William Caxton (1422-1491)britainThe first printer, inShakespeareBeforeEnglishThe most influential person.When he died in 1491, he published about 100 books, 24 of which were his own translations.
Caxton was born in 1422 in the woods of Wilde, Kent. His family has some real estate, so he can receive a good education.In 1438, the young Caxton went to London to become an apprentice under the famous cloth merchant and later the Mayor of London Lezer.After Lozer died in 1441, Caxton went across the sea to Bruges, Belgium, to start his business, specializing in the textile trade between Britain and the Flemish region.stayBrugesOver the past 20 years, his career has achieved great success. By 1463, he had become the chairman of the British Chamber of Commerce in the low-lying countries, and was very prominent. Sometimes he also engaged in diplomatic activities on behalf of the British King.In 1469, he resigned as president and was invited to take officeBurgundyConsultant to Margaret, the Duchess and sister of King Edward IV of England.
Caxton is proficient in English, French, German and Latin, and he likes writing and writing in addition to doing business.In March 1469, Caxton began translatingRaoul Le FevreReview of Troy History and other books.His translation was loved by his friends, who asked for the translation one after another.In this way, besides looking for a copyist, Caxton also wrote some translations for his friends.But he soon felt that he could not copy any more because he was "bald and clumsy, and his eyes were glassy".At this time, the movable type printing invented by Gutenberg in 1450 had been spread from Mainz down the Rhine to Cologne.After learning this news, Caxton went to Cologne in 1471.stayCologneCaxton paid an expensive tuition fee, studied printing hard, and finally became the first British publisher.At this time, Caxton, by the standards of the time, was already an old man.In about 1474, Caxton returned to Bruges with a set of typeface and letterpress, where he founded a printing house.In 1475, he cooperated with Colard Mansion to print in Bruges.This is an epoch-making event.At the end of 1476, Caxton returned to England at the behest of King Edward IV of England, established the first British printing factory near Westminster Abbey in London, and began to publish books on a large scale.In the following year, Caxton published the first English book "Philosopher's Quotes or Sentences" printed in England, which was also the first English printed book with publication date.In 1481, he published the first English book with illustrations, "World Mirror", which is an encyclopedic book and is also his translation from French and Latin.By the time Caxton died in 1491, he had published nearly one hundred books, 74 of which were English books, some of which were long and huge. He himself translated and published 24 books.Among these "Caxton Edition" books, there are still 1/3 of them that have been preserved today as single or incomplete books, which are the most precious "incunabula" books in Britain.
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Lena Fox
Author nameWilliam Caxton
Work time2016-8
The story originates from European folklore, and has been processed by folk figures and scholars of all dynasties, forming a final version of the story around the 12th century AD.This book is a version written by William Caxton, a British scholar and publisher, and translated by Mr. Zheng Zhenduo, a well-known translator.Lena is a hateful and lovely fox. He is vicious, cunning, resourceful, and eloquent.He deceives and plays tricks on powerful and ignorant rulers, such as wolves, bears, lions, etc;They also kill and prey on weak and kind-hearted animals, such as
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On the New Year's Day of 1999, the BBC's "BBC Audience Selection of Millennium British Celebrities" event was announced. Shakespeare won the crown by a narrow margin over Churchill, while William Caxton beat Darwin, Newton and Cromwell to win the honor of "Exploring Flowers".In terms of contribution and influence on English language and literature,ShakespeareIn addition, there is probably no one on the right.Caxton weighs so much.It is no exaggeration to say that Caxton is the midwife of the development of the new culture of the English Renaissance and the prosperity of English literature.Caxton has long-term business experience. He knows the market and how to publish books that cater to the needs and tastes of readers (including royal families, nobles and civilians).In his 15 years of publishing career in London, he has published almost all kinds of books, including religious classics, theological works, knight legends, poems, encyclopedias, history, philosophy and ethics, etc.These books have greatly broadened people's horizons and promoted the development of British new culture.On the other hand, Caxton's rich wealth also guarantees that he can publish his favorite books according to his interests without too much consideration of catering to the market needs.In today's words, Caxton is a publisher with publishing ideals.His publishing ideal lies in literature.This is also the lucky spot of English literature.Caxton published almost all the English literary works available at that time.In 1478, he published Chaucer's《Canterbury Tales》(Reprinted in 1484 with wood block illustrations), and later published Chaucer's Trollos and Cresida and other poems.In 1485, Thomas was adapted and published·malory OfThe Death of King Arthur。In addition, Caxton also translated and published many foreign literary works, such as Aesop's Fables, Lena Fox's History and so on.These books published by him not only played an important role in the preservation of early English literature, but also profoundly affected the reading and writing of subsequent English literature.
In Caxton's time, there were as many dialects as there were counties.Whether in spoken or written language, English is far from stereotyped.When Caxton published English books, he chose the language that was closer to French than other dialects in London and the court, so that the sentence reading and grammar of English were roughly shaped.In order to standardize English, he even compiled an English French Glossary, which is one of the earliest bilingual dictionaries.Caxton's simple, wonderful and vivid personal writing language also had a certain impact on later generations' English writing.It should be said that before Shakespeare, Caxton had the greatest influence on English.
After William Caxton introduced the printing press to England in 1476, vernacular literature began to flourish.The religious reform brought about the worship ceremony in the vernacular, and finally produced The Book of Common Prayer, which had a profound impact on English literature.The renaissance of English literature has been extended to the restoration of Charles II in the middle of the 17th century, and a group of world-famous literary masters such as Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spencer, Jonson, etc. have emerged in drama, poetry, etc.
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On New Year's Day in 1999,bbcThe "BBC Audience Selection of Millennium British Celebrities" event revealed that Shakespeare won the crown by a narrow margin over Churchill, while William Caxton beat Darwin, Newton and Cromwell to win the honor of "Exploring Flowers".I'm afraid this is a very strange name for most Chinese.But in fact, as far as the contribution and influence to English literature are concerned, there is probably no one other than Shakespeare.William Caxton (1422-1491) was the first printer in England. In 1438, he became an apprentice of a rich cloth merchant in London. After the death of the cloth merchant in 1441, Caxton went to Bruges, Flanders, where was once the European Wool Trading Center.In the next 30 years, Caxton became a rich businessman.But he loves reading, and his interest lies in literature.From 1469, he began to translate the French Review of the History of Troy.He's in GermanyBrugesHe studied printing and opened a printing house. The first book he printed was his translation of The History of Troy.Shakespeare's Tronus and Krishida is the source of this book.
