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Heliosphere

Bubbles caused by solar wind blowing into the space of interstellar matter

sunlight The circle, also known as the heliosphere, is solar wind Blow in Interstellar matter (by Galaxy Infiltration of hydrogen and helium) in the space caused by bubbles. Although neutral atoms from interstellar space can also penetrate the bubble sunlight The main matter in the circle comes from the sun itself. In the initial 10 billion mile Within the radius of, solar wind Moving at the speed of millions of kilometers per hour. When he began to interact with Interstellar matter At the time of collision and before stopping, his speed has dropped to Subsonic speed 。 solar wind The speed of is reduced to Subsonic speed Is called termination shock ； And Interstellar matter The place where the balance is reached is called heliopause; The interstellar matter, moving in the opposite direction, collides with the solar circle and makes the speed drop to subsonic speed Bow shock 。

Chinese name: Heliosphere
Foreign name: heliospheric
Main material sources: sunlight

Exploration satellite: Star Border Expedition
Main elements: Hydrogen, helium
Shape: Mainly spherical

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solar wind

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Coronal mass ejection Send matter into the solar circle.

solar wind Contained in particulate Have from Corona Of Ions And by particulate Carried field, especially magnetic field. When sunlight In about 27 days cycle When rotating, the magnetic field follows sunlight The wind winds in a spiral. The variation of the solar magnetic field is also transmitted with the solar wind direction, and earth Caused by its own magnetosphere magnetic storm 。

In March 2005, the plant SOHO satellite On solar wind The report of the anisotropy instrument (SWAN) shows that the solar wind particulate Filled solar circle to block the flow from solar system The outer interstellar medium has interstellar space in the surrounding area medium Infiltration, and possibly Galaxy Under the action of regional magnetic field, deformation occurs and the shape becomes non axisymmetric.

too The sun circle, also known as the heliosphere, is solar wind Blow in Interstellar matter (by Galaxy Infiltration of hydrogen and helium) in the space caused by bubbles. Although neutral atoms from interstellar space can also penetrate this bubble, in fact, the main materials in the solar circle are from sunlight Of itself.

Coronal mass ejections send matter into the solar circle. (2 sheets)

In the initial 10 billion mile Within the radius of, solar wind Moving at the speed of millions of kilometers per hour. [1] When he began to interact with Interstellar matter At the time of collision and before stopping, his speed had dropped to subsonic speed. solar wind Where the velocity of termination shock ； And Interstellar matter The balance is called Heliopause （heliopause）； The interstellar matter, moving in the opposite direction, collides with the solar circle and makes the speed drop to subsonic speed Bow shock 。

structure

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Heliospheric current sheet

Voyager 1 is in the solar sheath

Heliospheric current sheet It's rotating Solar magnetic field The ripples created in the solar circle. It extends in the solar circle and is considered as solar system The largest structure inside is similar to the skirt of a ballerina in dancing.

Peripheral structure

The outer structure of the solar circle depends on solar wind And interplanetary space wind. solar wind It flows out from the surface of the sun in all directions earth The speed nearby is about hundreds of kilometers per second (about one million kilometers per hour mile ）。 Away sunlight At least beyond the orbit of Neptune Supersonic speed The flow of air will inevitably slow down and encounter the interstellar medium. There are several stages that will take place here:

stay solar system Inside, solar wind with Supersonic speed The speed of is transmitted outward. On termination shock A kind of stagnant shock wave, solar wind The speed of Subsonic speed 。

Once it reaches subsonic speed, solar wind It may be affected by the fluid of the surrounding interstellar medium, and the pressure may cause solar wind The tail of a square shaped comet behind the sun is called heliosheath （heliosheath）。

heliosheath The outer surface of the heliosphere, that is, the surface where the solar sphere encounters the interstellar medium, is called the heliopause. This is the edge of the entire solar circle.

When the sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way, the solar top causes turbulence in the interstellar medium. stay sunlight Beyond the top of the layer Bow shock It is the disturbed region caused by the pressure exerted on the interstellar medium by the advancing solar top.

termination shock

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heliosheath

termination shock yes solar wind It decelerates to a subsonic place due to interaction with the local interstellar medium. solar wind By Termination shock wave It causes density compression, heating and magnetic field changes. termination shock At a distance sunlight 75 to 90 Astronomical unit Between, and by Voyager spacecraft Confirmed. termination shock reach sunlight The distance is affected by flare activity, which is the change of gas and dust ejected from the sun.

shock wave Because solar wind In particulate The speed comes from the sun, about 400 km/s, but Sonic speed Only 100 km/s (in the interstellar medium) (the correct speed depends on density and non negligible changes). Although the density of interstellar medium is very low, there is still some pressure; come from solar wind The pressure from the interstellar medium decreases with the inverse ratio of the square of the distance. Once the distance from the sun is far enough, the pressure from the interstellar medium becomes slow enough solar wind When the speed of shock wave 。

Other forms termination shock Can be earth It can be seen in the system of the water tank, and perhaps the easiest to observe is the hydraulic jump caused by the water flowing into the tank and slapping the bottom of the tank. When hitting the bottom of the sink, a shallow water pan is formed, but the water velocity is higher than the wave velocity at this place, so the rapid diversion makes the water droplets splash (similar to thin Supersonic speed Of solar wind ）。 Around the shallow plate shock wave Leading edge or water wall, outside the leading edge of the shock wave, the velocity of water movement is lower than the wave velocity there (similar to the subsonic interstellar medium).

From the sun out, follow termination shock Later is Heliopause solar wind Of particulate Where the interstellar medium stagnates Bow shock Through these particles will no longer be active.

In May 2005, the United States earth At the meeting of the Physics Federation, Dr. Eden Stone Voyager 1 In December 2004, the spacecraft sunlight ninety-four Astronomical unit The change of magnetic field reading at is taken as evidence to prove that it has passed termination shock 。 Relative, Voyager 2 In May 2006, from sunlight Only 76 Astronomical unit At, start to detect return solar system Of particulate 。 This implies that sunlight The shape of the stratopause may be irregular. In the northern hemisphere, it is like an outer bulge, while in the southern hemisphere, it is squeezed by the inner image.

The IBEX mission will attempt to collect more solar system Of termination shock Information.

heliosheath

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Voyager 2 is in the solar sheath

The heliosphere is of the solar circle termination shock Outside area, solar wind Because of the interaction with the interstellar medium, there is deceleration, compression and turbulence. Here and sunlight The closest distance is about 80 to 100 Astronomical unit ； However, the shape of the heliosphere is like a comet in space, wake In relation to Solar motion The path will be several times longer than that towards the sun. On its windward side, the thickness is estimated to be 10 to 100 Astronomical unit between. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 The current task includes the study of the sun scabbard.

In May 2005, NASA declare Voyager 1 In December 2004, 94 Astronomical unit , enter heliosheath 。 Earlier report, in August 2002 (from 85 Astronomical unit ）It has been considered immature.

Heliopause

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The current sheet of the solar circle outside the orbit of Jupiter.

sunlight The top of the layer is from the sun solar wind Stopped by interstellar medium; here solar wind Is not strong enough to push away the stellar wind from the surrounding stars. He is often regarded as solar system The outermost boundary.

hypothesis

According to a hypothesis sunlight Roof and Bow shock There is hot hydrogen , called hydrogen wall. This wall is the area where the interstellar medium interacts with the edge of the solar circle.

Another hypothesis is that sunlight Top of layer solar system towards Galaxy The internal movement direction is relatively small. It may follow solar wind And the density of the interstellar medium; It is confirmed that it is far beyond the orbit of Neptune. Still performing tasks Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 Spacecraft, still under study termination shock 、 heliosheath and sunlight Top of layer. So far, Voyager 1 Arrived termination shock According to NASA's report, Voyager 2 It also approached between 23 and 24 May 2006. These two missions are also expected to arrive at the end sunlight Top of layer. At the same time, the interstellar boundary exploration (IBEX) mission, scheduled to be launched in 2008, attempts to achieve sunlight The image of the layer top.

When sunlight Emanative particulate When they hit the interstellar medium, they slow down and release some of the energy Many particles accumulate and surround sunlight Near the top of the layer. Their negative acceleration and high energy Created shock wave 。

Another alternative definition is that the heliosphere is solar system Magnetopause and Galaxy Of, etc Ions Where the streams meet.

Human detection

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exact heliosheath The shape and distance of the interplanetary spacecraft are still undecided, such as Pioneer 10 、 Pioneer 11 、 Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 Are facing solar system The edge of advance, will eventually cross Heliospheric zenith 。

In May 2005, Voyager 1 Was announced in December 2004, at 85 Astronomical unit Over a distance of termination shock get into heliosheath 。 stay Relative direction On Voyager 2 In May 2006, when she was away from sunlight Only 76 Astronomical unit Because a returned particulate , also considered to have crossed termination shock 。 This suggests that the shape of the solar circle may be irregular, protruding outward in the northern hemisphere of the sun, and being squeezed inward in the southern hemisphere.

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