Nara Period

[nài liáng shí dài]

Japanese historical period

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Nara era (ならじい), 710-784^[1]^{[2 ]} , which ended in 794^[3] ）, Yes Japan ancient One of the historical periods of Nara ）The era of being the capital (including temporary capital relocation Gong Renjing And Nanbojing and other places) Asuka period , Down The era of peace 。 There are eight generations of emperors.^[1]^{[2 ]}

Past dynasties during this period emperor of Japan Focusing on farming, building water conservancy, rewarding reclamation, the social economy has been greatly developed. At this time, the Nara Dynasty was influenced by the culture of the flourishing Tang Dynasty in China, and it also accepted the culture of India and Iran through the Tang Dynasty, so that Japan's first comprehensive cultural prosperity appeared. At this time, the Japanese society seemed to be in a peaceful and prosperous age. But at this time, the accumulated disadvantages for future generations are also forming, Bantian system It was difficult to form, and the economy of the Mikado's autocratic country was shaken, centralization The system gradually weakened due to internal strife. At this time, temples, statues, magnificent paintings and ornate decorative arts were still seen in Nara temple and shosoin Treasures.

Overview Chart Source^[4]

Chinese name: Nara Period
Foreign name: ならじだい

Background: Emperor of Japan Move the capital Heijokyo
objective condition: Influenced by the culture of the flourishing Tang Dynasty
Time of existence: 710-784 (first 794)^[1]

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Move the capital to Pingchengjing

The capital was moved to Pingchengjing from the south of Nara Basin Fujiwara Jing It moves to the north of Nara Basin, but is widely distributed around Fujiwaraki Suwo , Abe, Jushi Da Pang Compared with the territory of powerful powerful families, there are almost no powerful clan bases around Pingchengjing, except for the Chunri clan and its peers, which is suitable for the implementation of new policies. In addition, Mujinchuan, about 2km north of the low hills, is connected to Dianchuan and Yuzhichuan, which is convenient for material circulation and suitable for large-scale capital construction. The right ministers who moved the capital here since 708 (and Tongyuan) Fujiwara no Fuhito , and inherited in July of 707 (the fourth year of Qingyun) Emperor Mommu Positional Empress Gemmei Also for the grandson of the first prince (the son of the Emperor Wenwu, later Emperor Shengwu ）And the intention of building a new capital. In March 710, he officially moved to the capital and became a minister of the left Ma Lu on Stone Stay in Fujiwara, and the presiding officers of the Pingchengjing Imperial Court are Prince Suiji, the official of Zhitaizheng, Fujiwara Bubi, the right minister, and Anmalu, the great Nayan and companion.^[1]

Fujiwara Bubi and others appear

In law politics, although the emperor holds the highest power, the emperor needs to be more than willing to issue an edict Tai Zhengguan Signature of the member, member of the Taizheng official structure (above the big Nayan, later including Order a foreign official ) hold a meeting on important government affairs, and then report the conclusion. In the early Nara era, the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty Emperor Yuanzheng The two empresses were successively in power, so the Taizheng official had a strong voice. In addition to the Zhitai official who belonged to the Lingwaiguan, the right minister was the highest Fujiwara no Fuhito Power gradually increased. He hoped that his grandson, Prince Shou, would take the throne, and in 714 (the seventh year of the reign of the emperor), Prince Shou was made the crown prince. In 715 (the first year of Linggui), Emperor Yuancheng abdicated, and his daughter Emperor Yuanzheng ascended the throne, who was 15 years old at the first time, but perhaps because of his mother Queen of Light Born in Fujiwara's family rather than the royal family, his accession to the throne continues to be postponed. In 716, Ansuyuan, the daughter of Fujiwara Bubi et al（ Queen of Light ）Become the Crown Princess and deepen the relationship with the leader.

In 715, the system of 50 households per mile stipulated in the "Order" was revised, and the township system of dividing 50 households into one township and two to three miles per township was implemented. The result is the formation of villages composed of more than a dozen households, which is considered to be a policy that penetrates political domination into the end of society. In this way, Fujiwara Bubi and others began to revise while seeking the thoroughness of law politics Dabao Law , which was completed in 718 (2 years of retirement), is called Pension law (There is also a saying that it was not completed before Bubi died. It continued after his death in 720 and was suspended after the preliminary completion in 722).^[1]

Nagoya King's regime

The basic political line of Nara era is based on Legal system When he came to govern, he did not wait for the establishment of this line. Later rulers also inherited this line. But as time went by, the legal system was out of touch with social reality. In order to make it conform to the social reality, it is no longer a political issue to modify laws and regulations while abiding by the legal system. No more than after death, Prince Takechi The eldest son of Long House King In 721, he became the Right Minister and became the center of the political circle. The eldest son of Fujiwara Fujiwara Takeshi Malu Become the second son of Zhongnayan In front of Fujiwara's house Become a councilor, lower than the King of Long House. But no better wife County dog breeding for 3000 generations As a confidant of female officials who serve the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, she has great power for the court. In 721, Fujiwara Fangqian became an internal minister responding to the Emperor's consultation, largely because of the power of three thousand generations. Three years later, in 724 (the first year of the Holy Turtle), Emperor Yuanzheng gave way to the first place for Emperor Shengwu 。 This means that Fujiwara is making a comeback.

Under the leadership of Emperor Yuanzheng and Emperor Shengwu, King Nagoya devoted himself to relieving the poor and seeking to maintain the legal system. In this policy, the most eye-catching one is the one issued in 722 (six years of pension) Million Machibu Reclamation Plan And 723 Three Generations One Body Method 。 The former plan is too large to be realized. The latter is also a plan to encourage reclamation. For those who build new irrigation facilities to reclaim land, the ownership of reclaimed land will be recognized within three generations; For those who use the original ponds and ditches, only my generation can recognize the ownership of land reclamation.

In February of 729 (the first year of Tianping), someone reported that King Changwu had conspired against him (later proved to be framed) Yuhe Fujiwara Led troops to encircle the mansion of Nagoya King, who committed suicide with his family to Long House King's Change 。 Six months later, in August of the same year, An Suyuan, who was born in Fujiwara's family, became the queen Queen of Light 。 According to the provisions of the "Order", the empress was selected only by the royal family, so an exception was made.^[1]

Fuji Sizi's regime

After the change of Nagoya King, the power of the imperial court returned to Fujiwara. In 731 (the third year of Tianping), Taizheng officials were formed to know Taizheng officials Prince of Sacrifice , Da Nayan More governance than pool guarding and Fujiwara Takeshi Malu , and a total of 12 people participated in the meeting, including four Fujiwara brothers, Fujiwara Takeshi Malu, Fujiwara Fangqian, Fujiwara Yuhe Ma Lu Fujiwara Holding real power, the imperial court in this period was called "Teng Sizi regime". Political changes have exacerbated social unrest. Before that, monks Row base It broke the ban and spread Buddhism among the people, so it has been under strong pressure from the government since 717 (the first year of retirement). However, Xingji preached through social undertakings such as digging ditches, building roads and bridges, and its teachings were widely spread among the people. His followers reached the number of people threatening the imperial court in about 730. In 731, the imperial court made a compromise and allowed the elderly men and women among the practitioners who followed the foundation to become monks and nuns. At this time, on the other hand, the imperial court took measures to reduce the burden of the people, such as stopping preventing people (730) and halving land rent (731); On the other hand, Jiedu envoys (732) with military strength were set up in the East China Sea, Dongshan, Shanyin and Xihai.

During the Fujiko regime, new disasters hit Japan. This is from abroad smallpox A pandemic. From 735 Dazhai Mansion It became popular in the prefecture, and in 737 inside a capital city There were many deaths, including the four brothers Wu Zhi, Ma Lu and the four sons of Teng.^[1]

Brother Ju Zhu's regime

In 738, Dayan Brother Ju Zhu Became the Right Minister). It was known that the official affairs of Taizheng were held by King Suzuki, the son of King Changwu, and the real power was held by Brother Ju. Brother Ju Zhu, the son of King Meinu, was named Ge Cheng. In 736 (the eighth year of Tianping's reign), he was granted the surname Ju and reduced to his official status. One of the characteristics of the newly established regime of Brother Ju Zhu is the anti Fujiwara force, expecting Prince Anji, born by the wife of the Shengwu Empress, County Dog Yangguang Dao, to be made prince. Before that, the Queen of Light was born in 738 Prince Abenay He was appointed as the crown prince, but there was no precedent for women to become the crown prince, so he left the possibility of An Ji becoming the crown prince. Another feature is the implementation of austerity politics to recover from the harm of smallpox. In 730, we stopped human defense again (737) and cut gunji The fixed number of personnel and the abolition of soldiers outside the country (739), who were militarily important, such as Lu Ao and Dazhai Mansion. However, in 740, the rural system implemented in 715 (the first year of Linggui) was abolished, and the system of staying in the countryside was abolished to simplify administration.

At this time, under the regime of Brother Ju Zhu, he had the experience of studying as a foreign student and a learned monk in the Tang Dynasty Kibi Makibi And monks Xuanfang The power is greatly increased. In particular, Xuanfang cured the illness of Miyako, the mother of Emperor Shengwu, and gained the trust of the palace. For this political situation, Tazawa Shaoer of Fujiwara's side Hiroshi Fujiwara (The eldest son of Yuhe) raised the army in August 740 to expel Zhenbei and Xuanfang, which was the chaos of Guangsi. Guangsi called together soldiers and hayato The imperial court summoned soldiers from five cities including Tokaido and Falcon people who moved to the capital to fight against Hiroshi Fujiwara. In early October, Hiroshi's army was defeated, and then Hiroshi was captured and killed, ending the rebellion. In October of the same year, Emperor Shengwu left Pingcheng Palace for Eastern countries , passing Yishi, Meinong and Jinjiang, and entering Shanbei Country in December Xiangle County Gongren left the palace (today's coins in Jiamao Town, Mujinchuan City, Kyoto Prefecture) and announced to move the capital the following year, saying Gong Renjing 。 Emperor Shengwu fidgeted here and spent five years in Gongrenjing and Near the river country Zixiangle in Jiahe County (today Shiga County Jiahe City ）And Tianjin absorbing country Difficult waves (today osaka ）Three places. Later generations speculated that it was because of the power struggle between brothers Ju Zhu and Fujiwara. Brother Ju Zhu, who is influential in the south of Shanbei, recommended Gong Ren, and Fujiwara, who is influential in Jinjiang, recommended Zi Xiangle. Brother Ju Zhu also cooperated with Emperor Yuanzheng to move the capital to Nanbo. In the chaos of frequent capital relocation, Shengwu ordered the establishment in 741 Guofen Temple In 743, Guofanni Temple issued an edict to build the Luzana Giant Buddha, and started to build it in Zixiangle. In addition, the government formulated the Kentian Yongnian Private Property Law , allowing the cultivators to permanently own the land reclaimed within a certain limit. This is a plan to promote land development, but it violates the principle of public ownership of land as the basis of legal system. The rich nobles, powerful families and temples that could reclaim land began to occupy land. Specially powerful nobles and temples employ ordinary farmers and vagrants to reclaim land, purchase land reclaimed by farmers, and expand private land as their own manors. This is called the early manor.

In the political circles, Prince Anji, whom all the brothers had hoped for, died suddenly in 744, and all the brothers were hit. Since then, Fujiwara no Nakamaro (The second son of Wu Zhi Ma Lu) begins to expand his power. In 745, the capital city was moved back to Pingcheng, and the political situation was restored to stability, but the power of Zhong Malu gradually overwhelmed the brothers. In 748, Emperor Yuanzheng, who supported the Brothers' Sect, died. In 749 the following year (the first year of Tianping Shengbao), Emperor Shengwu abdicated and Prince Abenay ascended the throne Filial and modest Emperor 。^[1]

Fujiwara Zhongmali regime

After the Emperor Xiaoqian ascended the throne, the upper level of the Taizheng official was composed of the left minister, the elder brother Ju Zhu, and the right minister Toyoshi Fujiwara (the eldest son of Wu Zhima Lu), Da Nayan Jushi Naigong Ma Lu and Fujiwara Zhong Ma Lu. Taking the opportunity of Emperor Shengwu's abdication and Empress Guangming's becoming the empress dowager, Fujiwara Zhongmali expanded and reorganized the empress's palace office, and set up a new organization called Ziwei Zhongtai to serve as the leader of Ziwei and subordinate a large number of competent officials. After that, the important government affairs were transferred from the Taizheng official to the Ziwei Zhongtai, and the empress dowager of Emperor Guangming was regent with the assistance of Zhongmalu Fujiwara. In this way, the regime entered the hands of Nakahiro Fujiwara. Xuanfang, who was once highly regarded by the brothers, stepped down in 745 (the 17th year of Tianping), and Jibei Zhenbei was demoted to be a front guard in 750 (the 2nd year of Tianping Shengbao). The Giant Buddha, originally built in Zixiangle, was restarted in the eastern suburb of Beijing in Pingcheng in 745. It was completed in April 752 and a grand opening ceremony was held. However, the construction of the Buddha exceeded the limits of Japan's national strength at that time, so the lack of government finance and the increased burden on farmers became one of the reasons for political chaos.

After Shengwu abdicated the throne, he stayed away from politics and believed in Buddhism, but he was in poor health. He became seriously ill in the winter of 755. It was reported that Brother Ju Zhu said something disrespectful at the banquet. He resigned as Minister Zuo in the first month of 756. In May of the same year, Emperor Shengwu died. Fujiwara Zhongmali used the strategy to make the King of Dachu (the son of Prince Shiren), who was closely related to him, the crown prince. In 757 (the first year of Tianpingbao), Brother Ju Zhu died, and the anti Fujiwara faction gradually weakened. Brother Ju Zhu's eldest son Orange Nara Malu In July of the same year, he planned to raise troops to seize power, but the matter leaked, and Nara Malu and powerful people from Da Companion, Zuobo, Duozhibi and others who participated in the plan were arrested, or executed, or exiled. At the same time, Fujiwara Zhongmali alleviated Miscellaneous corvee (60 days of service in one year) and Farmland rent And other taxes to stabilize people's minds.

The next few years were the heyday of Nakagawa Fujiwara. In May of the same year before the Nara Malu incident, the Dabao law was abolished and the old-age law was implemented. It is speculated that Fujiwara Zhongmalu took measures to show his grandfather Fujiwara's achievements. In 758, Emperor Xiaoqian abdicated the throne to the King of Cooking in order to Emperor Junnin 。 From then on, cracks also appeared between Emperor Xiaoqian and Nakamura Fujiwara. The Emperor Xiaoqian strengthened the sword giver (the guard given by the Emperor Shengwu), called "the sword giver", as his own military force. Fujiwara Zhongmalu changed the name of the official position to Tang Feng, changed the Taizheng official to Qianzheng official, and changed Ziwei Zhongtai to Kungong official, trying to improve the authority of the court. His official position was also promoted from Taibao (right minister) to Taishi (minister of Taizheng). In addition, Zhong Malu has also set up a permanent warehouse, planned to adjust the rice price, built fences in Lu'ao and Chuyu, and promoted the development Shrimp planation Etc.

In 760, Empress Dowager Guangming passed away, which was a blow to the regime of Zhong Malu. In 761, the capital moved from Pingcheng to Baoliang (now Otsu ）。 Although the ostensible reason is to rebuild the Pingcheng Palace, the real purpose of Zhong Ma Lv's move to the capital, Jinjiang State under the influence of Fujiwara, is to strengthen his own power. The next year, the monk Track mirror He cured Xiaoqian's illness and gained the trust and favor of Xiaoqian's emperor, who also disagreed with Chunren. Soon, Emperor Xiaoqian ascended the throne and Emperor Chunren returned to Pingcheng. However, the real power of politics was held by Emperor Xiaoqian, and the position of Zhong Malu, who supported Emperor Chunren, was shaken. Because he has too much power, even though he has made many enemies in Fujiwara's family, many of them support the filial piety born to Emperor Guangming. In order to save the situation, Fujiwara Zhongmali raised troops in September 764, fled to Jinjiang after failure, and was defeated after some resistance. Before that, Fujiwara Chung Malu was given a name by Emperor Chunren, so it was also called the Chung Malu Rebellion and the Bet Rebellion. Emperor Chunren was abolished and exiled to Tanlu. Emperor Xiaoqian became the emperor again, renamed Call the Emperor of Germany 。 The next year, Emperor Chunren died in Awaji.^[1]

Track mirror monopoly

Said that the Emperor of Germany took Daojing as the minister Zen Master and recalled those who had been demoted Toyoshi Fujiwara , appointed Right Minister. Later, Daojing became the King of Dharma from Zen Master, the minister of Taizheng, and was treated like the emperor. It was also said that the Emperor of Germany changed the granted sword guard into the guard house, with two houses, the central guard house and the external guard house. It has a powerful military force of the eight guard house, including the original five guard house. In the birthplace of Xida Temple and Daojing in Beijing Hanoi State Bow cutting built Youyi Palace, also because of Daojing.

Soon after, Fujiwara Yongshou Becoming a Left Minister, Kibi Makibi Becoming a Right Minister, Gendo Fujiwara People have become great Nayan, and Daojing is no longer a monopoly. They wait for an opportunity to expel Daojing. In 769 (the third year when the god protected the scenery), Xi Yia Zengmalu, the chief god of the Dazhai Mansion, reported to the court that Yuzuo Bafan Palace had tied the Daojing to the imperial throne. This is the so-called Yuzuo Bafan Shentuo event, said that the Emperor of Germany sent to Yuzuo Harmonious and clear Ma Lu He brought back the divine trust that only the royal family became the emperor, and prevented Daojing from usurping the throne. The following year, 770 (the first year of Baogui), the Emperor of Germany died, and the Daojing lost its power Shimono Yakushiji The rest of his body.^[1]

Fiscal reform

Because he said that the Emperor of Germany did not set up a crown prince, the issue of the successor was very difficult, but in Fujiwara (son of Yuhe) Emperor Tenji His grandson, King Baibi, ascended the throne. this is Emperor Guangren , change the Yuanbao Turtle. In 771, the left minister, Fujiwara Yongshou, died, and his political power was Takashi Fujiwara (Baichuan's brother) and Counselor Fujiwara Baichuan. The task of Guangren Dynasty is to tighten the loose and flowing finance since the reign of Xiaoqian. Dismantle unnecessary foreign officials, dismiss foreign officials and Shi Sheng who are not in the quota, and pay attention to recuperating. Order foreign officials not to exceed the prescribed payment with interest (Rice loans paying interest), abolish the military service of ordinary farmers, and recruit powerful farmers as soldiers.

The crown prince of Emperor Akihito is the queen Prince Inoue In 772 (the third year of Baogui's reign), Inoue was deposed for cursing the emperor, and his son was also deprived of the crown prince's status, and his mother and son were imprisoned Yamato Yuzhi Prefecture died on the same day three years later. The truth is unknown and it is believed that it was caused by Fujiwara Baichuan. Later, he made the Prince Yamabu, born to his concubine Takano Xinli, the crown prince. In 781 (the first year of Tianying), Emperor Guangren gave way to the prince in the mountain for Emperor Kammu 。 In 784 (the third year of the calendar extension), Emperor Huanwu moved the capital to Nagaoka 。^[1]

Economics

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Bantian system

In the first month of 646, Emperor Kotoku announce Dahua Renovation Imperial edict“ Bantian receiving method ”I.e Bantian system 。 Bantian system imitates that of the Tang Dynasty Equal field system And formulation is the fundamental law of the land system under the legal system. Bantian system can be roughly divided into three stages from its promulgation to its demise. The first stage was from its promulgation to 742, the second stage was from 743 to 800, and the third stage was from 801 to 902.

The Bantian system implements the Bantian system. First, the household registration of the whole country must be worked out. shosoin The household registration kept in the early 8th century records in detail the name, age, amount of land received, family relationship Population Diseases, rich and poor grades, taxation and non taxation, etc. Household registration is compiled every six years. The specific practice of Bantian is that for citizens over six years old, the government class will distribute the fields to the mouth. The men will have two sections (one section is about 1983.4 square meters), and the women will be two-thirds of the men. Official household Maidservant Same as citizens, family members Private servant And one third of the citizens. Those who have positions, duties and meritorious deeds will be given corresponding positions, fields Job field , Kongta, etc. In addition to the land distribution, a number of homesteads and garden fields were given accordingly, which would be used as the land for the world. Bantian every six years. The land received is not allowed to be bought or sold. If the land receiver dies, it will be taken back by the state.

Bantian system At the beginning of implementation, it was smooth. From 646 to 713, there were 12 times in Bantian. But since then it has become increasingly difficult to maintain. This is because: first, heavy Rent Yong Tune And the burden of corvee, so that most citizens can not afford to abandon their household registration and land registration fled; Secondly, since land cannot be privately owned, no one cultivates land, while the population keeps increasing, resulting in no Tian Ke Class; In addition, the nobles and officials engaged in malpractices for selfish ends, took advantage of the right to take charge of Ban Tian, occupied a large number of public lands, and made their own land Occupational field , grant farmland, etc. into private land.

In order to encourage the reclamation of wasteland and increase income, in 723, the government formulated《 Three Generations One Body Method 》。 It is stipulated that the land reclaimed by newly built ditches and ponds is not limited in number, and the reclaimers are allowed to occupy it for three generations; The land reclaimed from the original ditches and ponds can only be occupied by one generation. Due to farmers' burnout, the effect is not great. However, the implementation of this law has become an opportunity for privatization of state-owned land.

In 743, the government promulgated the Law on Cultivating Land and Forever Private Property. It is stipulated to limit the area of reclaimed land according to the rank. 500 towns of Yipin and Yipin, 400 towns of Yipin and Yipin, 300 towns of Sanpin, Sipin and Sanpin, 200 towns of 4pin, 100 towns of 5pin, 50 towns of 6-8 pin, 10 towns of ordinary people, 30 towns of senior and junior prefectures, and 10 towns of main administration and main account. After the application is approved, the reclamation must be ended within three years. The cultivated land under the above provisions shall be owned by the developer forever. Powerful temples, nobles and local magnates all used this order to expand their territory and promote the development of the manor.

Renyong modulation

And Bantian system Adaptation, Nara Tax implementation in North Korea Renyong modulation 。 The rent is levied according to the area of the field, and two bunches and two handfuls of rice are levied for each section of the field, accounting for about 3% of the harvest. Yong is an object paid in lieu of labor. Zhengding (21-60 years old) goes to the capital for ten days of labor service every year, and the corresponding Yong Ze Nabu is twenty feet six feet; The Yong Bu of two people of Ciding (61~65 years old) is equivalent to one person of Zhengding. In addition to cloth, nano materials, salt, cotton, etc. produced locally can also be delivered and transported to the central place. The porters are borne by Nayong households. The transfer is limited to male workers, and local products such as silk, silk, cotton, dyes and oil are paid according to different grades of regular workers, second workers and middle men (17-20 years old). Harmony Yong is collected in the middle of August every year, and handed over by the near country at the end of October, China at the end of November, and far country at the end of December Tibet , used as the expense of the central government.

In addition to paying Rent Yong Tune In addition, the people have to bear heavy corvee.

Military service is a kind of heavy corvee. According to the provisions of the Dabao Order, one quarter of Zhengding was designated to perform military service. Those who work as soldiers in the Legion are divided into ten shifts, and they take turns on duty every ten days. They have their own food and weapons, and are exempt from other corvee. It takes one year to be a guard in the capital city, and up to three years to be a defender in Jiuzhou, and it is exempt from mediation and other corvee.

Another kind of corvee is to serve as "officials", two people from every 50 households, and serve for the imperial court for three years in the capital, so as to exempt the transfer of Yong and other corvee. to The era of peace It is allowed to pay for the service.

The corvee without specific provisions in the tax and servitude order is called "miscellaneous corvee". The regular Ding is limited to 60 days a year, the second Ding is limited to 30 days, and the middle male is limited to 15 days. Generally, they are recruited by the State Secretary to build government offices, roads and dams. In principle, food and drink are not provided.

In addition, there are hired labourers, that is, citizens are hired to build capital cities or cultivate official land. Although it is called "hire", it is paid very little, in fact, it is also a kind of corvee.

Agriculture

Nara Agriculture has developed significantly in the era. First, the progress of production tools. Iron farm tools such as shovels, woks, hoes and sickles have been widely used. At the same time, livestock have been used, and plows and rakes with iron blades have emerged. The utilization of animal power has greatly improved the production efficiency.

In addition, the improvement of agricultural productivity is also reflected in the improvement of production technology. As at that time Rice cultivation A complete set of production procedures has been mastered, and advanced transplanting technology and stem cutting method have been widely used.

There were many kinds of crops in Nara era. Rice varieties can be divided into glutinous rice and japonica rice, early rice and late rice. In addition to paddy fields, dry farming was also operated at that time. The miscellaneous grain crops were barley, wheat, millet, soybeans, adzuki beans, buckwheat, etc., and the vegetables were taro, ginger, onion, garlic, leek, etc, cash crop There are mulberry, ramie, hemp, lacquer, pear, chestnut, etc. In addition, sericulture is also very popular. Feather emergence Phase mode , Changlu Ueno , stepping down Musashi And other places are the main producing areas of silk.

handicraft industry

Nara The handicraft industry of the times has also made great progress. At that time, there were two kinds of handicraft industry: official handicraft industry and household handicraft industry. Officially run handicraft workshops are set up by the central Liao, Si, State Yamen and County Yamen to produce high-quality handicrafts. These products are exclusively for consumption in the palace and use by the imperial court. Family handicraft workshops produce simpler products.

The textile industry is the most prominent in the development of handicraft industry. The household textile industry is dominated by rural women, who generally produce cloth, silk, etc., mainly for household use and payment. There are official workshops in the central government Department of Weaving , selected by the writer scholar Responsible for technology, with hundreds of subordinate weavers, respectively producing high-grade textiles such as brocade, damask, silk and silk. In order to promote the silk and cotton weaving industry, the imperial court often sent writers and students to go all over the country to teach skills.

Japan's papermaking technology was passed from China. By the Nara era, Japan's papermaking technology had been quite developed. The varieties of paper include "grain paper", "hemp paper", "sandalwood paper", "lodging paper", etc. When the Tang envoy came to the Tang Dynasty in 780, Xing Neng, his envoy, was the paper that the ambassador had brought with him. The two pieces of paper he brought were later Taogu See, Tao Gu described in the "Qing Yi Lu": "One cloud is clear and cyanotic; one cloud is sunny, white and slippery like a mirror, and the pen is mostly faded. Those who are not good at calligraphy dare not use it, but the meaning is like chicken forest paper."

business

In 708, due to the state of Musashi Zhifu County A natural copper with few impurities was found“ And copper ”In order to commemorate the emergence of "Hetong", the Japanese government changed the year title to "Hetong", and Kaiyuan reign For the pattern, cast a“ Open Yourself Together ”The currency of. This is the beginning of the Japanese government issuing currency.

Hetongkaiyou is a round square outline with four characters "Hetongkaiyou" carved on the surface, and its diameter is about 2.4 cm. The materials are silver and copper. Due to the low production of silver, silver coins were abolished in 709. Silver coins were introduced into China in the Tang Dynasty, and unearthed in Northeast China, Xi'an and other places.

Since people have adapted to the original barter, the usage rate of "Hetongkaiyou" is extremely low after casting. In order to promote the circulation of money, the government issued the Order of saving money and ranking It is stipulated that those who save money and donate it to the government will be promoted according to the amount of money. If those who do not have official positions donate five thousand copper coins, they will be awarded the lowest official position. Since then, the government has taken a series of measures to encourage the use of money, such as spending money to Jilu, and receiving money from Guinea and its surrounding countries. However, due to the underdeveloped commodity economy, except for the capital city and Gyeonggi, the currency circulation is not wide, and the trade is still dominated by barter.

Nara Nanbo, Quan Yuzhi , Shiduo and other important places in circulation economy have formed a circulation economic circle - "central trading circle" through the connection between the river system of Dianchuan and the land. This trading circle was essential for the central government finance, which operated mainly in kind at that time. The government and officials will exchange the allocated goods for their own needs through this trading circle.

at that time Heijokyo There are East and West markets to trade goods. But the eastern and western cities of Pingchengjing alone were not enough to meet the demand of the imperial court and officials for goods, so the central trading circle was expanded to all the important places in the capital. The government and officials set up villages and offices in important places, or sent envoys to trade in order to obtain the required materials. If built Dongda Temple The specially set Zaodong Temple Department has set up a Quan wooden house in Quanjin Yuzhi Yuzhi Office was set up, Shiduo Village was set up in Shiduo, and trading envoys were sent to Nanbo.

The circulation of goods cannot be separated from merchants. Nara There were many merchants in the eastern and western cities of Shidai Pingchengjing and in the cities of various important places in the capital. There is a municipal department in the city to manage the order of the market, check the quality and price of goods, and businessmen are registered with the municipal department.

In addition to the merchants engaged in trade within the central trading circle, there were also some merchants engaged in long-distance trade between Gyeonggi and local areas, such as Yibo in the paint department. He is Xiangmo Country The Haozu of the Qing Dynasty, who traveled between Xiangmo and the central government, engaged in trade and accumulated a lot of wealth. In 748, he donated a lot of money to build the Dongda Temple Giant Buddha, and was awarded the official position of five external subordinates by the imperial court.

The trade activities of businessmen enable the exchange of local products.

Culture

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Buddhism

Moving the capital Nara At that time, some of the original Mahavihara Moved to Xindu, such as Gango-ji , Xingfu Temple, Da'an Temple, Herbalist Temple, etc. But this is far from meeting the needs of the rulers, who set up Buddhism on a large scale. Among the national Buddhist undertakings in the Nara era, the most famous ones are the construction of Dongda Temple and Guofen Temple.

The Dongda Temple and its Lushena Buddha are composed of Emperor Shengwu It was proposed in 740 and started to be built in 743. The purpose of Emperor Shengwu to build the Dongda Temple and the Buddha is to rely on the "Three Treasures" to pray for peace in the world and prosperity of the country. In the process of building the Dongda Temple and the huge bronze Buddha statue, a huge amount of manpower and material resources were spent, the financial resources of the whole country were used, and the people were called on to volunteer their support. The Great Buddha Hall was completed in 751. In April of the next year, the imperial court hosted a grand ceremony to open the eyes of the Buddha.

The so-called Guofen Temple is a temple located in the capitals of various countries, including Guofen Monk Temple where monks live and Guofen Buddhist Temple where nuns live. In fact, its construction is to follow China's example and build Guofen Temple, which can be roughly divided into the following three steps: the first step was in March 737, when each country was ordered to build a gold bronze statue of six Sakyamuni Buddhas and two Bodhisattvas on both sides. Although there was no name of Guofen Temple at that time, this Buddha statue can be regarded as the main Buddha of Guofen Temple, so it should be the pioneer of building Guofen Temple. The second step is to make every country copy in June 740《 Saddharmapundarika Sutra 》Ten, building seven towers. This is based on the fourth part of the Fahua Sutra and the tenth part of the Dharma Master. In fact, it is the predecessor of Guofen Buddhist Temple. The third step was in February 741, when all countries were ordered to set up two monasteries, monks and nuns, with 20 monks in the monastery, which was called the "Four Heavenly Kings of Golden Light Protector Temple"; There are 10 nuns in Nyi Temple, which is called "Fahua Sin Extinguishing Temple". The former is according to the twelfth article of The Golden Light Most Victory King Sutra - The Four Heavenly Kings Protector, in order to eliminate the disaster of the country and pray for the protection of the Four Heavenly Kings; The latter was mainly built for Biqiu to exterminate sins and do good deeds. The construction of Guofen Temple was not smooth. Because the local governments were short of financial resources and the people were tired after the famine and epidemic, the construction of temples and towers was slow. It was not until 770 that the temple building work was basically completed. In fact, the Guofen Temple in some places is not new, but the use or reconstruction of the old temple.

capital Nara There is no organizational relationship between the Dongda Temple and the local Guofen Temple, but because the Dongda Temple is in the center, built by the Emperor's organization, and the Guofen Temple is in the local, supervised and supervised by the State Secretary, there is a close relationship not only in Buddhist belief, but also in form. In this sense, Dongda Temple is also called the "Grand Temple".

The temples in Nara era can be divided into national grand temples, national branch temples, "quota temples" belonging to private temples, ordinary private temples, etc. The great temple of the country was built according to the "imperial vows" of the emperors and royal family members in previous dynasties. It is also called the "imperial vow temple"“ Nanto Shichi Daiji ”Dongda Temple, Xingfu Temple, Yuanxing Temple, Da'an Temple, Herbalist Temple, Xida Temple Falong Temple 。 "Quota Temple" is a big temple recognized by the imperial court for its quota. It was built by officials or nobles, and its management and maintenance should be jointly undertaken by the State Secretary and the donor of the temple.

The main economic source of the temple is the alms of the emperor, the government and the nobility, including land Close down a household 、 Maidservant And property. For example, in 749, when the construction of Dongda Temple was nearly completed, the Emperor granted 100 towns of farmland to Dongda Temple, and soon ordered the quota of farmland reclamation to reach 4000 towns. 7500 households were granted before and after, and more than 400 slaves were granted.

In the era of Nara, with the continuous introduction of Chinese Buddhist sects, it gradually formed Six cases : Three Treatises, Chengshi, Faxiang, Jushe, Huayan and Lv. In the history of Buddhism, it is called "Nara Six Sect", which is different from the capital in the era of peace (today's kyoto ）, also known as“ Nandu Liuzong ”。 Compared with other sects that emerged after the Heian era, Nara Six sects paid more attention to the study of classical knowledge. Monks often learn from several schools.

Three Essays on Religious Studies Dragon Tree 《 Zhonglun 》、《 Twelve door theory 》, Tiva《 A hundred theories 》It is named after three Buddhist scriptures. It originated in India and was introduced into China from Kumaras. To the Sui Dynasty, Jizang was the epitome. In 625, Hui Guan, a disciple of Kyzang, a Korean monk, introduced the Sanlun Sect into Japan. Later, it developed from Zhizang of Falong Temple and Daoci of Da'an Temple to an important sect of ancient Japanese Buddhism.

Cheng Shizong studied the works of India's Hlebama《 Factualism 》, attached to the Sanlun Sect, was introduced into Japan, and did not become independent in Japan Buddhist sects 。

Faxiangzong is also known as the only knowing sect, Youxiangzong Ci'enzong Wait, by Tang Xuanzang And his disciple Kuiji. Mainly inherited from ancient India Yoga School According to the theory, the classics are said to be Six Classics and Eleven Theories. In 653, Daozhao learned this sect from Xuanzang when he entered the Tang Dynasty. After returning to the country, he passed on the Dharma around Yuanxing Temple, which was the first pass of the Dharma Prime Minister Sect. In 658, Zhitong and Zhida went to the Tang Dynasty on a Silla boat. They also learned from Xuanzang to study the Faxiangzong. After returning home, they also taught the Faxiangzong in Yuanxing Temple, which is the second biography of the Faxiangzong. The first and second biographies are also called Nansi biographies. In 703, Zhifeng, Zhiluan and Zhixiong, the new monks in Japan, were granted the imperial edict to enter the Tang Dynasty Zhou Xue Faxiangzong, after returning to the country, passed on this sect, which is the third biography of Faxiangzong. 716 years Xuanfang In the Tang Dynasty, he also learned from Zhizhou about Faxiangzong, the fourth generation of Faxiangzong. The third and fourth legends are also called Beisi legends.

The Kunshezong mainly studies the works of India《 Apima Kunsha Theory 》When Daozhao, Zhitong, Zhida, Xuanfang and others introduced the Faxiangzong into Japan, they introduced it at the same time, and it is a subsidiary of the Faxiangzong.

Huayan Sect takes Huayan Sutra as its main classic. Because the founder of Tang Dynasty, Fa Zang Shou Wu Zetian It is also called Xianshouzong because it is titled "Xianshou". In 736, Tang monk Daoxuan spread Huayan Zongzhang to Japan. In 740, the new monk Shen Xiang went to Japan to preach Patriarchal justice , preaching the Dharma to Japanese monks, and taking Dongda Temple as the basic ashram, it created the Huayan Sect in Japan.

The main purpose of the school is to study and preach precepts《 Quartile law 》、《 Brahmajala Sutta 》It is religious righteousness. Emperor Temmu In 736, Tang monk Daoxuan arrived in Japan to preach the precepts. 754 years Jianzhen Arriving in Japan, an altar was set up in Dongda Temple to preach the precepts, and then it was established Kaidan-in 。 Jian Zhen became the ancestor of Japanese Legalism and was founded in 759 Toshodai Temple , the main mountain of the clan.

Taking a comprehensive view of Buddhism in the Nara era, it has the following characteristics: under the direct control of the state, it is regarded as an important method to protect the country. It is closely related to politics. Monks are involved in politics. The court treats monks well. All temples are built in cities and are called "urban Buddhism". Tracing back to the origin of the six sects of Nara formed in this period, their main successors are almost all overseas or overseas monks, so each sect is related to Korean Peninsula It has a deep relationship with the Buddhist sects in mainland China. Its religious interpretation and doctrine and precepts were almost introduced from China in their original form, without much development. The system of Nara Buddhism has been gradually completed, with detailed regulations on the establishment of monks and officials, the conferment of monks and nuns, and the conduct of monks and nuns.

At this time, the Nara Dynasty was influenced by the culture of the Tang Dynasty in China the tang dynasty Accepting the culture of India and Iran, Japan's culture became prosperous for the first time. kentoshi Chinese monks and students sent to China Japanese culture And art prosperity. whole country Daxing Temples and statues, magnificent paintings and gorgeous decorative arts are still found in the temples and shosoin Treasures.

During this period, because the state tried to protect Buddhism, Buddhist culture , especially Buddhist art And began to prosper. Such as the creation in the early 7th century Japanese Buddhism Bird culture of culture; Unique in the late 7th century Baifeng Culture ； In the middle of the 8th century, under the influence of the culture in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, the rich emotions of human beings were embodied in realistic ways Tianping Culture wait.

Confucianism

Nara The influence of Confucianism in the era is mainly manifested in the following three aspects.

（1） Governance concept. Early Japanese Confucianism had influenced all fields of Japanese society at that time, and its main influence was Japan Ancient Emperor System The state provides political ideas.

Although Nara Dynasty actively respected and believed in Buddhism, its guiding ideology of governance was always implemented by Confucianism. One of the core contents of Confucian politics is "politics is to support people". The basic point of making the country prosperous and the people secure is to ensure the stability of the countryside and farmers' freedom from poverty. The idea of "farmers are the foundation of the world" in the Nara era has always been the primary event for rulers to govern. The second is "simple and capable". We pay great attention to the selection of officials at all levels and their good and bad political achievements. The third is "frugality". Confucianists believe that if emperors advocate frugality, people will not be confused and the country can prosper. In Nara era, although Buddha statues were created and the national treasury was exhausted, the emperors of all dynasties paid more attention to frugality.

（2） Selection and assessment of officials. Nara The official recruitment examination of the times imitated that of the Tang Dynasty, and it was also six subjects, namely scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Ming Fa, calligraphy, and arithmetic. Students are mainly from central and local schools. Daxuliao is the central school and Sinology is the local school. They are not only an educational institution to train bureaucrats, but also the transmission system of Japanese Confucianism. The main content of their teaching is Confucian classics. For example, there are Ming scriptures and Taoism (Confucianism) in the university, and the textbook has "Nine Classics", that is《 Zhouyi 》、《 Shangshu 》、《 Zhou Rites 》、《 etiquette 》、《 The Book of Rites 》、《 Mao Poetry 》、《 Legend of Zuo Clan in Spring and Autumn Period 》、《 The Book of Filial Piety 》And《 The Analects of Confucius 》These textbooks must use the specified annotated version.

Nara Dynasty, like the Tang Dynasty, paid special attention to the assessment of officials, and according to the assessment results, they were promoted, praised and demoted. The assessment of officials shall be carried out by the management officers at all levels, including the assessment of morality and work. The assessment of virtue is based on the Confucian morality, prudence, honesty and diligence.

（3） The impact on people's moral life. In the Nara era, Confucianism not only provided the rulers with the idea of governance, but also the Confucian morality of "filial piety" permeated the people, affecting people's moral life.

In China, Confucianism has raised filial piety as one of the most basic and important virtues. In the eyes of Confucian scholars, "filial piety" not only refers to supporting parents in life, but also unconditionally obedient to parents. In Japan, before the introduction of Confucian classics, there was no moral concept of "filial piety" in the above sense. The Japanese rulers advocated filial piety mainly after entering the era of Nara. The central and local rulers publicized "filial piety" through making laws and taking administrative measures, so that it gradually permeated between the ruling class and the people, and "filial piety" became a recognized moral code.

literature

Compared with Buddhist art, the cultural pyramid of this period is the Ten Thousand Leaves Collection. The Wanye Collection collects about 4500 harmony songs written by the common people and the emperor in the 400 years before the middle of the 8th century, which truthfully reflects the simple life feelings of the ancient Japanese. In addition, the oldest historical book of Japan, the Ancient Chronicles (712), is still preserved《 nihon shoki 》(720 years), the oldest collection of Chinese poetry《 Hydatid algae 》(751) and so on are the cultural heritage of this period.

Nara In literature, the most valuable one is Hege《 Ten thousand leaf set 》And Chinese poetry《 Hydatid algae 》。 Hege is opposite to Chinese poetry, which refers to Japanese folk songs and Chinese poetry refers to the poetic style introduced from China.

The Wanyeji, completed at the end of Nara, is the earliest extant collection of Japanese harmony songs. It has 20 episodes, including 4516 long songs, short songs and whirlwind songs from the 4th to the 8th centuries. It is said that its editor is Accompanying the Family Manager 。 The characters in Wanye Collection are all marked with Chinese characters, that is“ Wanye Kana ”, marking the initial creation of Japanese Kana characters. The authors of the songs include not only the emperor, nobles, monks and literati, but also farmers, soldiers and folk singers. The content mainly chants love, labor, natural scenery, as well as myths and legends.

Compiled in 751《 Hydatid algae 》It is the first anthology of Chinese poetry created by Japanese, a volume whose compiler is unknown. A total of 120 Chinese poems by 64 poets from Tianzhi Dynasty to Shengwu Dynasty were collected. The style of poetry was influenced by the poems of the Six Dynasties and the early Tang Dynasty Wang Bo 、 lo bingwang And so on. Apart from 7 seven character poems, the rest more than 100 are five character poems. The authors include royalty, courtiers and monks, such as Big Friend Prince 、 Prince tsu 、 Emperor Mommu 、 Long House King 、 Fujiwara no Fuhito Father and son, Dan Guangcheng Three ships in Awami 、 Shishang Zhai Heir wait forsomeone. Its content mainly shows the official activities of the court, such as feasts and ceremonies, and sings praises for the emperor.

stay Nara In literature, there are also some biographies and novels worth appreciating. Biography is like three ships in Tamai《 Tang Dahe's Biography of the Expedition to the East 》, Situo《 Extended calendar Monk Record, a novel like anonymous person "The Biography of Pu Daozi" and so on have a place in the history of Japanese literature.

《 Tang Dahe's Biography of the Expedition to the East 》Also known as "The Eastern Expedition Biography of Jianzhen, the Master of Crossing the Sea," and "The Eastern Expedition Biography of Jianzhen and Shangdong", written by Tanhai Sanchuan, on 779（ Baogui 10） It was completed in. Jianzhen traveled eastward at the invitation of Japanese monks Rongrui and Puzhao. After several setbacks, he arrived in Japan, spread Buddhism, set up an altar in Dongda Temple, and built the Tang Zhaoti Temple.

The Record of Yanli Monk is Jianzhen It was written by his disciple Situo in 788 (the seventh year of Yanli). Its biography is not limited to monks, but involves emperors, queens, officials, lay people, etc.

"Pu Dao Zi Zhuan" was written earlier than "Wan Ye Ji", which is the earliest existing Chinese novel in Japan. It is written in ancient Chinese in the form of harmony. Its theme and style are similar to the "legend" of the Tang Dynasty.

Architecture

Nara The architecture of the era was greatly influenced by the Sui and Tang dynasties. Mainly shown in Heijokyo And the construction of Buddhist temples.

Although the area of Pingchengjing is only Chang'an City However, as mentioned above, its structure is very similar to that of Chang'an City.

The layout and architectural style of the Buddhist temple are also very close to those of the Tang Dynasty. For example, the main hall is in the center of the temple, with a middle gate in front of the main hall and a pair of symmetrical towers in front of the middle gate. The Tang Zhaoti Temple built under Jian Zhen's design was especially influenced by Tang style architecture, which clearly reflects the style of the Tang Dynasty.

In addition, Residential buildings There is also a trend to learn from Tang. E.g. 724（ supernatural tortoise Yuan) year Tai Zhengguan Shangzuo said that in order to show the magnificence of the capital, all the mansions of five or more officials and the houses of the honest people should be converted into tile houses and painted red and white.

Newly established Pingcheng Beijing is the capital of Chang'an in the Sui and Tang dynasties. It is about six kilometers from east to west and four kilometers from north to south. The Grand Nei Palace and Pingcheng Palace are located in the center of the north. The Zhuque Grand Route divides the capital into two sides from north to south. The east side is called Sakyō The west side is called Youjing, and there are several east-west and south-north roads that divide the city into 84 blocks, each with 16 squares, of which Pingcheng Palace occupies four blocks, and temples, east-west markets, and tombs occupy about ten blocks. At the time of establishment, the number of people who moved in from various places was about 200000, just like in Chang'an.

painting

Noble women in Nara era

Nara The paintings of the era mainly include Buddhist paintings, folk paintings reflecting the secular world, and landscape paintings, which were greatly influenced by Tang paintings.

Buddhist paintings strongly reflect the painting style of the Tang Dynasty. Runara Golden Hall of Falong Temple Inside the murals, the four largest murals depict the scenes of the four celestial realms. In the center of each celestial realm is the main Buddha's seat, and around it are painted Bodhisattvas and the Four Heavenly Kings. On the top are painted a treasure cover, with one flying sky on the left and one flying sky on the right. Such themes and compositions are similar to those of Dunhuang frescoes.

The genre painting and landscape painting of secular themes are also very advanced, especially the screen painting related to the life of the noble class. 764（ Tianpingbao 8） Among the collections of Emperor Shengwu donated to Dongda Temple in, there are a large number of screen paintings. These screen paintings include genre paintings such as Dancing Screen, Children Painting Screen, Plain Painting Night Tour Screen, Bird Mao Standing Woman Screen, Tang Qin Tower Front View Music Screen, Ancient Palace Screen, landscape paintings such as Landscape Screen, Ancient Landscape Screen National Map Screen, etc.

Nara The most outstanding art work of the era is the manufacture of Buddha statues, namely the so-called balance sculpture. There were many kinds of sculptures at that time, including clay sculpture, dry paint, copper, silver, gold, stone, brick, wood, etc. In the early stage, it was mainly made of gold and copper and dried paint, and in the later stage, it was best made of wood core dry paint and clay. Clay sculpture and dry paint method directly absorbed the skills of the Tang Dynasty.

The representative work of Tianping sculpture is the Lushena Buddha in Dongda Temple. The Buddha statue is 1.6 zhang high, with 864 small Buddhas carved on its back. The carving skill is superb, and it is the highest bronze Buddha statue in the world.

In addition, the Buddhist statues in Tang Zhaoti Temple are also outstanding works of scale sculpture.

dance with accompaniment

stay Asuka period By then, Japan had gone from Goguryeo Battle music was introduced to Baiji, Silla and other places. In fact, battle music originated from China's marching songs. here we are Nara Times, Tang Music the bohai sea Music, Lin Yi Music and other mainland music and dance were introduced to Japan, and became popular music. Special music officials were set up during the two emperors, Tianwu and Zhitong. The setting of Yayue Liao music officials had a great impact on the development of song, dance and music in Japan. According to《 Dabao Law 》According to the regulations of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, there are four levels of officials in Yaleliao, namely, head, assistant, permit, grand permit and subordinate, and special singers and musicians are assigned to learn various music and dances to perform at banquets or religious ceremonies.

Until the early days of Ping'an, music and dance from the mainland were called "Yaqu, Zhenggu", while traditional music and dance were called "Zayue". At that time, the Japanese court not only performed traditional music and dance, but also integrated various foreign music and dance. Singers and musicians played various musical instruments and wore gorgeous costumes to perform various music and dance. stay Tianping Shengbao In the third year (753), the Japanese court imitated the Tang system and set up an internal workshop for women's marching songs and women's music Magic show And the free music played was also very popular, and became the prototype of the later ape music. Nara In the era, foreign music and dance coexisted with Japanese traditional music and dance, presenting a prosperous scene. During Dabao's reign, the imperial court set up Yaleliao, which was in charge of "civil, military, elegant music and dance". Yaleliao consists of Heyue, Tangyue, Sanhanyue and Jiyue, and Heyue has an absolute advantage. With the return of envoys to the Tang Dynasty, the popular music and dance in the Tang Dynasty spread to the east on a large scale. In the Tianping years, Tang music ranked first.

Tang music introduced into Japan at that time included Yiyue Tune, Pingdiao, Shuangdiao, Huangzhong Tune and Banginvolved Tune. The tracks are《 Lord Qin's Breaking Array Music 》, Taiping Music, Long live Music, King of Lanling, Liuhuayuan, Joy of Spring, etc.

A large number of musical instruments were also introduced into Japan at this time, mainly including zither, zither, zheng Five stringed lute , chiba, sheng, panxiao, yu, drum, etc. Some of them are also stored in shosoin 。

The music theory of the Tang Dynasty was also introduced into Japan with the spread of works such as Music Book Yaolu and the exchange of musicians.

music

stay Asuka period By then, Japan had gone from Goguryeo 、 Baekje , Silla, etc Battle music In fact, the war music originates from the Chinese marching song. In the era of Nara, Tang music 、 Bohai music 、 Lin Yile When the mainland music and dance were introduced to Japan, it became popular music. The two emperors, Tianwu and Zhitong, set up special music officials, Yaleliao The establishment of music officials has a great impact on the development of song, dance and music in Japan. According to《 Dabao Law 》In the Governing Ministry and Province There are four levels of officials: head, assistant, grant, grand grant and subordinate, and special singer musicians are assigned to learn all kinds of music and dance to perform at banquets or religious ceremonies.

Until the early days of Ping'an, music and dance from the mainland were called“ Yaqu 、 Buttock ”, while the traditional music and dance is called“ Miscellaneous music ”。 At that time, the Japanese court not only performed traditional music and dance, but also integrated various foreign music and dance. Singers and musicians played various musical instruments and wore gorgeous costumes to perform various music and dance. In the third year of Tianping Shengbao (753), the Japanese court imitated the Tang system and set up internal teaching workshops for women's marching songs and women's music. At that time, free music played to match special effects and magic performances was also very popular, and became the later Sarugaku The prototype of.

International Relations

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Situation in East Asia

Around the 8th century, East Asian countries were relatively unified Equal field system And from its birth Bantian system 、 Ding Tian System , has formed a relatively strong feudal centralization The country reached the peak of development by the middle of the 8th century.

In the 8th century, China was at the peak of the Tang Dynasty Arab Empire The confrontation between East and West has become the center of political, economic and cultural exchanges among Asian countries. Maintaining good national relations with the Tang Dynasty and sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty to learn the advanced culture of the Tang Dynasty are Nara The core of North Korea's foreign policy and its early peace policy.

675, Silla Unify the Korean Peninsula and end the Korean Peninsula Three Kingdoms The era of. Under the influence of the laws of the Tang Empire, the unified Silla further improved the political system of the centralized feudal state; In the land system, it imitated the equal field system of the Tang Dynasty and implemented the Ding field system; In terms of culture, he sent a large number of overseas students to the Tang Dynasty and consciously absorbed the culture of the Tang Dynasty. In the 8th century, Japan and Silla exchanged envoys for many times. However, because Japan took a big country attitude towards Silla and regarded it as a dependent country, the bilateral relations deteriorated.

At the end of the 7th century, the leader of the Mohe nationality was in today's Jilin, China Dunhua County Aodong Urban Construction nearby Earthquake country 。 In 713, Tang Feng Great Zuo Rong by Prince of Bohai Sea Since then, the country has been renamed Balhae 。 The Bohai Sea has sent envoys to Japan many times. According to a large number of data on the general employment between Bohai and Japan left by Japanese history books, the attitude of the two sides is friendly, and the Bohai country is particularly proactive. However, it is worth noting that in the political relations between the Bohai Sea and Japan, there has always been such a contradiction, that is, Japan pretends to be "Shangguo" and requires the Bohai Sea to submit, while the Bohai Sea insists on reciprocal diplomacy.

Japan Tang Exchange

Nara The exchange between the two dynasties was mainly accomplished by sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty.

In Japanese historical data, the envoys to Tang Dynasty were called "envoys to Tang Dynasty", "envoys to Xihai", "envoys to Tang Dynasty" in the early period, and later formally called "envoys to Tang Dynasty". Like envoys from other countries, the Tang Dynasty called them "tribute envoys".

From 630 to 894, Japan appointed 18, 19 and 20 envoys to the Tang Dynasty. Its stages are also divided into two, three and four phases. From the purpose of the assignment, the two-phase division method is more appropriate. In the early stage, from 630 to 669, it was generally composed of two ships with about 250 passengers. It is mainly for solving the Korean issue and trying to maintain its political status and economic interests in the south of the Korean Peninsula. It can be said that it is mainly for political purposes. Later, from 702 to 894, the number of ships increased to 4, with more than 500 passengers. It is mainly for the purpose of comprehensively and systematically importing the advanced culture of Tang Dynasty to promote the rapid development and progress of our country.

The members of the delegation to Tang include: (1) officials. One ambassador, one to two deputy envoys, one to four judges, and one to four staff members. Sometimes, another ambassador or envoy is appointed above the ambassador. They were responsible for the diplomacy, trade and daily life of the delegation to Tang Dynasty. Ambassadors, bailiffs, ambassadors and deputy envoys are key figures for fulfilling their tasks, and they are carefully selected. In addition to diplomatic talent, he must also have a stately appearance, elegant demeanor, as well as knowledge and etiquette about China. (2) Accompanying personnel. There are overseas students, overseas monks, returning monks, applying for probiotics, knowing about sailing, translation, deity, doctors Yin and Yang Master Painters, historians, archers, boatmen, diviners, long sound, sound, jade, forging, casting, fine craftsman, boatman, girder, handyman, messengers, boatswain, sailors, etc.

The delegation sent to the Tang Dynasty gathered outstanding talents in Japan's diplomacy, academia, science and technology, craft, music, art, navigation and other fields at that time to ensure that the diplomatic mission was completed to the maximum extent, the advanced culture of the Tang Dynasty was absorbed, and the success rate of navigation was improved.

There are three main routes for sending Tang envoys to Tang. In the early stage, we will take the north road, but in the later stage, we will change South Island Road or South Road. (1) North Road. This is the early route of Sino Japanese traffic since the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms. Set sail from Nanbo, Zhuzi in northern Kyushu, via Yiqi Dumadao to Chejudo , and then travel north along the southwest coast of the Korean Peninsula, from Hanjiang River From Kou and Wengjin Peninsula, turn westward and cross Yellow Sea , to Dengzhou in Shandong Peninsula or Laizhou land. Or continue northward from the mouth of Hanjiang River and cross Yalu River Estuary , Western Airlines, to Liaodong Peninsula South end, through Miaodao Archipelago , go to Dengzhou. This route has a long sailing period, but it is safer to sail along the coast. (2) South Island Road. from Kitakyushu Zhu Ziyan of Kyushu The west coast goes down to the south, passing by Amami Island Ryukyu , via the East China Sea Yangtze River Ports. (3) South Road. Cross the East China Sea from Zhuzi in northern Kyushu to the Yangtze River port. Although the voyage period of South Island Road and South Road is shorter than that of North Road, there are more accidents at sea.

The members of the delegation to the Tang Dynasty were all academicians who had been strictly selected or had some kind of superb skills. They brought back the advanced culture and technology learned in the Tang Dynasty to Japan, and made contributions to Japan's system, law, religion, education, literature, music and dance, calligraphy, arts and crafts, history, medicine, calendar, architecture, sports and entertainment Food and clothing customs and other aspects have had a wide and far-reaching impact.

In addition to bringing back advanced culture and technology, the envoys to the Tang Dynasty also brought back many treasures, some of which still exist Nara Of shosoin 。 Their trade activities objectively promoted the material exchange between China and Japan at that time.

Exchange with Bohai Sea

During his lifetime, Da Zuorong, the founder of the Bohai State, tried to strengthen ties with the central government of the Tang Dynasty, but after his death, his successor Great Martial Arts However, it fostered a tendency to get rid of the central government of the Tang Dynasty. Brother of Great Martial Arts Damen Art He was persecuted by Dawu Yi because he advocated cooperation with the central government of the Tang Dynasty and had to flee to Chang'an. In order to fight against the central government of the Tang Dynasty and contain Silla, which was friendly to Tang Dynasty from behind, Dawu Yi tried to win an alliance with Japan, which was hostile to Silla. In 727, Dawu Yi sent Gao Renyi to Japan to help Japan.

In 735, the Great Martial Arts restored relations with the Tang Dynasty. However, the contradiction between Bohai and Silla is deepening. In order to contain Silla, Bohai sent envoys to Japan many times.

In 762, the Tang Dynasty conferred the title of Bohai King by“ rank of nobility next to prince ”At the same time, the King of Bohai was awarded the same official position as the King of Silla as the chief inspector. The increasingly improved relationship between the Bohai Sea State and the central government of the Tang Dynasty, as well as the slowdown of the international situation in East Asia, made the Bohai Sea State's diplomacy with Japan take a turn from political to economic purposes. Compared with those dispatched for political purposes in the early stage, those dispatched for economic purposes in the later stage have increased in scale. The envoy of Bohai State to Japan continued to trade until The era of peace 。

stay Nara During the era, Bohai sent envoys to Japan for 13 times. The largest number of people was in 746, more than 1100 members of the mission, the largest number of ships was in 771, 325 people arrived in Japan by 17 ships.

Exchange with Silla

Nara era, Silla They sent envoys to Japan 22 times and Japan sent envoys to Silla 16 times. Although the political and economic exchanges between the two countries have never been interrupted, conflicts and frictions continue.

In 722, Silla built Maofa Prefecture in the south of the capital to cut off the "Japanese Thief Road". In April 731, three hundred Japanese warships invaded the eastern border of Silla, and the two countries fought at sea. The three Japanese envoys sent by Silla in 738, 742 and 743 were all in Dazhai Mansion Blocked.

In 759, the powerful Fujiwara no Nakamaro He began to plan the conquest of Silla in an attempt to relive his dream of invading the Korean Peninsula. In June, he ordered the Dazhai Prefecture to prepare a war book for the conquest of Silla, and in September, he ordered each party to build 500 warships within three years. In 761, 40 teenagers from Meinong and Musashi were ordered to learn the Silla language, and then appointed in various schools governor of one or more provinces And actively prepare for the conquest of Silla. Later, due to the decline of Fujiwara Chung Malu's power and the failure of public opinion, the Silla Plan was finally abolished.

because Nara The deteriorating relations between Japan and Silla in the era The era of peace Not long after 799, the official exchanges between Japan and Silla were officially suspended and replaced by the private exchanges of businessmen.

Imperial lineage

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The Empress of Yuan and Ming Dynasties is the first generation of Nara era emperor of Japan 。 After her death, there were Yuanzheng (female), Shengwu, Xiaoqian (female), Chunren, Chengde (former Xiaoqian), Guangren and Huanwu. Women occupied four generations in Nara for 30 years. The generation of Shengwu is almost the reign of the Empress Guangming, and the generation of Chunren is also the world of the emperor's filial piety and modesty.

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