synonymTaihang Mountain(Important mountains and geographical boundaries in eastern China) Generally refers to Taihang Mountains
Taihang Mountains[31], also known as Wuhang Mountain, Wangmu Mountain and Nuwa Mountain, is an important mountain range and geographical boundary in eastern China[14]。The Taihang Mountains are generally located in the middle of the North China Plate, with a geographical location of 34 ° 35 ′ - 40 ° 19 ′ N and 110 ° 15 ′ - 116 ° 27 ′ E[14], extending from north north east to south south west untilShanxiLingchuan CountyThe southern part turns to the east-west direction, with a total length of about 500 kilometers and a width of about 40-50 kilometers.[7][14]
The altitude of Taihang Mountains is generally 1000-1500 meters, and the highest mountain sections are the north and middle sections, more than 2000 meters.Relative elevation difference: 200-1500m[7]。The main peak of Taihang Mountains isXiaowutai Mountain, 2882m above sea level[28], the highest peak isWutai Mountain, 3061.1m above sea level[17][29]。The highest peak in the north is Xiaowutai Mountain, 2882m above sea level;The peak at the south end is LingchuanFozi Mountain、BanshanAnd the altitude is 1745m and 1791m respectively.[9]
As a strategic base, Taihang Mountain has developedShanxi Chahar Hebei、Shanxi Hebei Shandong HenanAnd other base areas.Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people of Taihang Mountain resisted the attack of the Japanese army, built the politics, economy and culture of the base area, and made indelible contributions to national independence and people's liberation.[6]
There are many mountains in China, thousands of miles of mountains and rivers are accompanied by thousands of miles of snow. As the beginning of winter approaches, heavy snow has landed in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang and other places. Are you looking forward to the first snow this winter?To this end, we selected 10 large mountains, namely, Southeast Hill, Qinling Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Yanshan Mountains, Changbai Mountains, Nianqing Tanggula Mountains, Hengduan Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Altai Mountains, and Tianshan Mountains, to produce this Map of Mountains and Wilderness in China.... Details
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Chinese name
taihang mountains
Foreign name
Taihang Mountains[31]
Alias
Wuhang Mountain、Wangmu Mountain、Nuwa Mountain
geographical position
Central part of North China plate
Trend
North north east south west trend, then turn to east west trend
As early asNorthern Song DynastySome people put forward analysis opinions on the formation history of Taihang Mountain inkuo 。At that time, when he was in the Taihang Mountains, he saw "those who are timid to resist snails and shells and whose stones are like birds' eggs, which run across the stone wall like a belt" between the cliffs of the Taihang Mountains, and began to make an in-depth analysis of this. After research, he pointed out that "this was the seashore in the past, and now it is nearly a thousand miles away from the sea in the east".In modern times, thousands of years later, geological research has confirmed his conclusion.Research shows that the Taihang Mountains began to breed 100 million years ago, and began to rise significantly and gradually form 2.4 million years ago.
As early as 2.8 billion years ago, Taihang Mountain area was submerged by sea water, and huge thickness of clastic rocks, iron bearing siliceous rocks and carbonate strata were depositedWutai MovementandLuliang MovementThe ancient strata in the area are generally folded and metamorphosed, accompanied by fractures and intrusion of quartzite veins.Up to 1.8 billion years ago, the crystalline basement rock of migmatization was formed.
Since the Luliang Movement 1.8 billion years agoCrustIt entered the stage of differential rise and fall, which led to the advance and retreat of seawater, forming the sedimentary cover of the Mesoproterozoic platform and the overlyingPaleozoicCambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous and Permian strata.Carboniferous to Permian are coal bearing strata.[30]
MesozoicYanshan movementThe Neocathaysian fold belt in the Taihang Mountains gradually formed and developed the deep and large fault belt in front of the Taihang Mountains.
The Taihang Mountains are generally located in the middle of the North China Plate, 34 ° 35 ′ - 40 ° 19 ′ N, 110 ° 15 ′ - 116 ° 27 ′ E,[14]The predecessors divided the Taihang Mountains into three sections: the south, the middle and the north, taking the Zhanghe River and the Hutuo River as the boundary;The western boundary of the southern section is Jincheng Changzhi, the northern boundary is Zhanghe River, the eastern boundary is Handan Anyang Xinxiang, the southern boundary is Jiyuan Jiaozuo, and the southwest boundary is Wangwu Mountain.[10]The Taihang Mountains extend from NNE to SSW, until the south of Lingchuan County, Shanxi Province, turns into an east-west trend, slightly in the shape of "S".The total length is about 500 kilometers, and the width is about 40-50 kilometers.The ridge mostly extends along the border of the three provinces. It is the natural boundary of Shanxi, Hebei and Henan provinces, and also the boundary between the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain.[7][14]
Taihang Mountains Map
Regional scope
Wangmang Mountain Cloud Sea
Guo Yuansheng of the Jin Dynasty said in his Shuzheng Ji, "The head of Taihang Mountain beganHanoi, north toYouzhou。”This may be the earliest definition of the Taihang Mountain range in history, although this definition seems slightly unknown.HanoiXinxiangSouth Taihang piedmont alluvial plain to the west, north of the Yellow River and east of Wangwu Mountain, including the currentJiyuan、Qinyang、fraternity, cultivating martial artsHuixian County、Be commended、Wu ZhiAnd other plain areas.River, the Yellow River;The inside is relative to the outside.Because this alluvial plain is sandwiched between the southern Taihang Mountains and the southern bank of the Yellow RiverMang Mountain、Songshan MountainIt can be said that this section of the Yellow River is still "inside" the mountain, and there are large tributaries on both sides of the river flowing into the Yellow River. When the Yellow River leaves this section and completely enters the vast plain "outside" the mountain, due to sediment deposition, the riverbed is elevated, and the Yellow River not only no longer absorbs tributaries, but instead becomesHaihe River SystemAndHuaihe River SystemOfwatershed。"The beginning of Taihang Mountain begins in Hanoi" means that the beginning of Taihang Mountain is in the southern Taihang of Jiyuan, Qinyang and Xiuwu. The meaning of this order is worth pondering."North to Youzhou", Youzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty includes Lingqiu in the westYangyuan, Leting and Qinhuangdao in the east, Zhangjiakou in the northKuanchengTherefore, the Taihang Mountains mentioned by Guo Yuansheng, including Beijing Xishan Mountain and Jundu Mountain, seem to have no problem.
The father of modern geology in ChinaDing WenjiangIn the second year of the Republic of China (1913), he went to Taihang Mountain for investigation. In his article "Travel in Taihang Mountain", he discussed the scope of Taihang Mountain from his doubts about the eight stars in Taihang.He pointed out that according to the statement of the Eight Xings in the Taihang Mountains, from the north bank of the Yellow River to Changping in Hebei ProvinceBeijing）All are Taihang Mountains.However, Ding Wenjiang said: "The range of Taihang Mountains should not be as wide as it seems, because from Jiyuan and Qinyang in Henan Province to Fuping in Hebei Province, the mountains are south-north, which is the so-called true Taihang Mountains. From Fuping, the mountains turn to the northeast, so it goes around the north of Beiping and eastward to Yuguan. The geological structure of this section is extremely complex, which is different from Taihang itself.Weng Yongni called it Yanshan.If so, the Junduxing, Feihuxing and Puyinxing in the Eight Xings are in Yanshan, not Taihang. "
Mr. Ding Wenjiang and Mr. Weng Wenhao, according to the different mountain trend and geological structure, think that the north of Fuping is not Taihang Mountain, but Yanshan Mountain, which seems to be slightly biased.First of all, the trend of the same mountain range is not always the same. Affected by the geological structure, it often changes in different sections.Even though Mr. Ding mentioned Jiyuan and Qinyang in Henan, Taihang Mountain is not going north and south, but near east and west;If the northeast mountains to the north of Fuping are included in Yanshan, then it is not consistent with the nearly east-west Yanshan mountains to the east of Junduxing;Secondly, although the geological structure of the same mountain range is generally the same, it will show differences in different sections.This is because the formation and rock composition of the mountain range may span a very old geological age. For example, the oldest rock age of the Taihang Mountains can reach more than 2 billion years. But the formation age of the Taihang Mountains seen today is very young compared with the rock formations that make up the mountain range. It is mainly the result of the neotectonic movement since 12 million years ago.
according toFan XiaoThe Taihang Mountains should have two concepts: narrow sense and broad sense.
According to the natural extension of its main vein, the southern section of Taihang Mountain in a narrow sense should include Wangwu Mountain and even Zhongtiao Mountain.If more extreme, Xiaoshan Mountain and Xiong'er Mountain should also be included, and the northern section should include Beijing Xishan Mountain and Jundu Mountain;The first star of the eight Taihang constellations, Tuiguanxing, passes through the valley of the cross cutting mountains of Wangwu Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain. The reason why the ancients included it in the eight Taihang constellations is that at least Wangwu Mountain and Zhongtiao Mountain were included in the Taihang Mountains.Of course, according to Mr. Ding Wenjiang's opinion, not only Junduxing, Feihuxing and Puyinxing are not in Taihang, but also Yuguanxing should not be in Taihang.
In a broad sense, the Taihang Mountains should include Taiyue MountainDepartment ZhoushanWutai Mountain, but not Hengshan Mountain (Hengshan Mountain is included in reference materials).Because there is no big river parallel to the main mountain range between Taiyue Mountain, Shizhoushan Mountain, Wutai Mountain and the narrow Taihang Mountain, there are basins between them, but they are scattered basins with poor connectivity.The real western boundary of the Taihang Mountains should be the Fenhe Basin or Fenhe Graben in the middle of Shanxi, which runs from north to south. Shanxi's terrain is traditionally called "left Taihang, right Luliang", which is reasonable.The Hengshan Mountains and Wutai Mountains are separated by a wide basin in the upper reaches of the Hutuo River. This basin, which includes Xinzhou, Dingxiang, Yuanping, Daixian, Fanshi and other important cities and towns in Shanxi, is actually the northern extension of the en echelon fault basin in central Shanxi. The generalized Taihang Mountains should be on the east side of this basin, while the Hengshan Mountains are already mountains on the west side of this basin,It also connects with the Luliang Mountains to the southwest.[11-12]
Tectonically, the Taihang Mountains belong to the Taihang fold belt of the third uplift belt system of Cathaysian and Neocathaysian systems, which is a step fault uplift of the anticline structure.The two wings of the mountain range are asymmetrical.The east wing drops sharply to the North China Plain with a large fault, and cliffs and cliffs can be seen everywhere.The slope of the west wing is relatively gentle, mostly middle mountains, low mountains and hills.The rock formations that make up the Taihang Mountains can be divided into three sections: the axis of the northern section to the north of the Hutuo River is mostly the gneiss series with deep Archean migmatization and metamorphism, and the phyllite, slate, various schists and metamorphic conglomerate with shallow Proterozoic metamorphism. The Cambrian and Ordovician limestone of the Paleozoic are distributed on both wings.The middle section is from the south of Hutuo River to the north of Zhuozhang River, and the axis is dominated by Archean migmatization and banded metamorphic gneiss series characterized by magnetite bearing quartzite.Proterozoic is a sedimentary metamorphic rock with shallow metamorphism, and contains a large number of metamorphic neutral and basic volcanic rocks.The Sinian sub group is mainly a set of extremely thick clastic rocks.The two wings are mostly Paleozoic Cambrian and Ordovician limestone, Carboniferous and Permian sand, shale and coal bearing series.The southern section from the south of Zhuozhang River to Wangwu Mountain is mainly composed of Paleozoic Cambrian and Ordovician limestone, Carboniferous and Permian sand, shale and coal bearing rock series.[7]
landforms
The Taihang Mountains belong to the transition zone between the second and third steps of China in terms of terrain, with an altitude of 1000 to 1500 meters in general, and the highest mountain sections are the north and middle sections, more than 2000 meters.The relative elevation difference is 200-1500m.[7]The eastern side of the Taihang Mountains rises from the North China Plain, with the foot of the mountain only about 100 meters above sea level, rising sharply from east to west, and the elevation of the main peaks is more than 2000 meters;The western part of Taihang is relatively gentle, with many loess hills. Its altitude is generally 1100-1400m, and the valley basin is relatively low, with an altitude of about 1000m.[14]
The eastern part of Taihang Mountain anticline is a fault, which is short and steep. The mountain is steep, the soil layer is thin, and there are many exposed rocks and cliffs;The west is a plateau, long and gentle, with loess of different depths deposited everywhere, and loess hilly landforms are formed in many places.In Shanxi Province of Taihang Mountains, there is a large syncline structure between Taihang Mountain anticline and Huoshan (Taiyueshan) anticline, that is, Changzhi Basin.In addition, there are some small intermountain basins, such as Jiayuan Basin, Lingqiu Basin, Hengqu Basin, etc.Linzhou Basin was formed in Henan.It can be seen from the above that Taihang Mountain is a place wherea mountain countryMainly, with loess hillsIntermountain basinThe distributed complex mountain landform.[14]
Most of the peaks are zigzag and round, such as Taibai Mountain in the north, which is not only steep, but also beautiful;In the Zuoquan Licheng area in the middle section, a set of clastic rock strata mainly composed of quartzite sandstone formed by the Sinian sub boundary forms the "Danxia" landform with unique landscape;In the southern section, there are karst depressions, Yugu, karst caves, karst springs, etc., which are rare in northern Chinakarstification a mountain country.[7]
Climatic characteristics
Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon
The southeast side of the Taihang Mountains is affected by the warm and humid air flow in the Pacific Ocean. The temperature is high and the precipitation is large, so the southern part of the Taihang Mountains belongs to the warm temperate semi humid climate zone. However, because the northwest side is also affected by the dry and cold air flow in the northwest, the continental climate is obvious, so the northern region has a cooler climate and less precipitation, and belongs to the warm temperate semi dry early climate zone.The north of Hengshan Mountain is a temperate semi-arid climate zone.The temperature gradually decreases from south to north. The average annual temperature in Pinglu County near the Yellow River is 13.7 ℃, and it drops to 4-6 ℃ in Hengshan area, with a range of nearly 10 ℃.The extreme minimum temperature is - 21 ℃ in the northern mountainous area of Henan, and it drops to - 37.3 ℃ in the northern Hunyuan. The lowest temperature is - 44.8 ℃ at the top of Wutai Mountain, and the extreme maximum temperature can reach 42.4 ℃ in Ruicheng at the southern end.The accumulated temperature ≥ 10 ℃ in the whole area is generally 2500 (north) - 4500 ℃ (south).The frost free period is generally 120-200 days.The annual average precipitation is generally 550-650mm in the south and 400-500mm in the north. The annual and monthly precipitation changes greatly, for example, the annual precipitation in northern Henan is as low as 200mm and as high as 1000mm.The annual precipitation in Taihang Mountains is mainly concentrated in July September, which can reach 60-70% of the whole year, and there are many rainstorms, thus causing serious soil erosion.[14]
Water system
Taihang Grand Canyon
Many rivers are developed in the southern section of Taihang Mountains, belonging to the Yellow River system or the Haihe River system.The larger rivers in the region include Zhanghe River, Danhe River and Qinhe River, which all originate in Shanxi and flow from west to east through Taihang Mountains to North China Plain. The eastern mountainous areas are developed with Zifang River, Yu River, Qi River and other rivers.[10]Taihang Mountain is the water source area of Beijing Tianjin area and North China Plain, which plays an important role in the water supply of these areas.[14]
vegetation
Horizontal distribution
Crop communities are mainly distributed in basins, loess hilly areas, hilly and plain areas at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountains, and agricultural land in mountainous areas.
The eastern and western mountains in the central part belong to the semi humid climate zone, with a high altitude, and there are cold temperature and temperature vegetation types.There are mainly North China larch forest, white stem forest, green stem forest, Chinese pine forest, Populus davidiana forest, birch forest, Quercus liaotungensis, Quercus variabilis forest, Carpinus pubescens forest, Juglans mandshurica forest, Pinus bungeana forest, Platycladus orientalis forest, andhippophae rhamnoides 、bush clovers、Tiger hazelnut、mountain peach、White thorn flower、Myripnois dioica 、yellow rose, HuangluSpiraeaEtc.alsoAegilops chinensis、Carex, Artemisia and other herb communities, in which there are grasslands or shrubs mixed with shrubs such as Jingtiao, Caragana, Heshuo Honghua, etc.In the mountains with higher altitude, there are golden pheasant and golden plum bushes.
To the north of the Inner Great Wall is a temperate grassland area with few natural vegetation.Only in the Hengshan area are North China larch forests, white stem green stem forests, aspen white birch forests and a few Chinese pine forests.In addition, there are some shrubs and shrubs, mainly including Chinese seabuckthorn shrubs, white sheep grass and thyme shrubs, ephedra sinica and astragalus olivaceus.In the large area of the basin hilly area, in addition to farmland, there are sandy wasteland and sandy land of different sizes, and only a few xerophytic or halophytic weeds grow sparsely.After 1949, small leaved poplar forest, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest, Pinus tabulaeformis forest, Larix principis rupprechtii forest, Chinese seabuckthorn, Caragana caragana and other shrubs were planted artificially.[14]
vertical distribution
The Taihang Mountains have great vertical differences. For example, on the south slope of Xiaowutai Mountain, there are shrubs below 1000 meters, and there are quercus communities;Picea or larch are occasionally found above 1000 meters.On the north slope, summer green forest is below 1600 meters, coniferous forest is 1600-2500 meters, and subalpine grassland is above 2500 meters.[9]
Mountain range relationship
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Major mountain ranges
The Taihang Mountains includeMount Heng, Wutai Mountain, Xiaowutai Mountain, Taihang MountainTaiyue Mountain、Zhongtiao MountainAnd BeijingBaihua MountainEtc.[14]There are three parallel mountains in the north and middle of the Taihang Mountains, running from northeast to southwest.For example, Hengshan Mountains, Wutai Mountains and Xizhoushan Branch form a "Duo" shaped mountain, which is located in the north and middle of Shanxi Province.[7]
Mount Hengshan and Mount Wutai belong to the ancient massif composed of crystalline rock series, which were later fractured by tectonic movement to form two rows of mountains.
The system Zhoushan branch belongs to the northern margin of the Bilu tectonic basin.Morphologically, it can be regarded as a part of Qinlu Plateau.It belongs to the middle branch of the Taihang Mountains.[7]
Main peaks
The main peak of Taihang Mountains isXiaowutai Mountain, 2882m above sea level,[28]The highest peak isWutai Mountain, 3061.1m above sea level.[17][29]The peaks above 2000 meters are Xiaowutai Mountain, Lingshan Mountain and Baishi Mountain in Hebei Province, Taibaiwei Mountain, Nansuo Mountain and Yangqu Mountain in Shanxi Province.The highest peak in the north is Xiaowutai Mountain, 2882m above sea level;The southern peak is the Buddha Mountain and the Banshan Mountain in Lingchuan, with the elevations of 1745 meters and 1791 meters respectively.[9]
Resource status
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plant resources
《Tremology of Taihang Mountain》A total of 778 species, 4 subspecies, 123 varieties and 30 forms of woody plants (including subshrub species) belonging to 86 families, 235 genera, distributed in the Taihang Mountains were included, of which 174 species, 29 varieties, 21 forms and some cultivated varieties were successfully introduced and can be cultivated in the open air.[15]
mineral resources
Taihang Mountain is rich in coal resources, from north to south,coalRich resources, andiron、copper、molybdenum、gold、tungstenMany coal, ceramics, cement and lime production industries have been formed locally.[2-3]
Mount Wutai, a world cultural landscape heritage, a national AAAAA tourist attraction, a national key scenic spot, a national geological park, a national forest park, a national natural and cultural heritage, one of the top ten famous mountains in China, and one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in China.It is located in Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, between 38 ° 55 '- 39 ° 66' north latitude and 113 ° 29 '- 113 ° 39' east longitude, with a planned area of 607 square kilometers and an administrative jurisdiction area of 436 square kilometers.[17]
Tongtian Gorge Scenic Area is located in Hongtiguan Township, 30 kilometers east of Pingshun County, Changzhi City, Shanxi Province, across the border between Shanxi and Henan Province, 50 kilometers west of Changzhi City, the ancient Shangdang city, connected to the Red Tourist Attraction, the Eighth Route Army Cultural Park, Taihang Water Town and other scenic spots in the north, 35 kilometers south of Linzhou City, and connected to Shibanyan Scenic Area, Linyou Mountain Scenic Area and the famous Red Flag Canal,The total area is 56 square kilometers, and the main canyon is about 26 kilometers long.[19]
Yuntai Mountain Scenic Area, with a total area of 50 square kilometers, contains eight scenic spots, including Hongshi Gorge, Tanpu Gorge, Quanpu Gorge, Zhuyu Peak, Duocai Cave, Macaque Valley, Zifang Lake, Wanshan Temple, etc. It is a popular science eco-tourism boutique scenic spot that combines scientific and aesthetic values with the rich waterscape of Taihang Mountain, with the connotation of canyon like geological and geomorphological landscape and a long history and culture.[18]
Cangyan Mountain Scenic Area, located in Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuang City Jingxing County in the southwest, with a total area of 63 square kilometers, is known as the "Five Mountains Embrace a Mountain, and Taihang Mountains are only Cangyan".Cangyan Mountain is famous for its "three wonders", "one wonder", "sixteen scenic spots" and "seventy-two landscapes". In 1988, it was rated as a national key scenic spot. In 1994, it was approved by the State Council as a historic and cultural mountain with unique buildings, fantastic sandalwood, majestic mountains, secluded valleys and beautiful forests.[20]
Jiulong Gorge Natural Scenic Spot is a national 4A scenic spot, a national geological park, and a national scenic spot. The scenic spot is located at the east foot of the middle section of Taihang Mountain, Jiangshui Town, Xingtai County, Xingtai City, Hebei Province.Covering an area of 64 square kilometers, the main peak Wangmao Mountain is 1800 meters above sea level.[21]
Tianhe Mountain Scenic Area
Tianhe Mountain is located in the greenest place of Taihang Mountain at the junction of Shanxi and Hebei, with a total area of 30 square kilometers, 65 kilometers away from Xingtai City.Tianhe Mountain Scenic Area has rich cultural heritage.As early as the Neolithic Age, people lived in the Tianhe Mountain area.During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius traveled here to study, hence the name "Confucius Rock".During the Anti Japanese War, it was one of the main bases of the Eighth Route Army.129 Division Hospital, Ji'nan Bank (the predecessor of the People's Bank of China) and other revolutionary sites have been well preserved.In particular, the story of Niulang and Zhinv is widely spread around Tianhe Mountain, and there are a large number of cultural relics.Many experts have verified that this is the original place of the story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl.In 2005, Tianhe Mountain was registered as "China Love Mountain" by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.In 2006, Tianhe Mountain was named the "Qixi" Cultural Research Base by the Chinese Folklore Society, and the "Hometown of Chinese Qixi Culture" by the Chinese Folk Literature and Art Association.
Xingtai Grand Canyon is a national AAAA tourist attraction and a national key scenic spot.The scenic spot spans Hebei and Shanxi provinces, covering an area of 60.8 square kilometers, and is composed of 24 canyons, of which 8 are more than 1000 meters. It has five characteristics, namely, narrow, steep, deep, red, and cluster. It has formed a monopoly quartz sandstone canyon group, which has become a spectacle of eight hundred miles of Taihang, and is praised by experts as "the world's strange canyon".[22]
Qiannanyu Ecological Tourism Area is one of the 100 agricultural tourism demonstration sites in China. It is located in Jiangshui Town, the west of Xindu District, Xingtai City, 60 kilometers away from the downtown area of Xingtai City. Xinghe Line runs through the scenic area, which has convenient transportation. It is 23 kilometers away from Yunmeng Mountain in the north, 25 kilometers away from canyons in the south, and 7 kilometers away from Baiyun Mountain in the east.With a planned area of 116.8 square kilometers, the scenic spot has more than 80 cultural and natural landscapes, and is composed of ten scenic spots, including the Great Sightseeing Area, the Ecological Sightseeing Area, and the Huashan Range Rover Area.[23]
Jingniang Lake Scenic Area is a national 4A level scenic spot."Jingniang Lake" got its name because Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin, left many beautiful legends on his way to Jingniang.With a total area of 18.5 square kilometers, the scenic spot is mainly divided into three areas, namely, water sightseeing area, Zhenyi Island sightseeing area and leisure resort area. The water sightseeing area covers 1.782 million square meters, with an average depth of 40 meters. Zhenyi Island sightseeing area is mainly composed of mountain natural scenery andplaces of historic figures and cultural heritageMainly.[24]
The ancient Wudang Mountain in Wu'an was rebuilt as a "civilian building" since the Sui Dynasty in the sixth century AD.There are 35 existing stone steles, all of which are historical rebuilt merit steles.The main peak of the Ancient Wudang Mountain is 1437.7 meters above sea level, which is called Laoyeding in the north. At 0.5 kilometers south of the main peak, another peak is 1420 meters above sea level, which is called Nannanding.There are Gui Mountain and Snake Mountain on the south side, and Xianglu Mountain on the east side. There are many ancient buildings on the top of the mountain. Zhenwu Great Emperor Temple is built on the main peak, which is divided into upper, middle and lower levels of palaces and side halls. There are Bodhisattva Hall, Bixia Palace and other buildings on the south peak.Secondly, there is the "Needle Grinding Ditch" where the Queen Mother of Bixia cultivates the prince;There is the "Nanya Palace" where the prince practices hard;Zhenwu Cultivation Cave (natural karst cave);There was a prince who took off Fan Tai and drove to Hubei to preach "Tuo Tai Yan";There is the "Long Snake River" cultivated by the unknown Taoist "Zhang Sanfeng".[25]
Taihang Mountain Grand Canyon National Forest Park
The Taihang Grand Canyon is located in the northwest of Henan Province, on the west side of Linzhou City at the eastern foot of the southern Taihang Mountains. It is 100 li long from north to south, 2.5 li wide from east to west, 800-1739 meters above sea level, and the relative height difference is more than 1000 meters. The cliffs in the territory are high, the peaks are towering, the peaks are strong, the walls are crisscrossed, the Cangxi River is flowing, the waterfalls are hanging in four directions, and the peaks, mountains, platforms, walls, gorges, waterfalls, peaks, and springs are all in a thousand shapes,It is a typical representative of "Beixiong Scenery".The scenic spot is a national key scenic spot, a national AAAA level tourist area, and one of the top ten scenic spots in Henan Province.[26]
Wangwu Mountain is a national 4A level scenic spot, located 40 kilometers northwest of Jiyuan City, Henan Province, with a total area of 265 square kilometers, divided into 7 scenic spots and 125 scenic spots.The mountain ranges in the area are emerald, magnificent and powerful;There are many palaces and temples, and a galaxy of talents;Springs and waterfalls compete with each other for flow, and ancient trees and rocks are strange.《the determination to win victory and the courage to surmount every difficulty》The story happened here.It is one of the nine famous mountains in ancient China. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, it was listed as the first of the top ten Taoist caves, "the first cave in the world".[27]
After the outbreak of the all-around war of resistance against Japan, the CPC Central CommitteeLuliang MountainAnd Taihang Mountain as strategic bases, the three divisions of the Eighth Route Army were deployed separately to carry out guerrilla warfare.In the Taihang Mountains, Shanxi Chahar Hebei, Shanxi Hebei Shandong Henan and other base areas have been opened up.Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people of Taihang Mountain resisted the attack of the Japanese army, built the politics, economy and culture of the base area, and made indelible contributions to national independence and people's liberation.[6]
Historical evolution
《Shangshu》As the saying goes, "Yu leaves Jiuzhou." "Taihang Mountain and Hengshan Mountain, as for Jieshi, enter the sea." Taihang Mountain belongs to Jizhou.In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the feudal lords were enfeoffed. Most of the northern foot of the Taihang Mountains was the land of Beirong, the northern foot was occupied by the Beiyan State, the eastern foot was owned by the Xing State, the southeastern and southern foot were enfeoffed with the Wei State, the Yong State, the Yuan State, the Shan State, and the Xuan State, and the western foot was the Jin State.In the early Spring and Autumn Period, there were Jin, Ge, Wei, Ye, Li, Xing, Fei, Gu, Zhongshan, Dai, etc;In the late Spring and Autumn Period, there were Jin, Zhou, Zheng, Wei, Zhongshan, Yan, etc.
During the Warring States Period, there were disputes among the vassals. The countries around the Taihang Mountains were mainly Yan, Zhao, and Wei. Among them, Zhao basically occupied the eastern and western foothills of the Taihang Mountains.
In the Western Han Dynasty, there were parallel prefectures and states. In the period of Emperor Wu, the system of provincial governors was established. The provincial governors of Bingzhou, Youzhou and Jizhou were surrounded by Taihang Mountain.Thirteen prefectures were set up in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Sizhou, Bingzhou, Jizhou and Youzhou were located around the Taihang Mountains.
During the Three Kingdoms Period, Taihang Mountain was occupied by the Cao Wei Dynasty.
In the early Western Jin Dynasty, there were Sizhou, Bingzhou, Jizhou and Youzhou around Taihang Mountain;During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, Taihang Mountain was always controlled by the northern minority regime.
In the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen implemented a two-level administrative system at prefecture and county levels;Emperor Yang ascended the throne, changed the prefecture into a county, and implemented the county system. Around the Taihang Mountains, there are Changping County, Shangdang County, Hanoi County, Yanmen County, Huan County, Shanggu County, Hengshan County, Boling County, Zhao County, Xiangguo County, Wei County, Taiyuan County, etc.
In the Tang Dynasty, the system of Dao, Fu, Zhou and Xian was implemented. Taihang Mountain was the boundary between Hedong Road and Hebei Road.
During the Five Dynasties, the northern Taihang Mountains were gradually eroded by Qidan.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty were divided into Hequ, Guilan, Yuanping, Daixian and Fanshi in Shanxi and Fuping, Mancheng and Bazhou in Hebei. Taihang Mountains belonged to two countries;Later, Jin destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, adopted the Song system, and implemented three-level management of roads, prefectures and counties. There are Hedong North Road, Hedong South Road and Hebei West Road around Taihang Mountain.
In the Yuan Dynasty, a four level administrative management system was implemented, namely, province level, road level, prefecture level and county level.
The Ming Dynasty roughly inherited the administrative divisions of the Yuan Dynasty and adopted the administrative divisions of provinces, roads, prefectures and counties. Around the Taihang Mountains, there were Nanzhili, Henan Chengbao Political Envoy, and Shanxi Chengbao Political Envoy.
The administration of the Qing Dynasty basically inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty. The Taihang Mountains were surrounded by Zhili, Henan and Shanxi provinces.
During the Republic of China, the Taihang Mountains were Chahar, Hebei, Henan and Shanxi.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Taihang Mountain was the boundary between Shanxi, Hebei and Henan.[13]
Intangible cultural heritage
The Taihang Mountain Cultural Belt runs more than 400 kilometers from north to south, and a large number of intangible cultural heritages are all over the Taihang Mountain.
Shangdang Bangzi, one of the four major Bangzi in Shanxi Province and a national intangible cultural heritage, is popular in Changzhi and Jincheng in the southeast of Shanxi Province. It is a kind of opera performed with five tunes, namely Kunqu Opera, Bangzi, Luoluo Opera, Rolling Opera and Pihuang.
Yangcheng Drum Script originated in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, and gradually formed and developed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. It is a folk art form that is native to Yangcheng, has a strong local flavor, and is popular with the masses.Its aria music is mainly composed of Banqiang style, supplemented by Qupai style.[16]
Protection research
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Natural Reserve
Jiaozuo District of Henan Taihang Mountain National Nature Reserve was established in 1998 with the approval of the State Council. It is located at the junction of Qinyang, Boai, Zhongzhan, Xiuwu and Shanxi, with a total area of 17215 hectares. It is a nature reserve of wildlife type.It is mainly used to protect biodiversity more effectively, including the rare animals in the northernmost boundary——macaqueThe largest population and its habitat.[8]
landscape engineering
The straight and steep Taihang Mountain in Anyang.
in ChinaTaihang Mountain National ParkA multi forest afforestation project has been constructed.The Taihang Mountains extend from the Yellow River in the south to the Yanshan Mountains in the north, the Fen River in Shanxi Province in the west, and the North China Plain in the east. There are 110 counties in Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, and Beijing, including 39 poverty-stricken counties, accounting for 28%.The total area is about 14 million hectares.Taihang Mountains are characterized by high mountains and steep slopes, exposed rocks, scarce vegetation, serious water and soil loss, backward local economy, and poor people's living conditions. Whenever heavy rains are concentrated, floods will occur in the downstream plain areas.[4]
The overall plan of Taihang Mountain greening project is to increase the green area by 3.956 million hectares between 1986 and 2000, of which 3.299 million hectares are for afforestation and afforestation, accounting for 83.4%;658000 hectares of grass are planted, accounting for 16.6%.[4]
Scientific value
The significance of the Taihang Mountains is not only in itself, but also in the Quaternary period since more than two million years ago. It is precisely because of the strong uplift of the Taihang Mountains that the basin to the east of the Taihang Mountains continues to sink. The positive and negative topographical changes caused by the large fault on the eastern edge of the Taihang Mountains have led to the continuous cutting of mountains and soil in the west and the continuous reclamation of the sea and land in the east.Scientific research on ancient coastal relics has shown that 7400 years ago, the coastline of North China was still located at the foot of Taihang Mountains along the Baoding Shijiazhuang Handan Anyang line.At this time, if the ancients climbed the Taihang Mountain to look east, it should be a view of the sea facing the wind and the boundless ocean.At about the same time or later, the Yangshao cultural site is still between the South Taihang and Funiu Mountain, where the Yellow River has just left Sanmenxia in the east.With the eastward advancement of the piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains, the propagation of civilization also expanded eastward. In Anyang, Henan Province, at the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountains, Yin Ruins dating back more than 3000 years have just appearedRuins。At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, about 1800 years ago, when Cao Mengde defeated Yuan Shao and swept the north, a large area from Tianjin in the North China Plain to the present Yellow River Delta was still in the sea. Therefore, the unified northern region of China by Cao Cao cannot be compared with today.Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to say that Taihang Mountain is the mother land of the North China Plain.[11]
civil life
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traffic
Taihang Mountain has many horizontal valleys (Xings), which are all passageways connecting east and west.Jundu Xing, Puyang Xing, Feihu Xing, Jingxing, Fukou Xing, Baixing, Taihang Xing, and Zhiguan Xing are the famous eight Taihang Xings, which are the thoroughfare of business and travel and the place of military importance.[9]
In order to change the inconvenient traffic condition in Taihang Mountain Area, the railway trunk lines and crisscross roads such as Beijing Baotou Railway, Daqin Railway, Jingyuan Railway, Shitai Railway, Taijiao Railway, Hanchang Railway, Yangshe Railway and Houyue Railway have been built.[7]
