's various warehouse supervisors, Dushui, a total of 65 chiefs and Cheng.usurper who founded the Xin dynastychangeBig Si NongIt is Xihe, and it is changed toan official in charge of transmitting and receiving orders。In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the original name was restored, and the duties were as old as before. Only salt and iron were put under the administration of prefectures.After the end of the Han Dynasty, financial revenue and expenditure were allocated to the Shangshu, and various financial officials emerged one after another,Big Si NongThe authority of.According to records, during the Western Han DynastyBig Si NongThe annual income from taxes and levies collected by common people amounts to more than 4000000 yuan.It pays all the salaries, military expenses, engineering and other expenses of officials.In addition, it also manages some government run agriculture and handicrafts.Guantian distributed in different places, some of which areBig Si NongSend people to cultivate;The salt boiling and iron smelting of the official camp were also in the charge of the Dasnong.Set during the reign of Emperor WuLeveling、Uniform transmission, such official businesses also belong toBig Si NongEconomic management (see both Han Dynasty and Han Dynasty were defeated and leveled).
At the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, there was a big farmer, Emperor Wen（Cao Pi）Renamed in the second year of Huangchu (221)Big Si NongIn Shu and Wu, there were also big Si Nong.Han DynastyBig Si NongIn charge of taxationrevenue in the Qing dynasty, salt iron andcountryDuring the Three Kingdoms period, due to the decentralization of power, they were only responsible for the custody of these materials.One of the Nine Kingdoms.
The rank of the great minister isMedium 2000 stoneThere are two Cheng below.The subordinate officials include TaicangUniform transmission﹑Leveling, Dunei, Jitian Five Order, Cheng, as well as the good offices officials, the two chiefs of the iron city, and Cheng.The capital warehouse, agricultural supervisor and capital water of the prefecture also belong toBig Si Nong。
Eastern Han DynastyBig Si NongOnly TaicangLeveling, three official orders, and officials, and the rest were reduced, or changed into prefectures.Big Si NongBecome a pure central finance chief.
Wei-Jin periodLater,Big Si NongThe right ofMinister of DuzhiAs a result, it has gradually become the main control over finance and accountingcountryThe officer of the granarySi Nongqing。Tang and Song dynasties followed.Yuan dynastyBig Si NongHe also took charge of advising on agriculture, mulberry, water conservancy and famine relief.It was abolished in the early Ming Dynasty.primarycountryAll the affairs of the granary were managed by the officials of the Ministry of Household in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.However, since the Ministry of Household was in charge of grain and land taxes in the Ming and Qing dynastiesminister of worksbe calledBig Si Nong。
