William Knowles

2001 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

William S. Knowles (1917 - June 13, 2012), American nationality. In 1942, he won the United States Columbia University doctorate. During his lifetime, he worked in the Thomas and Hokwart Laboratories in Monsanto until his retirement in 1986. In 2001, due to the outstanding achievements in "chiral catalytic hydrogenation" ryoji noyori Shared the year Nobel Prize in Chemistry Half of the bonus (the other half was won by Barry Sharpless).

Chinese name: William Knowles
Foreign name: William S. Knowles
Nationality: U.S.A
one's native heath: U.S.A Massachusetts

date of birth: 1917
Date of death: June 13, 2012
Occupation: scientist
University one is graduated from: Columbia University
Key achievements: The 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry

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William S. Knowles (1917-2012) was born in the United States in 1917 Massachusetts ， Biochemist 。 In 1942, he won the United States Columbia University doctorate.

In the late 1960s, he developed a catalyst that can directly synthesize a single optical enantiomer of chiral compounds. Subsequently, the team led by him developed a chiral phosphine ligand, which has a remarkable application effect in the asymmetric synthesis of amino acid L-dopa. In 2001, due to the outstanding achievements in "chiral catalytic hydrogenation" ryoji noyori (Ryoji Noyori) shared Nobel Prize in Chemistry Half of the bonus; The other half is composed of Barry Sharpless (Barry Sharpness).^[1]

In 1940, Knowles was elected American Chemical Society Huishi; Elected in 2004 American Academy of Sciences academician.^[1]

He has been working in monsanto Thomas and Hochwalter Laboratories Until retirement in 1986. On June 13, 2012, due to the complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Chesterfield Death.^[1]

Awards won

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2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to American scientist William Knowles and Japanese scientist ryoji noyori And American scientists Barry Sharpless In recognition of their achievements in asymmetric synthesis, the discovery of the three chemistry prize winners opened a new research field for the synthesis of molecules and substances with new characteristics. image antibiotic 、 anticatarrhals and heart disease Drugs and so on are all manufactured according to their research results.

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences According to the press release of, the structure of many compounds is enantiomeric, like the left and right hands of people, which is called chirality. This characteristic also exists in drugs. In some drug ingredients, only one part has therapeutic effect, while the other part has no efficacy or even toxic side effects. These drugs are Racemate Its left and right rotations coexist in the same molecular structure. In Europe, pregnant women took racemate drugs without separation as analgesics or cough relievers, which led to a large number of "thalidomide" tragedies of embryo abnormalities, making people realize the importance of separating racemate drugs. The chemistry prize winners in 2001 made important contributions in this respect. They use an enantiomeric reagent or catalyst to remove the useless part of the molecule, and only use the effective part, just like separating the left and right hands of people, to separate the left and right hand Dextral body , and then take the effective enantiomers as new drugs, which is called asymmetric synthesis.

On the afternoon of the 10th local time in Sweden (the evening of the 10th local time in Beijing), Swedish King Karl Gustav presented the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to American scientist William S. Knowles. This Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to American scientist William S. Knowles and Japanese scientist respectively ryoji noyori And American scientist K. Barry Sharpless. Knowles and Ye Yiliang share Nobel Prize in Chemistry Half of the bonus. Sharpless is now Scripps Institute Professor of chemistry will receive the other half of the prize.

Scientific contribution

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Knowles' contribution was that in 1968, he found that transition metals could be used to carry out Hydrogenation reaction To obtain a chiral molecule with a desired specific mirror shape. His research results were soon transformed into industrial products, such as treatment Parkinson's disease L-DOPA was manufactured according to Knowles' research results.

In 1968, Knowles found a new method for enantiomeric catalytic hydrogenation with transition metals, and finally obtained effective enantiomers. His research was quickly applied to a treatment Parkinson's disease Drug production. Later, ryoji noyori To further develop the enantiomeric hydrogenation catalyst. Shapires won the prize for discovering another catalytic method - oxidation catalysis. Their discovery has opened up a new field of molecular synthesis, which is of great significance for academic research and new drug development. Its achievements have been applied to cardiovascular drugs antibiotic 、 hormone , anticancer drugs and central nervous system drugs. The efficacy of chiral drugs is several times or even dozens of times that of the original drugs. The introduction of biotransformation in the synthesis has become a key technology in the pharmaceutical industry.

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