In 2004, China officially launchedMoonThe exploration project was named "Chang'e Project".Chang'e project is divided into "unmanned lunar exploration"“Manned lunar landing”And "EstablishLunar base”Three stages.At 18:05 on October 24, 2007“Chang'e-1”SuccesslaunchAfter successfully completing various missions, the launch was controlled to hit the moon in 2009 as scheduled.18:59:57, October 1, 2010“Chang'e-2”Smooth launch[1], and has successfully and overfulfilled all the established tasks.On September 19, 2012, the lunar exploration project was completedChang'e-3 satelliteandYutu lunar roverThe lunar surface survey task of.Chang'e-4yesChang'e-3The backup star of.Chang'e VThe main scientific objectives include the field investigation and analysis of the land facing area, as well as the analysis and research of lunar samples after returning to the Earth.The Chinese lunar exploration project has made new contributions to the peaceful use of the moon.[2]
On November 24, 2020, ChinaWenchang Space Launch Site, China, usingLong March 5 Yaowu carrier rocketSuccessfully launched the lunar exploration projectChang'e-5 probeAbout 2200 seconds after the rocket flew, the probe was successfully sent into the predetermined orbit, opening the first time in ChinaExtraterrestrial objectsSampling return journey.[3]On December 1, Chang'e-5 successfully landed in the pre selected landing area on the front of the moon[4]。On December 17, the Chang'e-5 spacecraft carried lunar samples, reentered and returned by means of half ballistic jump, and landed safely in the predetermined area of Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia[5]。
In February 2024, the name of the new spacecraft for China's manned lunar exploration mission has been determined, and all work is progressing smoothly.[48]On April 12, the mission of Queqiao 2 relay satellite was a complete success.At 17:27 on May 3, the Chang'e 6 probe was successfully launched from the Long March 5 Long March 8 carrier rocket at Wenchang Space Launch Site, China.[63-64]At 7:38 on June 4, the Chang'e-6 spacecraft took off from the back of the moon with lunar samples, and then successfully entered the scheduled lunar orbit.Chang'e-6 completed the world's first lunar backside sampling and takeoff.[66]
Since 1999, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense has organized relevant departments to systematically demonstrate the scientific objectives of lunar exploration.
In 2000, the Chinese Academy of Sciences passed the review of scientific objectives, and began to develop payloads based on the scientific objectives.
Since 2002, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense has organized scientists and engineers to study the technical scheme of the lunar exploration project.
After more than two years of efforts, we have deepened the scientific objectives and their implementation approaches, implemented the technical scheme of the lunar exploration project, established a nationwide engineering system of great cooperation, and proposed a lunar exploration project based on China's existing capabilities.
In January 2004, the State Council approved the establishment of the lunar exploration project, namedChang'e Project。
In February 2006, the State Council issued the Outline of the National Medium and Long term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020), which clearly listed the "manned space and moon exploration project" as one of the 16 major national science and technology projects.[22]
Phase I of lunar exploration project
The mission of the first phase of the lunar exploration project is to realize the exploration around the moon.Chang'e-1The satellite was launched on October 24, 2007, and has been in orbit for 16 months. In March 2009, it successfully controlled the lunar collision, enabling China's self-developed satellite to enter lunar orbit and obtain a full moon map.[22]
Phase II of lunar exploration project
The mission of the second phase of the lunar exploration project is to achieve soft landing on the lunar surface and automatic patrol survey.Chang'e-2 was launched on October 1, 2010. As a pilot star, it has carried out a number of technical verifications for the second phase of the work, and carried out a number of expansion tests. The mission has ended.The Chang'e-3 probe was launched on December 2, 2013, and the moon fell on December 14, 2013. The lunar patrol survey was carried out, and a large number of engineering and scientific data were obtained.Chang'e-3 lander is still working, becoming the longest working artificial spacecraft on the moon surface.Chang'e-4 mission is the backup of Chang'e-3 mission, and is organizing demonstration to optimize engineering tasks and scientific exploration targets.[22]
Phase III of lunar exploration project
The mission of the third phase of the lunar exploration project is to achieve unmanned sampling and return, which was approved in 2011.On October 24, 2014, China carried out the phase III reentry and return flight test mission of the lunar exploration project to verify the key technologies related to reentry and return of the spacecraft to the earth at a speed close to the second cosmic speed.On November 1, the aircraft service module was separated from the returner, and the returner landed successfully in the predetermined area. The test mission was a complete success.Subsequently, the service module continued to carry out the expansion test, and completed the apogee 540000 km, perigee 600 km large elliptical orbit expansion test, orbiting the Earth Moon L2 point exploration, and returning to the lunar orbit for Chang'e-5 mission related tests.The service module will continue to carry out expansion test tasks.[22]
Phase IV of lunar exploration project
2021
In December 2021, the fourth phase of China's lunar exploration project was approved for implementation, consisting of four missions: Chang'e-4, Chang'e-6, Chang'e-7 and Chang'e-8.[68]
2022
On April 24, after the successful completion of the third phase of China's lunar exploration project, the fourth phase of China's lunar exploration project has been fully launched, and China's aerospace industry is comprehensively opening a new era of interstellar explorationjourney.[24]China Aerospace will adhere to the forefront of the world's space development and meet the major strategic needs of national aerospace, launch Chang'e 6, Chang'e 7 and Chang'e 8 probes in succession, and carry out key technology research and construction of international lunar research stations.Chang'e-6 is planned to sample on the back of the moon, and is demonstrating the construction of a communication and navigation satellite constellation around the moon.[25][42]
On May 6, the Level 2 scientific data of Chang'e-5 probe payload will be publicly released from now on。[26]
In September, the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project was approved by the state, and the basic type of the international lunar research station will be established.Chang'e 6 product has basicallyProduction is completed.[27-28]
2023
Reported on April 24,The Queqiao 2 relay satellite is planned to be launched in 2024. As a public relay satellite platform for the fourth phase of China's lunar exploration project, it will provide relay communication services for Chang'e-4, 6-7 and 8-mission.[36]
On July 17, the China Manned Space Engineering Office announced that in order to make full use of mission resources and promote lunar exploration and scientific research, it is planned to carry scientific loads with lunar landers and carry out relevant scientific exploration activities on the lunar surface.Scientific load scheme is collected.[41]
2024
On February 2, 2024, the National Space Administration reported that the relay satellite (Queqiao II satellite) of the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project arrived at Hainan Meilan International Airport by air, and then was transported to Wenchang Space Launch Site, China, by road.Subsequent preparations for various tests before launch are carried out as planned.[47]
In February 2024, according to the China Manned Space Engineering Office, the China Manned Space Engineering will comprehensively promote the application and development of space stations and manned lunar exploration, and take solid steps towards the goal of building a space power.[49]
On March 17, 2024, the Queqiao 2 relay satellite and the Long March 8 tele-3 carrier rocket of the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project will complete the relevant work in the technical area at Wenchang Space Launch Site, China, and the satellite rocket assembly will be vertically transferred to the launch area。[52]
On March 20, 2024, the Queqiao 2 relay star took the Long March 8 carrier rocket to enter space successfully, starting the journey to the moon.[53-54]
On April 12, 2024, the National Space Administration announced that the Queqiao 2 relay satellite had completed the in orbit intercommunication test. After assessment, the relay satellite platform and payload worked normally, and the function and performance met the mission requirements. It could provide relay communication services for the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project and subsequent domestic and foreign lunar exploration missions. The Queqiao 2 relay satellite mission was successfully completedWork.[56]
On April 24, 2024, it was reported that in 2023, the mission of the moon landing phase of the manned lunar exploration project was approved by the central government to start implementation. The overall goal is to land Chinese people on the moon by 2030. At present, the development and construction of various systems are being carried out as planned.Major flight products, such as Long March 10 carrier rocket, Mengzhou manned spacecraft, lunar lander, and lunar landing suit, have completed the program development, and are fully carrying out the production of prototype products and various tests.The spaceship and lander have basically completed the development of mechanical and thermal test products, the rocket is carrying out ground test of various engines, the construction of Wenchang manned lunar exploration launch site has been fully launched, and the manned lunar rover and lunar surface load plans have been openly solicited from the whole society, and competition is underway.[57]
On May 3, 2024, the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project Chang'e-6 mission is scheduled to be launched.[60]
2024At 17:27 on May 3, the Chang'e 6 probe was successfully launched from the Long March 5 Long March 8 carrier rocket at Wenchang Space Launch Site, China.[62-64]
At 7:38 on June 4, 2024, the Chang'e 6 spacecraft took off from the back of the moon with lunar samples, and then successfully entered the scheduled lunar orbit.Chang'e-6 completed the world's first lunar backside sampling and takeoff.[66]
The fourth phase of the lunar exploration project, Queqiao II relay satellite, was successfully launched at Wenchang Space Launch Site, China
launchArtificial earth satellite、Manned spaceflightAnd deep space exploration are the three major areas of human space activities.Return to the moon, develop lunar resources, establishLunar baseIt has become the inevitable trend and competitive hotspot of world space activities.China's Progress in Lunar ExplorationAerospace deep space explorationThe first major step.realizationLunar explorationIt will be a breakthrough in China's deep space exploration.The moon has become the future space powers to compete for strategic resourcesfocus。The moon has a variety of unique resources for human development and utilization. The unique minerals and energy on the moon are an important supplement and reserve to the earth's resources and will have a profound impact on the sustainable development of human society.
Chinese lunar explorationIt is China's independent exploration and observation of the moon, also known as the Chang'e Project.Officially approved by the State CouncilLunar exploration projectAfter the project was approved, the leading group of the lunar exploration project named the project "Chang'e Project"Moon orbiting satelliteNamed“Chang'e-1”。Chang'e-1 satellite was built byChina Academy of Space TechnologyUndertake development, mainly used to obtain the moon surface3D imageAnalysis of the distribution characteristics and exploration of related material elements on the moon surfaceLunar regolithThickness, detectionEarth Moon Space EnvironmentEtc.[6]Chang'e-4 is the backup star of Chang'e-3.According to the three-step strategy of "circling", "falling" and "returning" of China's lunar exploration project.And plans to establish a research base on the moon.[7]
Project objectives
1. Obtain the three-dimensional image of the moon surface.Divide the basic geomorphic tectonic units of the lunar surface, and preliminarily prepare the lunar geology andStructural Outline DrawingTo provide a reference basis for the subsequent optimization of soft landing.
2. The distribution characteristics of useful elements and material types on the lunar surface were analyzed.Detect the useful elements on the moon surface, and preliminarily prepare the distribution map of each element on the moon surface.
3. To detect the characteristics of lunar soil.Exploring and evaluating the lunar surfaceLunar regolithThickness, lunar soilhelium-3 Resources.
4. Exploring the Earth Moon space environment.recordPrimitive solar windData, researchsolar activityImpact on the Earth Moon space environment.
1. Develop and launch China's first lunar exploration satellite;
2. Master the basic technology of lunar exploration preliminarily;
3. The first lunar scientific exploration;
4. Preliminary construction of the lunar exploration aerospace engineering system;
5. Accumulate experience for subsequent lunar exploration projects.[6]
Scientific objectives
The third phase of the lunar exploration project mainly includes the following five scientific objectives:
1. Investigation and Research on the Moon Appearance and Moon Quality Background in the Detection Area
Use the in-situ detection and analysis instrument carried by the lander robot to obtain the morphological information of the detection area, measure the mineral chemical composition and physical characteristics of the selected area on the lunar surface, analyze the lunar texture structure background of the detection area, provide systematic regional background information for sample research, and establish the relationship between laboratory data and the lunar surface in place detection data,Deepen and expand research on lunar exploration data.The main contents of the investigation and research on the moon appearance and moon quality background in the detection area include:
(1) Lunar surface topography detection and lunar texture structure analysis in the detection area;
(2) The characteristics, structure and thickness of lunar soil in the exploration area and the structure exploration of the shallow part of lunar rock layer (1~3km);
(3) In place analysis of mineral/chemical composition in the exploration area.
2. Collection of lunar soil and rock samples and return to the ground
The surface of the moon is coveredLunar regolith。The lunar soil contains a variety of lunar rocks and mineral debris, and records the history of lunar surface impact and solar activity;Lunar rocks and minerals are the main sources of information for studying lunar resources, material composition, formation and evolution.The collection of lunar soil profile samples and lunar rock samples is of great significance to the investigation of lunar surface resources, lunar material composition, lunar physics research, lunar surface processes and solar activity history.The main tasks of collecting and returning open rock samples of lunar soil core to the ground include:
(1) On the basis of the regional topography and lunar qualitative survey, the lunar soil cores were drilled using the borehole sampling device on the lander;
(2) Acquisition with the manipulator on the landerMoonstone/Lunar soil samples;
(3) On the basis of on-site component analysis, the sampling device chooses to collect lunar samples;
3. Laboratory systematic study of lunar soil and rock samples and evaluation of utilization prospects of some important resources
Laboratory systematic research on lunar soil and rock samples and assessment of utilization prospects of some important resources mainly include:
China's first lunar probe Chang'e-1 lunar satellite
(1) Organize laboratories in various relevant fields nationwide to conduct systematic research on lunar samples returned to the Earth, such as material composition（rock、mineral, chemical composition, trace elementsisotopeAnd age determination), physical properties（Dynamics、electrical science、optics、acoustics、magnetismEtc.)material science 、Nuclear scienceLaboratory analysis and research of related disciplines;
(2) The moon is rich in energy and mineral resources. The assessment of the prospects for the utilization of important resources is a pioneering work for mankind to use the moon resources, which can make necessary preparations for the development and utilization of the moon resources and the construction of the future moon base for mankind;According to the characteristics of the resources contained in the moon, determine the content of He-3, H, ilmenite and other important resources in the moon samples, and study their occurrence forms;
(3) DevelopmentHe-3etc.Solar wind particleAdsorption mechanism andilmeniteStudy on the genetic mechanism of enrichment and mineralization;
(4) Carry out laboratory simulation research on the extraction of He-3, H and other gas resources.
The formation of lunar regolith is one of the most important processes on the lunar surface, and it is a window for studying the solar activity at large time scales.The evolution of the moon basically stopped 3.1 billion years ago, so the formation and evolution of rocks and minerals on the lunar surface can reflect the early development history of the lunar crust;The size, distribution, density and age of impact craters on the moon surface record the complete history of small bodies hitting the moon, and are the best information carrier for comparative study of early Earth evolution and catastrophic events.
5. Lunar based space environment and space weather detection
Solar activity is the main factor that induces space environment and space weather changes, and has a significant impact on human activities such as aerospace.In the third phase of the lunar exploration project, space environment and space weather exploration includes the following contents:
(1) Space environment detector
recordcosmic ray、Solar energetic particleAnd the flux andEnergy spectrum, to analyze and study the changes of solar activity and the Earth Moon space environment;probesolar windThe composition and flux of Helium-3 provide a basis for estimating the maturity of lunar soil and the amount of helium-3 resources.
(2) Very low frequency radio observation
The VLF interferometric observation array consisting of two antenna units is placed on the moon surface to conduct long-term solar andInterplanetary spaceThe mapping and time variation research of, establishing the world's first VLF observationelectromagnetismLong term facilities for radiation.
Project plan
As early as 1994, Chinese aerospace science and technology workers carried out a study on the necessity and feasibility of lunar exploration activities. In 1996, they completed a study on the technical scheme of lunar exploration satellites. In 1998, they completed a study on the key technologies of satellites. Later, they carried out further demonstration work.After 10 years of deliberation, it is finally determined that the whole lunar exploration project in China can be divided into three stages: "circling", "falling" and "returning".
The first step is to "orbit", that is, launch China's first lunar exploration satellite, break through the flight technology of extraterrestrial objects, realize the lunar exploration satellite to orbit the moon, and obtain the moon surface through remote sensing detection3D imageTo detect the content of useful elements and material types on the lunar surface, to detect the characteristics of lunar soil, and to detect the space environment of the Earth and the Moon during the flight of the lunar exploration satellite to the moon.The first lunar exploration satellite, Chang'e-1, was launched on October 24, 2007.
The second step is "falling", which is scheduled for the second half of 2013.Immediate launchLunar soft lander, breakthroughExtraterrestrial objectsAnd carryLunar rover, proceedLunar soft landingAnd automatic patrol survey, to detect the landform, geological structure, chemical and mineral composition of rocks and the environment of the moon surface in the landing area, to conduct on-site detection and sampling analysis of lunar rocks, and to conduct sun earth moon space environment monitoring and moon based astronomical observation.The specific plan is to use patrol vehicles and automatic robots safely landed on the moon surface to detect the rock and mineral composition of the landing area, measure the heat flow and surrounding environment of the landing site, conduct high-resolution photography and on-site exploration or sampling analysis of lunar rocks, and provide chemical and physical parameters of the moon surface for the future site selection of the lunar base.
The third step is "return", which is between 2014 and 2020.That is, launch the lunar soft lander, break through the technology of returning to the earth from extraterrestrial objects, conduct automatic sampling of lunar samples and return to the earth, analyze and study the samples on the earth, and deepen the research onEarth Moon SystemThe origin and evolution of the knowledge.The goal is the lunar surface patrol survey and sampling return.[6]
Project plan
victory meeting
Lunar exploration projectIt is the first phase of China's lunar exploration project, that is, the development and launch of the first lunar exploration satellite.The satellite will orbit the moon and send the acquired exploration data back to the ground.The project is composed ofLunar satellite、Carrier rocket、Launch site, measurement and control and ground application.It has been determined that the main use of lunar exploration satellites“Dongfanghong No.3”Satellite platform, carrier rocket“Long March No.3 A”Rocket, launching site selectionXichang Satellite Launch Center, the detection system uses the existingSpace TT&C Network, ground application system is composed ofChinese Academy of SciencesResponsible for development.
The specific plan is that the Long March 3A rocket will take off from the Xichang Launch Center and launch the Chang'e-1 satelliteGeosynchronous transfer orbitPost implementationSeparation of star and arrowThe satellite finally entered a circular orbit around the south and north poles of the moon, and explored the moon. The orbit was 200 kilometers away from the moon surface.
DesignThe service life is 1 yearOf“Chang'e-1”Satellite, carryingStereo camera、imaging spectrometer 、Laser altimeter、microwave radiationCalculationSolar cosmic ray detectorandLow energy ion detectorAnd other scientific instruments to explore the moon.During the lunar flight, it mainly obtains the three-dimensional image of the moon surface and analyzesLunar surfaceThe distribution characteristics of the content of useful elements and material types, the lunar soil thickness, and the earth moon space environment.The first three are projects that have not been carried out abroad, and the fourth is the first time that China has obtained space environmental parameters beyond 80000 kilometers.In addition, the United States has explored 5 kinds of resources on the moon, and China will explore 14 kinds, of which the important target is the helium-3 resources on the moon.Helium-3 is a safe, efficient, clean and pollution-free important fuel. According to statistics, helium-3 on the moon can meet the power supply needs of human beings for more than 10000 years.The content of helium-3 in lunar soil can reach 5 million tons.
The Chang'e Project is a completely independent innovation project, and it is also the first lunar exploration activity implemented by China.The project was approved in January 2004 and successfully launched at Xichang Satellite Launch Center on October 24, 2007.Lunar exploration is a very complex and high-risk project. From August 11, 1958 to September 11, 2007, humans launched 122 lunar probes, 59 of which were successful and basically successful,The success rate is only 48%[45]。The success rate of China's Long March 3A carrier rocket is 100%.[6]
Participants
Director of China National Space Administration:Zhang Kejian
Deputy Director of the National Space Administration and Deputy Commander in Chief of the Lunar Exploration Project:Wu Yanhua
Chief Engineer of China Lunar Exploration Project:Ouyang Ziyuan
Chief Commander of the Project
Deputy Director of the Lunar Exploration Engineering Center:Hao Xifan
Director of the Measurement, Control and Communication Headquarters of China Lunar Reconnaissance Project:Zhu Mincai
Chief designer of measurement and control data transmission subsystem:Zhang Ting(F)
Chief designer of antenna subsystem:Zhan Yuli(F)
Designer in charge of power supply subsystem:Chen Yan(F)
Deputy Chief Designer of Measurement and Control System of China Lunar Reconnaissance Project:Dong Guangming
Deputy Chief Designer of China Manned Space Engineering Office:Zhang Hailian
Deputy Director of China Manned Space Engineering Office:Lin Xiqiang
Director of the Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center of the National Space Administration:Liu Jizhong
Assistant Chief Engineer of Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center:Song Jun
Researcher of National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences:Wei Jianyan
Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, Chief Designer of China Lunar Exploration Project:Wu Weiren
Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chief Designer of China Lunar Exploration Project Phase IV:Yu Dengyun
Chronicle of Events
Announce
edit
(Reference source of memorabilia: Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center of National Space Administration)[21]
Proposal stage
1991
Chinese aerospace experts proposed to carry out the lunar exploration project.
1998
The Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense formally began planning and demonstrating the lunar exploration project, and carried out the early scientific and technological research.
2004
On January 23, Premier Wen Jiabao of the State Council approved the project of lunar exploration.
On February 25, the first meeting of the leading group of the lunar exploration project was held. The meeting adopted the General Requirements for the Development of the Lunar Exploration Project, and named the project Chang'e Project.
On March 15, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense appointed the chief commander and chief designer of the five major systems.
On June 27, the overall technical scheme of the launch site system was completed.
On July 30, the ground application system design scheme was completed.
On August 6, the overall design scheme of the measurement and control system was completed.
On November 19, the leading group of the lunar exploration project held the second meeting to review and pass the project into the prototype development stage.
On December 10, the overall technical scheme of 18 m antenna for the measurement and control system was completed.
2005
On April 24, Huang Ju, then member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Premier of the State Council, inspected the lunar exploration project.
On June 13, the lunar eclipse problem of Chang'e-1 satellite was solved.
On December 29, the leading group of the lunar exploration project held the third meeting, which reviewed and approvedThe project is transferred to the normal sample development stage。
Positive sample development stage
2006
From May 16 to 19, the adaptability transformation and construction acceptance of the launch site were completed.
From May 29 to June 2, the TT&C system used ESA SMART-1 satellite to carry out the integrated orbit measurement test of USB and VLBI.
On July 16, the ground application system Kunming 40m antenna passed the acceptance.
From August 1 to September 16, the normal docking test of satellite system and ground application system was completed.
From August 1 to September 28, the normal docking test of satellite system and TT&C system was completed.
On October 20, the ground application system Miyun 50m antenna passed the acceptance.
From October 28 to November 19, the thermal balance and thermal vacuum test of the whole satellite were completed.
On November 27, the satellite and arrow docking and separation tests were completed.
On December 27, the Lunar Exploration Engineering Center organized all systems to carry out two 100% review, reflection and questioning activities.
2007
On January 12, the delivery test of the launch vehicle was completed.
On January 16, the leading group of the lunar exploration project held its fourth meeting, which reviewed and approvedThe project is transferred to the launch implementation stage。
Launch implementation phase
2007
On January 19, Chang'e-1 satellite passed the joint review of the Lunar Exploration Engineering Center and the Aerospace Science and Technology Group.
On January 29, Wen Jiabao, then Premier of the State Council, and Zeng Peiyan, Vice Premier inspected the lunar exploration project.
On February 8, the headquarters of the lunar exploration project held a meeting and decided to adjust the launch window of Chang'e-1 satellite to the second half of 2007.
From May 28 to June 10, the 1:1 whole process drill of Chang'e-1 satellite mission was completed.
On August 3, Chang'e-1 passed the factory review.
On August 10, the leading group of the lunar exploration project held its fifth meeting, and decided to turn the project into the launch implementation phase, which was scheduled to launch Chang'e-1 satellite in October 2007.
On August 19, Chang'e-1 satellite entered the site.
On October 24, Chang'e-1 was successfully launched in Xichang.
On October 31, the bottom engine of Chang'e-1 satellite ignited, entered the earth moon transfer orbit, and successfully rendezvous with the moon.
On November 5, Chang'e-1 was successfully captured by the lunar gravity.
On November 7, Chang'e-1 satellite entered the lunar orbit accurately.
At about 9:40 on November 26, a voice from Chang'e-1 and the song "Sing to the Motherland" were transmitted back from the lunar orbit.The first lunar surface image of China's first lunar exploration project was released by Xinhua News Agency.
2008
On January 31, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense officially released the first image of the lunar polar region taken by Chang'e-1 satellite.
In February, the State Council approved the establishment of the second phase of the lunar exploration project.
In June, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (the former Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the same below) held a special meeting to determine to improve the Chang'e-1 backup star as the technological leader of the second phase of the project, and named the mission Chang'e-2.
In October, the State Council approved the implementation of the Chang'e-2 mission.
On November 12, China's first full moon image produced by Chang'e-1 shooting data was released, which was the most complete image of the moon in the world at that time.
2009
At about 16:13 on March 1, under the precise control of scientific and technological personnel, Chang'e-1 satellite fell into the lunar surface area at 52.36 degrees east longitude and 1.50 degrees south latitude, realizing a controlled lunar collision.
In September, Chang'e-2 satellite passed the review of prototype design and was transferred to prototype development.
2010
At 18:59:57 on October 1, the Long March 3C carrier rocket ignited and launched at China's Xichang Satellite Launch Center, successfully sending Chang'e-2 into space.
On October 2, Chang'e-2 successfully implemented the first mid course correction of the Earth Moon transfer orbit.Due to the good effect of this orbit correction, the orbit correction actions originally planned for October 3 and 5 were cancelled successively.
On October 6, Chang'e-2 successfully implemented its first lunar braking and successfully entered an elliptical lunar orbit with a period of about 12 hours, becoming the second Chinese made lunar satellite.
On October 8, Chang'e-2 successfully implemented its second lunar braking, entering an elliptical orbit around the moon with a period of about 3.5 hours.
On October 9, Chang'e-2 successfully implemented its third lunar braking and entered a circular working orbit around the moon with an orbital height of 100km.
On October 15, all six payloads on the Chang'e-2 satellite, except the CCD stereo camera, were turned on, and scientific exploration will be carried out after the completion of the in orbit test.
On October 16, the test of the high-speed communication link between Chang'e-2 satellite and the ground was completed, and it was preliminarily judged that all the test results were better than expected.
On October 26, Chang'e-2 satellite successfully landed in orbit, entering the orbit of 100 kilometers far from the apogee and 15 kilometers near the lunar point, preparing for taking images in the Rainbow Bay area of the moon.
On October 29, Chang'e-2 satellite successfully completed the imaging mission of the moon's rainbow bay area.Through the implementation of orbit lifting control, the satellite returned to the near moon point for 100 kilometers.
On October 30, orbit maintenance was carried out on the satellite to return it to the 100100km working orbit around the moon.
On November 2, the main task system of the engineering measurement and control system was successfully switched to the long-term management task system.
On November 8, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense released the partial image of Chang'e-2 moon rainbow bay.Wen Jiabao, then member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Premier of the State Council, attended the unveiling ceremony and unveiled the image.
On December 20, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council and the Central Military Commission held a conference in the Great Hall of the People to celebrate the successful mission of Chang'e-2 lunar exploration project.
2011
On April 1, the half year design life of Chang'e-2 expired, and the established six engineering goals and four scientific exploration tasks were successfully completed.
From late April to the end of May, two expansion tests were carried out, namely, the missed shooting points of the northern and southern poles of the moon and the high-resolution imaging of the pre selected landing area of Chang'e-3.
On June 9, Chang'e-2 flew away from the moon under control and headed for the solar terrestrial Lagrange L2 point 1.5 million kilometers away from the earth.
At 23:27 on August 25, after 77 days of flight, Chang'e-2 was the first in the world to start from the lunar orbit and enter the orbit around point L2 of the solar terrestrial Lagrange in a controlled and accurate manner, marking the success of the three expansion experiments.China has become the third country and organization in the world to visit L2 after ESA and the United States.
2012
On February 6, the Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense released the 7-meter resolution image of the whole moon obtained by the Chang'e-2 lunar probe.
On December 13, the Chang'e-2 satellite, which flew about 200 days from the point L2 of the Sun Earth Lagrange, met the asteroid Tuttis in the deep space about 7 million kilometers away from the Earth, and obtained a high-resolution image of the asteroid.
2013
On January 5, the distance between Chang'e-2 satellite and the earth exceeded 10 million kilometers.
On February 28, the distance between Chang'e-2 satellite and the earth exceeded 20 million kilometers.
On April 11, the distance between Chang'e-2 satellite and the earth exceeded 30 million kilometers.
On May 24, the distance between Chang'e-2 satellite and the earth exceeded 40 million kilometers.
On July 14, Chang'e-2, China's first man-made asteroid in the solar system, was more than 50 million kilometers away from the Earth.
On December 2, Chang'e-3 satellite was successfully launched at Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
On December 6, the Chang'e-3 satellite arrived in lunar orbit to carry out the second stage of the Chang'e-3 project.
On December 14, with China's first lunar rover, Yutu successfully landed in the northwest of the Moon Rainbow Sea (Hongwan landing area).
2014
At 02:00 on October 24, China's self-developed re-entry and return flight tester for the third phase of the lunar exploration project was launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center with the Long March 3C carrier rocket, and accurately entered the earth moon transfer orbit with a perigee altitude of 209 kilometers and an apogee altitude of 413000 kilometers.
At 6:42 on November 1, the re-entry and return flight test mission of the third phase of the lunar exploration project, the returnee made a precise re-entry, landed safely, and recovered successfully.
2015
At 23:00 on January 4, the service module of the re-entry and return vehicle of the third phase of the lunar exploration project has completed the expansion test mission of circling the Earth Moon system at Lagrang-2 (Earth Moon L2 for short), implemented the escape maneuver and flew away from the Earth Moon L2. It is planned to fly back to the lunar orbit in mid January to continue the in orbit verification test for Chang'e-5 mission.
On January 13, the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense announced that the service module of the re-entry and return aircraft for the third phase of the lunar exploration project had completed the third lunar braking control, entered the circular orbit around the moon with an inclination of 43.7 degrees, an altitude of 200 kilometers, and a period of 127 minutes, and continued to carry out in orbit verification tests for the Chang'e-5 mission.
The service module of the re-entry and return vehicle for the third phase of the lunar exploration project continued to carry out in orbit verification for the Chang'e-5 mission. On March 7, the third phase of the expansion test was completed to simulate the flight control process of the Chang'e-5 riser and the orbiter before the lunar orbit rendezvous and docking, and verify the remote guidance control strategy of the Chang'e-5 riser, the time sequence of heaven and earth coordinated controlOrbit measurement and flight control precision and other related technologies, obtain test data and experience, evaluate the orbit design and rendezvous scheme, and provide reference for the smooth implementation of the subsequent Chang'e-5 mission.
On March 12, the Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense announced that the lunar exploration project will be more open to the society. It plans to build the Chang'e-4 mission into an open space science research and space application platform, encourage social and public participation, guide and promote innovation, further deepen international cooperation, and promote resource sharing.
At 16:35 p.m. on August 17, the second test run of the core two-stage power system of the Long March 5 carrier rocket, which has the largest carrying capacity in China, was successfully conducted in Beijing.This test run is the conclusion of the major ground test of the Long March 5 carrier rocket project, which has laid a solid foundation for the subsequent launch practice and the successful first flight.
On September 2, the service module of the re-entry and return vehicle of the third phase of the lunar exploration project completed the remote sensing imaging mission of the Chang'e-5 scheduled sampling area, obtained the topographic and geomorphic information of the area, and provided the basis for the lunar soft landing of the Chang'e-5 mission and the selection of the sampling area.
2016
On February 18, Chang'e-3 lander successfully woke up on its own and entered the 28th day of the month, working normally.
On February 19, after a meeting of the leading group of major special projects of the lunar exploration project, the Chang'e-5 mission was officially transferred from the prototype development to the prototype development stage.
As of December 14, the Chang'e-3 lander had successfully operated on the moon for three years, creating the longest working time of human probe on the moon so far.
2017
On January 9, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council held the 2016 National Science and Technology Award Conference in Beijing.Chang'e-3 project wonNational Science and Technology Progress Awardthe first prize.
sixmonth[44]The Chinese special plenary meeting of the Global Space Exploration Conference was held, and the Chang'e-4 mission was determined to carry four international cooperation scientific payloads, namely, the Dutch low radio frequency electric detector, the German lunar surface neutron and radiation dose detector, the Swedish neutral atom detector and the Saudi small optical imaging detector for the moon.
2018
At 5:28 on May 21, China successfully launched the Queqiao relay satellite of the Chang'e-4 mission from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center with the Long March 4C carrier rocket.
At 21:46 on May 25, the magpie bridge relay star of the Chang'e-4 mission of the lunar exploration project successfully implemented the near moon braking and entered the transfer orbit from the moon to the point L2 of the Earth Moon Lagrange.
At 11:06 on June 14, the magpie bridge relay satellite of the Chang'e-4 mission of the lunar exploration project successfully implemented orbit capture control and entered the Halo mission orbit around the L2 point of the Earth Moon Lagrange, which is about 65000 kilometers away from the moon, becoming the world's first satellite operating in the Halo orbit of the L2 point of the Earth Moon.
2023
In mid September, the construction of the 40 meter aperture Xigaze Radio Telescope at the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences began in Xigaze, Tibet, about 3800 kilometers away from here.
In November, the construction of the Changbai Mountain 40 meter aperture radio telescope of the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was officially launched in Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province.
It is understood that the construction of these two telescopes will further improve the configuration and observation capability of China's existing Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) network. Together with the telescopes located in Urumqi, Xinjiang, Kunming, Yunnan, Shanghai Tianma Mountain and Sheshan Observatory, they will "gaze" into space, making contributions to China's lunar exploration project.[43]
Chang'e-1
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Chang'e-1 carrier rocketLong March 3A RocketA total of 14 launch missions have been carried out, with a success rate of 100%.
Chang'e-1 lunar probe under development
China plans to launch its first lunar exploration satellite in 2007, which is the first step of China's deep space exploration.The scientific objectives of the Chinese lunar exploration project are: to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface;Analyze the content and distribution of useful elements and material types on the moon surface;Measurement of lunar soil thickness and assessment of helium-3 resources;And earth moon space environment detection.
Payload
In order to achieve the above scientific objectives, the Chandrayaan-1 satellite will be equipped with five kinds of scientific exploration payload equipment.includeccd stereo camera andInterference imaging spectrometer；Laser altimeter；Microwave detector；γ/X-ray spectrometerAnd space environment detection system.In order to collect, store, process, and transmit the scientific data of the payload, a set of payload data management system is specially designed.
CCD stereo camera and laser altimeter jointly accomplish the first scientific goal, that is, to obtain three-dimensional images of the moon surface;Interferometric imaging spectrometer and gamma/X-ray spectrometer accomplish the second scientific goal, that is, to analyze the content and distribution of useful elements and material types on the moon surface;The microwave detector has completed the third scientific goal, namely, measuring the thickness of lunar soil and evaluating the amount of helium-3 resources;Space environment detection has completed the fourth scientific goal, namely earth moon space environment detection.
Equipment Introduction
Stereo camera and interference imaging spectrometer
Stereo camera is composed ofoptical system , structural parts supporting optical system, CCD plane array and corresponding signal processing subsystem.During satellite flight, three parallel CCD linear arrays can obtain three two-dimensional original data images of the same target on the moon surface, namely, the sub satellite point, the front view and the back view. After three-dimensional reconstruction, the three-dimensional three-dimensional image of the moon surface can be reproduced.
Interferometric imaging spectrometer is used to obtain multispectral images of the moon surface.It consists of three main optical subsystems: Sagnac interferometerFourier transformation Lens and cylindrical lens.
Laser altimeter system
Operation Control Hall of Ground Application System of China's Lunar Reconnaissance Project
The laser altimeter system is used to measure the distance between the satellite and the substellar point on the moon surface. The laser altimeter system consists of a laser transmitter and a receiver. The laser transmitter is used to transmit laser pulses to the moon surface, and the receiver is used to receive laser pulses that are backscattered. The round-trip time of the laser pulse gives the distance information from the satellite to the moon surface.
γ/X-ray spectrometer
Gamma/X-ray spectrometer is used to measure the species and abundance of elements on the moon surface.
The atoms or nuclei of the lunar surface matter are excited by the bombardment of cosmic ray particles, which will produce characteristic X-ray and gamma rays;someNatural radioactive elementIt can emit nuclear gamma rays by itself, and different elements can release characteristic gamma lines with different energies.By measuring the energy and flux of these characteristic gamma lines with a gamma ray spectrometer, scientists can deduce the types and abundance of elements on the moon's surface.
As a component of the moon surface, gamma ray spectrometer andX-ray spectrometerThe measurement results of can complement each other well.
Microwave detector
The microwave detector isChang'e-1 satelliteOne of the payloads, designed as multi bandMicrowave radiometer。The scientific objective of the microwave detector is to obtain the thickness information of lunar soil from the brightness temperature data representing the microwave radiation of lunar material by using the penetration and propagation characteristics of microwave signals to lunar surface material;Obtain the microwave remote sensing information of the lunar night and the microwave remote sensing information of the lunar poles.It is the first time in the world to use microwave radiometer to explore the moon.The acquisition of lunar microwave remote sensing information and the retrieval of lunar soil information will greatly enrich human understanding of the moon.
Space environment detection system
The space environment detection system includessolar high energy particle detector And twoSolar wind ion detector。The solar high-energy particle detector is used to analyze protons, electrons and heavy ions in the earth moon space and the space around the moon.High energy ion detector includes sensor and signal processing subsystem.Two solar wind ion detectors are used to analyze low-energy ions in the solar wind of the earth moon and lunar space environment.The sensor of solar wind ion detector consists of collimator, electrostatic analyzer andMicrochannel plateform.
Load Data Management System (PDMS)
The Payload Data Management System (PDMS) is a 1553B bus baseddistributed system , the system isbus controller(BC), mass storage (SSR), high-speed multiplexer（HRM）Remote terminal (RT) and load distributor（PPD）Composition.Most payloads communicate with PDMS through 1553B bus, and laser altimeter and space environment monitoring system are connected to RT.The scientific data and engineering parameters of the load can be acquired by PDMS through 1553B bus and stored in SSR.When the satellite is within the receiving range of the ground station, the stored data and real-time data will be assembled into a coded virtual channel by HRM according to the CCSDS standardData unit(CVCDU) serial sequence, and then downlink to the ground.PDMS is a flexible and efficient system. If a certain load stops detection in the task, other loads can share their storage and transmission resources.
Launch site
Xichang Satellite Launch Center
On September 16, 2007, the lunar probe Chang'e-1 entered the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in southwest China.Xichang Satellite Launch Center (XSLC), also known as "Xichang Satellite City", was founded in 1970 and is subordinate toGeneral Equipment Department of the Chinese People's Liberation ArmyIs mainly responsible forGeosynchronous orbit satelliteThe space launch base for the launch mission ofmeteorological satelliteAnd other test launch and application launch missions.The best launch season here is from October to May of the next year.
Xichang Satellite Launch Center has launched from a single type of rocket to multiple types of rockets, from launching domestic satellites to undertaking international commercial launches, from launchingGeosynchronous satellitePolar orbiting satellites will be launched to explore the moon.Xichang Satellite Launch Center, which has been baptized by the Long March for more than 20 years, has now become a world-class space launch site.Now, the Long March 3A carrier rocket will send the "Chang'e-1" satellite to the moon here, once again becoming a dazzling "star" attracting worldwide attention.
Launch capability
It is a space launch base that mainly undertakes the launch mission of geosynchronous orbit satellites, and undertakes the test launch and application launch mission of communication, broadcasting, meteorological satellites, etc.Xichang Satellite Launch Center is a new type of satellite launch center with the largest scale, the most advanced equipment and technology, the largest number of extraterrestrial launch missions, and the ability to launch multiple types of satellites in China's opening upSpacecraft launch site。The launch center has test launchcommandControltrackMeasurement, communication, meteorology, technical service support and other systems.The two launch stations in the launch site area, the technical test center, the command and control center and other supporting facilities can undertake and complete various types of domestic and foreign satellite launch services.Three major enterprises in ChinaSatellite launch centerMedium, with complete functions and complete equipment, it can not only launch the "Long March 3" series carrier rocket using cryogenic propellant, but also launchcarryThe bundled rocket with greater capability.
Xichang Satellite Launch Center consists of headquarters, launch site (technical area and two launch stations), communication terminalCommand and Control CenterIt is composed of three tracking and measuring stations, as well as other related life security units (hospitals, hotels, etc.).The geographical coordinate of the launch site is 28 ° 14'42.11 "N102 ° 1'45.77" E.It is mainly responsible for organizing and commanding the launch of geosynchronous orbit (GTO) satellites such as broadcasting, communications and meteorology, testing and launching, active segment measurement, security control, data processing, information transmission, meteorological supportwreckageRecovery, test technology research and other tasks.
geographical position
Xichang Satellite Launch Center is located in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, with its headquarters in Sichuan ProvinceXichang CityAbout 60 kilometers northwestXiushanLishuijian, the satellite launch site is located 65 kilometers northwest of XichangDaliang MountainThe hinterland of the canyon.The corresponding fields of the six systems of satellite launch test, command and control, tracking and measurement, communication, meteorology and service support are scattered incanyonDifferent areas in the.Since ancient times, people in Xichang have often seen the extremely bright and bright moon, which has always been a legend. Therefore, Xichang is known as the "Moon City".Now, it launches man-made earth satellites to serve human beings and sound shocks around the world.In addition to "Moon City", "Little Spring City" and "Panxi"Cornucopia”In addition to the names full of natural beauty, such as "Golden Zone", "China Aerospace City" and "OrientalHouston”Etc.
Launch history
Xichang Satellite Launch Center was founded in 1970 and put into use in 1982. Since the launch of China's first communication satellite in January 1984, it has launched domestic and foreign satellites 28 times.In October 1985, XSLC officially opened to the outside world, contracted the extraterrestrial launch business, and received technical exchanges and investigation groups from more than 50 countries and regions.Advanced and reliable facilities and conditions provide safe and high-quality services for extraterrestrial launch.Since 1984, the Xichang Satellite Launch Center has launched 17 domestic and foreign communication satellites, which shows that China has become one of the countries in the world that have mastered commercial launch capability and technologySpace CityThe field has a place.With the acceleration of the construction of Xichang Space City and the rise of Xichang inland open cityXichang Qingshan AirportThe establishment of the national first-class air port and the Xichang Satellite Launch Center left many visitors with good impressions and memories.
Since the first experimental communication satellite was successfully launched in 1984, by the end of 2003, 34 domestic and foreign satellite launches have been successfully organized.In 1986, Xichang Satellite Launch Site was officially opened to the public.The launch center was completed in 1983, and China's first experimental communication satellite and practical communication satellite have been launched since 1984Broadcast satelliteAnd practical communication satellites. In 1990“Asia 1”Communication satellites are sent into geosynchronous transfer orbit.In April 2004“Test Satellite 1”And“Naxing One”It was successfully launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, which is the first time for the center to launchSun synchronous orbit satellite, which indicates that the space launch capability of the center has been further improved, and it can launch satellites with multiple directions and orbits.As of April 2004, the center has two self-contained launch stations, which can launch different types ofLong March carrier rocket, which can not only send large tonnage satellites into synchronous transfer orbit, but also send small satellitesSun synchronous orbit。
Time cutoff
2007
On October 24, the Chang'e-1 lunar exploration satelliteXichang Satellite Launch CenterBy "Long March No.3 A"Carrier rocketLaunch.It runs in a circular polar orbit 200 kilometers away from the moon surface to carry out scientific exploration missions.
Beijing Time18:05, October 24（UTC+8 o'clock), the Chang'e-1 probe was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center byLong March 3A carrier rocketSuccessfully launched.After the launch of the satellite, it will take 8 to 9 days to complete the phase modulation orbital segmentEarth moon transfer orbitAnd the lunar orbit segment.
On November 7, it officially entered the working track after eight track changes.
On November 18, the satellite turned to the moon oriented attitude.
At 10 a.m. on December 12, the conference to celebrate the complete success of China's first lunar exploration project was held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
2009
At 16:13 on March 1, Chang'e-1 satellite successfully impacted the moon under control.The first phase of China's lunar exploration project ended successfully.[8]
Main tasks
Since the 1960s, countries around the world have carried out more than 100 lunar missions, about half of which were successful, thus obtaining a large amount of scientific data on the moon.As China's first lunar explorationspacecraftThe engineers expect that Chang'e-1 will not only make breakthroughs in China's remote satellite technology and space environment between the earth and the moon, but also fill the gaps in previous lunar missions.The "Chang'e-1" lunar exploration mission has four major scientific objectives:
1. Draw a three-dimensional map of the whole moon
In the past, due to technical constraints, most of the lunar maps were flat.First, we started to make three-dimensional maps, but there are still many areas on the lunar surface that have not been covered, especially the polar regions of the moon, because thesunshineThe angle is very low, and it is difficult to take images.Chang'e-1 will use a laser altimeter and a stereo camera to comprehensively explore the moon, so as to obtain a topographic map covering the whole moon.Understanding the topography and geomorphology of the lunar surface will help to study the evolution of the lunar geological structurefutureThe choice of lunar landing sites provides useful reference data.
2. Exploring the material composition of the moon
Exploring the content and distribution of chemical elements and minerals on the moon will help to study the formation andevolutionProcess plays an important role.In the past, only gamma ray spectrometers were used, so the types of elements detected were limited.Equipped with gamma ray spectrometer and X-ray spectrometer, Chang'e-1 hopes to detect 14 elements such as titanium and iron, and prepare content distribution map of the whole moon surface.Chang'e-1 will also use imaging spectrometer to measure rock forming minerals such asolivine、pyroxene、plagioclaseContent and distribution on the surface of the moon.
3. Detection of lunar soil characteristics
Since the moon has almost no atmosphere, solar wind particles such asargon、neonandheliumGrade 3 can directly penetrate into lunar soil.Chang'e-1 will detect the thickness of lunar soil through microwave radiation for the first time, so as to estimate the distribution and content of helium 3 in lunar soil.In the future, helium 3 may become a new type of nuclear fusion fuel that is both safe and clean.
4. Exploring the space environment between the earth and the moon
Between the sun, the earth and the moonSolar flareandCoronal mass ejectionThe huge energy and sudden release of substances produced by violent activities such asmagnetic field、the ionosphere, satellite communications, the lunar environment and human health.Although the United States and other countries have previously explored the space environment between the earth and the moon, this is the first time for China to do so.Chang'e-1 will usehigh energy particle detector And solar wind detector, record the original solar wind data, and study the impact of solar activity on the earth moon space environment.
Perfect ending
Schematic Diagram of Moon Impact
At 16:13:10 Beijing time on March 1, 2009, Chang'e-1 satelliteBeijing Space Flight Control CenterUnder the precise control of scientific and technological personnel, it accurately landed at the predetermined impact point of 52.36 degrees east longitude and 1.50 degrees south latitude of the moon.So far, after 494 days of flight, the quiet and remote land on the moon has finally become the life destination of China's first "moon messenger".With the accurate implementation of the "controlled lunar impact", the first phase of China's lunar exploration project also announced the perfect end.
Chang'e-2
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Scientific objectives
The main task of Chang'e-2 is to obtain clearer and more detailed lunar surface image data and polar surface dataCCD cameraIts resolution will be higher, and other detection equipment will also be improved.Some key technology tests were carried out for Chang'e-3 to achieve soft landing on the moon, and high-precision imaging was carried out for Chang'e-3 landing area.
We will further explore the distribution of elements on the moon surface, the thickness of lunar soil, and the Earth Moon space environment.
data statistics
——Chang'e-2 satelliteThe weight is 2480kg, including about 1300kg of fuel and about 140kg of seven kinds of scientific detection equipment.
——Chang'e-2 launchLong March 3C carrier rocketWith a total length of 54.84 meters, a take-off mass of 345 tons and a carrying capacity of 3.8 tons, Chang'e-2 will be launchedLong March rocketsChina's 131st flight, and China's 10th space launch in 2010.
Display of China's lunar exploration project
——The rocket sent Chang'e-2 into a direct lunar orbit with an apogee height of nearly 380000 kilometers, while Chang'e-1's apogee height was only about 5100 kilometers;
——Due to the different orbital design, Chang'e-2 can reach the moon in about 5 days, which greatly shortens the nearly 14 day lunar flight time of Chang'e-1;
——The satellite orbits the moon at an altitude of 100 kilometers, 100 kilometers closer to the moon than Chang'e-1;
——The newly developed camera on the satellite can improve the resolution of images taken on the moon from 120 meters to about 10 meters;
——The design life of Chang'e-2 is half a year, while the design life of Chang'e-1 is one year, and the actual life is 494 days, including 482 days of operation around the moon;
——There are more than 80000 components in the rocket system and satellite system, and more than 200 initiating devices are ignited in the air.
Emission
Chang'e-2 Launch[1]
At 18:59:57 on October 1, 2010, the Long March 3C carrier rocket carrying Chang'e-2 satellite ignited and launched at Xichang Satellite Launch Center.[1]
Real time dynamic
2010
At 11:38 on October 6, the 490N engine of Chang'e-2 satellite was shut down, and the first lunar braking was successfully completed.
At 11:03 on October 8, the second near moon braking was successfully completed.It runs on the orbit of only 100 kilometers near the moon and more than 1830 kilometers far from the moon.It only takes 3.5 hours for Chang'e-2 to circle the moon.
At 21:45 on October 27, "Chang'e-2" satellite successfully realized orbit change, from a 100 × 100 km working orbit to a 100 × 15 km Hongwan imaging orbit.Although the principle of this control is similar to that of the three near moon braking, the risk is greater.I was afraid that the ignition time of the engine would be too long, and the satellite would hit the moon.
From November 27“Chang'e-2”The CCD camera on the satellite will beMoon Rainbow Bay AreaTake photos.Photos will be sent back in succession.After that, Chang'e-2 will enter the long-term management stage and complete a series of scientific exploration tasks.In addition, while doing a good job in the follow-up work of "Chang'e-2", some scientific researchers will also focus on the research and development of "Chang'e-3".[9]
Publish Image
Wen Jiabao unveils local image map of Chang'e-2 Moon Bay
2010
On the morning of November 8,National Defense Science, Technology and Industry AdministrationThe moon, the pre selected landing area of Chang'e-3 from Chang'e-2 satellite, was announced for the first timeHongwanLocal image map of the area.Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Premier of the State CouncilWen JiabaoAttend the ceremony and unveil the video pictures.
First publishedMoon Rainbow Bay AreaThe partial image is a black and white picture.According to the person in charge of the National Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the image was taken at 18:00 on October 28, about 18.7 kilometers away from the moon.The return of the image map marks that the six engineering goals set by the Chang'e-2 mission have been achieved.This means that the second phase of the lunar exploration project "Chang'e-2" project has been a complete success.
From October 1Chang'e-2More than a month has passed since the successful launch of Chang'e-2. One of the most important tasks of the launch of Chang'e-2 is to take high-definition pictures of the moon's rainbow bay area.This shot will be launched in the futureChang'e-3 satelliteAnd make preparations for landing.
It is reported that the resolution of the CCD camera carried by Chang'e-2 has improved a lot this time. Chang'e-1 has a resolution of 120 meters, while Chang'e-2 has a resolution better than 10 meters when it runs in a 100 km circular orbit, entering a 100 km × 15 kmElliptical orbitIts resolution can reach 1m, exceeding the original target of 1.5m.It is understood that there will also be CCD cameras on Chang'e-3 lander in the future. At that time, it will not only take photos, but also avoid the landing site that is not suitable for the lander during the soft landing process according to the pictures. "Decision at the moment" will select a flat surface suitable for landing for the lander.[10]
Chang'e-3
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Engineering preparation
On September 19, 2012, China's lunar exploration project was launched in 2013“Chang'e-3”The probe "soft" landed on the moon to prepare.
The "Chang'e-3" mission is the second step in the three steps of "circling, falling and returning" of China's lunar exploration project, and it is also a key step to link the past and the future.It will realize the first soft landing of a Chinese spacecraft on an extraterrestrial body, and carry out hovering, obstacle avoidance, landing and lunar patrol survey of the lander.The prototype development of the Chang'e-3 mission has progressed smoothly, and all work has been accelerated.
"SteadyDangdangIt is a difficult problem to achieve 'soft' landing on the lunar surface. "Ouyang Ziyuan said that Chang'e-1 was a "hard" landing after hitting the moon.Chang'e-3 is a "soft" landing and cannot use a parachute.The research team has planned to first use reaction force to buffer when approaching the moon surface, and then let Chang'e-3 free fall to achieve landing.
The following problem after landing is to resist the huge temperature difference.A day on the moon is equivalent to a month on the earth,nightThe lowest temperature is more than - 180 ℃, and the daytime temperature is more than 100 ℃."This pairElectronic componentsIt is a great test. "The lunar exploration engineering team has a complete plan, especially the first time to use theAtomic energy batteryAnd resist the test of severe cold and heat.
Chang'e-3 will adopt a combination of positioning detection and patrol detection.The lander cannot move after landing.It is equipped with multiple cameras to take pictures of the surrounding terrain.The rover will "walk" on the moon surface independently.
Chang'e-3 will create many "firsts".It will install a moon based astronomical telescope on the moon for the first time.There is no atmosphere on the moon, which is much more efficient than observation on the earth.The lunar rover will be equipped with a 360 degree panoramic camera for the first timeInfrared spectrometerAnd X-ray spectrometer.
China is expected to achieve lunar sampling and return in 2017, and collect more detailed lunar surface data near the landing site, so as to complete the three exploration phases of the unmanned lunar exploration project, namely, "circling, falling and returning", and lay the foundation for the next manned lunar exploration.[11]
China's lunar exploration can be divided into three stages, namely, unmanned lunar exploration, manned lunar exploration and the construction of a lunar base for a short stay on the moon.Unmanned lunar exploration is under way.According to the three-step plan of "circling, landing and returning", China has successfully completed the mission of satellite circling the moon. In 2013, it will launch the "Chang'e-3" probe to realize the soft landing of the lander and lunar rover.
Carrying equipment
"The Chang'e-3 lander is equipped with astronomical telescopes andExtreme ultraviolet cameraThis is our own characteristic. "Ouyang Ziyuan said that there was no atmospheric activity on the moon, no various pollution, and the resolution of the telescope was very high. This was the first time that humans observed astronomy on the moon;The extreme ultraviolet camera will detect the changing characteristics of the earth's plasma layer, and improve China's space environment monitoring and forecasting capabilities.In addition, a radar is installed at the bottom of the lunar rover, which can detect the lunar soil layer structure at a depth of 100 meters on the lunar rover patrol route, hoping to obtain some new exploration results.
At this time, there is no timetable and a clear and detailed road map for "manned lunar landing". We are actively making various preparations to promote China's manned lunar landing exploration plan as soon as possible.
On September 11, Chang'e-3 was transferred by plane and arrived at the Xichang launch site at 10:00 on September 12.
On November 26, the lunar rover was officially namedYutu。
At 1:30 on December 2, the Chang'e-3 probe was launched byLong March 3B fromXichang Satellite Launch CenterLaunch.It will carry China's first "Jade Rabbit"lunar roverAnd achieved the first soft landing on the lunar surface in China, and carried out scientific exploration such as lunar surface topography and geological structure survey.
At 1:30 on December 2, the Chang'e-3 lunar probe was launched by the Long March 3B carrier rocket from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. On December 14, 2013, it successfully soft landed in the northwest of the Moon Rainy Sea, and the moon landing mission was successful.[12]
Summary of achievements
Since its successful landing on the moon in December, the Chang'e-3 lunar probe has stayed on the moon for more than two and a half years, setting a world record for the longest working time on the moon's surface.
As of July 31, 2016, a large number of data obtained by "Chang'e-3" has formed fruitful scientific research achievements, many of which are world firsts and have been recognized by international peers.
There are 8 scientific equipment in total
It is reported that there are eight scientific equipment on Chang'e-3, which can be divided into three categories according to their functions:
The first type is used to observe the moon, and the main equipment includes panoramic camera, terrain camera, lunar radar, etc;
Another is to observe the plasma layer around the earth, that is, the extreme ultraviolet camera.
Many of these scientific devices are used for the first time.
Completed the first lunar geological profile
In order to better understand the moon, "Chang'e-3" used a newly developed lunar radar for the first time, and used it to complete the first moonGeological Profile, showing the geological structure characteristics and evolution process at a depth of 330 meters below the moon surface, and discovering a new rock - lunar basalt.Through these data, we can understand the evolution history of the moon from its formation to the present.
Complete the first celestial body census
In terms of space observation, Chang'e-3 has used one for the first timeOptical telescopeIt is like a pair of eyes of the Chang'e-3 lander.Since the moon has no atmosphere, it is equivalent to a "transparent" sphere without clouds, so when looking up into space, it will not be disturbed by clouds.In this way, you can look at any part of the sky.
In addition, due to the relatively slow rotation period of the moon, it is convenient to observe the changes of the same celestial body.So scientists used the moon based optical telescope to make a scientific survey of the celestial bodies above the north pole of the moon.
This is the same as the human census. It is the first "sky survey" in the ultraviolet band in human history.Later, astronomers can continue to use it for comparative research in history.
It is the first time to prove that the moon has no water
For a long time, people have been wondering whether there is water on the moon.To this question, the answer given by the Moon based Optical Telescope is: No.
Wei Jianyan, a researcher at the National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said: "We measured the water content above the surface of the moon and got the lowest measurement ever. This measurement is in line with expectations." This is the first clear proof that there is no water on the moon.
Obtaining the Earth's plasma layer image for the first time
Another important task of Chang'e-3 is to observe its hometown, the Earth.There are several natural barriers around the earth, the first of which is the plasma layer, which can extend to about 40000 kilometers beyond the earth's surface.The world's first extreme ultraviolet camera installed on the lander is a device specially used to observe changes in the plasma layer.
The huge pulse generated by the solar storm will cause serious damage to the communication function of artificial objects around the earth, such as navigation satellites, communication satellites, etc.The unique ability of Chang'e-3 is to use the changes of the plasma layer as a wind vane to monitor solar storms.More than 1300 images of the Earth's plasma layer have been acquired by the extreme ultraviolet camera.It provides a lot of basis for space weather forecast, and ensures the safety of ground communication and communication between ground and spacecraft.[13]
Chang'e-4
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Chang'e-4It is the backup star of Chang'e-3.[14]“Chang'e-3”And“Chang'e-4”The mission will realize soft landing on the moon and automatic patrol robot survey.
Chang'e V
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According to the three-step strategy of "circling", "falling" and "returning" of China's lunar exploration project, the third phase of the lunar exploration project mainly realizes sampling and returning, and its main task is undertaken by the Chang'e-5 lunar probe.The main scientific objectives of Chang'e-5 include the field investigation and analysis of the land facing area, as well as the analysis and research of lunar samples after returning to Earth.[14]
Chang'e VThe first scientific objective of the is to carry out the topography survey and geological background survey of the landing site area, obtain the on-site analysis data related to the moon samples, and establish the relationship between the on-site detection data and the laboratory analysis data.It mainly includes: landform detection of landing area: topography and structural characteristics around sampling points;The shape, size and distribution of the impact crater.Material composition detection: material composition characteristics of sampling points;Physical characteristics and structure of lunar soil;Temperature gradient detection of the shallow layer of the lunar shell.[14]
The second scientific goal is to carry out systematic and long-term laboratory research on lunar samples returned to the ground, and analyze the physical characteristics and structure of lunar soil and rock, mineral and chemical composition, trace element and isotope composition, isotopic age determination of the formation and evolution of lunar rocks, cosmic radiation and interaction between solar wind ions and the moonSpace weathering process and environmental evolution process, deepen the study of the origin and evolution history of the moon.[14]
In order to achieve the scientific goal, Chang'e-5 will carry a variety of payloads, including landing camerasOptical camera, lunar mineral spectrum analyzer, lunar soil gas analyzer, lunar geothermal resource detector, lunar soil structure detector, sampling profile thermometer, core drill and mechanical sampler, etc.[14]
2019
On January 14, the National Space Administration said that Chang'e-5 would be launched around the end of 2019.[15]
2020
In July, the Chang'e-5 probe landed in the Lumke Mountains in the northwest of the front of the moon[16]。
On July 20, it was reported that the Chang'e-5 probe collected lunar samples and brought them back to the Earth through shoveling and drilling[17]。
At 4:30 on November 24, China usedLong March 5 Yaowu carrier rocketSuccessfully launched the lunar exploration projectChang'e-5 probeAfter about 2200 seconds of rocket flight, the probe was successfully sent into the predetermined orbit, starting China's first return journey of extraterrestrial celestial body sampling.[3][19]
At 23:00 on December 1, the Chang'e-5 probe successfully landed in the pre selected landing area on the front of the moon.[20]
On December 17, the Chang'e-5 spacecraft carried lunar samples, reentered and returned by means of half ballistic jump, and landed safely in the predetermined area of Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia[5]。
Chang'e-5 probe successfully launched
Chang'e 6
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Chang'e 6 is the backup of Chang'e 5, which has the function of sampling and returning, and will go to the back of the moon to carry out missions.By September 2022, the production of Chang'e 6 has been basically completed.
On May 3, 2024, the Long March 5 Long March 8 carrier rocket began to fill with liquid oxygen cryogenic propellant. The Chang'e 6 mission of the fourth phase of the lunar exploration project planned to launch from 17:00 to 18:00 on May 3. The preferred launch window was aimed at 17:27.[61]
At 17:27 on May 3, 2024, the Chang'e 6 probe was successfully launched by the Long March 5 Remote 8 carrier rocket at Wenchang Space Launch Site, China, and accurately entered the Earth Moon transfer orbit. The launch mission was a complete success.The Chang'e-6 probe launched the world's first sampling return trip to the back of the moon. The pre selected landing and sampling area is the South Pole Aitken Basin on the back of the moon.[63-64]
Chang'e 7
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In September 2022, Chang'e-7 is under development. It will explore the south pole of the moon and establish the basic model of an international lunar research station.[29]
In April 2023, Chang'e 7 will be launched around 2026. Its main task is to go to the south pole of the moon to find evidence of the existence of water on the moon. Chang'e 7 is only one step in the fourth phase of the follow-up lunar exploration mission. In the future, it will form the basic model of the International Lunar Research Station with Chang'e 8, which is planned to be completed before 2030.[37]
In June 2024, Chang'e-7 confirmed to carry instruments developed by Egypt and Bahrain on the orbiter.[70]
Chang'e 8
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In April 2023, Chang'e-8 is planned to be launched around 2028. Its main task is to explore the resources on the moon and experiment on the reuse of resources.[37]
The moral of exploring the moon
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With the strokes of Chinese calligraphy, a round moon is abstractly sketched, and a pair of footprints step on it, symbolizing the ultimate dream of lunar exploration. The starting point of the arc naturally forms a dragon head, symbolizing that China's space flight rises like a giant dragon, and the writing is composed of a group of free flying peace pigeons, expressing China's good wishes for peaceful use of space.
From the discussion and imagination of the "moon man" to the imagination of the alien moon base, it is not only of the significance of general scientific exploration, or of providing entertainment for the public, but also of a very strong symbolic significance - there will really be "moon man" in the future.The most likely "moon man" is actually the earth man - because the world's major countries have already begun to compete for the moon.
U.S.AOn the way of month by monthtake the leadThe awareness of competing for the moon is also most explicit.It is said that as early as the 1950s, Americans had the idea of establishing military bases and intelligence bases on the moon, such as the moonMissile baseIn this way, it can form a "commanding" deterrent to other countries on the earth.Some materials show that Americans even had the idea of "declaring" the moon as American territory.Economically, for example, the helium 3 isotope on the moon may become an important energy source in the future, which is also fascinating.
Today, the countries on the road of month by month are not onlyU.S.A、Russia、ChinaSuch a big country also includes European countriesIndia、Japan、the republic of koreaWait for a smaller country.If you want to "declare" the moon as the territory of a country, it will be difficult to succeed.Unlike some countries that try to seize as many "lunar territories" as possible, China's Chang'e is not the "god of war", but the "goddess of peace".
The Chinese lunar exploration project is a new step for mankind's peaceful use of the moon.
Scientific research achievements
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2022October,Supported by the exploration data of the "Chang'e Project", Shandong University and other organizations completed the world's first 1:2.5 million lunar rock type distribution mappublish[32]。
In 2024, the Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, together with the Macao University of Science and Technology and Guangdong University of Technology, carried out research on the lunar soil particles of Chang'e-5, and found a series of evaporative sediment particles containing Ti in the micro meteorite impact crater on the surface of the lunar soil glass bead. The analysis showed thattwoO）、Tripartite structure TitwoO（Trigonal-TitwoO) And triclinic structure TitwoO（Triclinic-TitwoO) There are three kinds of Ti nano minerals.
Among them, tripartite structure TitwoO and triclinic TitwoO has not been found in natural geological samples before, which is the seventh and eighth new minerals of the moon and moon found in the samples;In the field of materials science, Ti2O is a photocatalytic thin film material that can be prepared in the laboratory.[55]
The course of lunar exploration
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In 2004, the lunar exploration project was officially established;
On October 24, 2007, Chang'e-1 was launched, realizing China's first flight around the moon;
On October 1, 2010, Chang'e-2 was successfully launched;
On December 2, 2013, Chang'e-3 was launched and successfully landed in the Hongwan area on the front of the moon;On December 15, as the rover of Chang'e-3, China's first lunar rover, "Yutu", arrived on the lunar surface for lunar surface survey.
On May 21, 2018, the Chang'e-4 relay star "Queqiao" was launched;On December 8, Chang'e-4 was successfully launched;[30]
On January 3, 2019, "Yutu II" also landed on the moon with Chang'e-4 to explore the back of the moon;
On November 24, 2020, Chang'e-5 was launched;
China has completed the "circling, falling and returning" of the lunar exploration project, followed by "exploration, research and construction".[23]
July 20, 2021Human Moon Day。Since ancient times, Chinese people have had countless romantic imaginations about the moon.In 2004, the Chinese lunar exploration project was officially approved. From the launch of Chang'e 1 to the return of Chang'e 5 with lunar soil, the Chinese people gradually turned the myth of "nine days to the moon" into reality.[23]
In October 2022, China will continue to implement major aerospace projects, including the construction of lunar scientific research bases.[31]
On May 29, 2023, the lunar landing phase of China's manned lunar exploration project has been launched, and it is planned to achieve the first Chinese landing on the moon by 2030.The China Manned Space Engineering Office has fully deployed and carried out various development and construction work, including the development of new generation manned launch vehicles (Long March 10), new generation manned spacecraft, lunar landers, moon landing suits and other flight products, as well as related test and launch facilities and equipment for new launch sites[38]；On July 12, China planned to land a man on the moon to carry out scientific exploration by 2030, and then it will explore and build a lunar scientific research test station to carry out systematic and continuous lunar exploration and related technical test verification。[40]
On January 23, 2024, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the establishment of China's lunar exploration project, the "Writing Towards the Moon" was released.[46]
A group of pictures to review the course of China's lunar exploration
News from China Manned Space Engineering Network on February 24, 2024[51]The name of the new aircraft for China's manned lunar exploration mission has been determined. The new generation of manned spacecraft is named "Mengzhou", and the lunar lander is named "Ranging the Moon".Mengzhou spaceship、Lunar landerandLong March 10The launch vehicle has fully entered the prototype development stage, and all work is progressing smoothly.[48][50]
At 17:27 on May 3, 2024, Chang'e-6 probe was successfully launched from the Long March 5 Yao-8 carrier rocket at Wenchang Space Launch Site, China.Chang'e 6 is about 100 kilograms heavier than Chang'e 5.[64-65]
On June 4, 2024, the "timetable" of China's lunar exploration project was announced. The timetable shows that in 2026, China will launch "Chang'e-7";In 2028, China will launch "Chang'e 8".Chang'e 7 and Chang'e 8, the fourth phase of the whole lunar exploration project, is a preliminary preparation for the establishment of the lunar research station.It is planned to build a basic type of international lunar research station and carry out lunar environmental exploration and resource utilization test verification before 2028;By 2030, China plans to achieve manned lunar landing.Later, before 2040, a complete international lunar research station will be built to carry out solar, terrestrial and lunar space environment exploration and scientific experiments;Later, an "applied lunar research station" will be built to form a multi-functional lunar base.[67-68]
On December 15, 2022, Chang'e lunar exploration project was selectedThe "2022 Top Ten Global Projects" published by the journal Engineering of the Chinese Academy of EngineeringAchievements ".[33-34]
