The space station is also called the space stationSpace Station。It is a kind ofLow Earth orbitLong running, multipleastronautVisit, long-term work and lifeManned spacecraft。The space station is divided into single module space station and multi module space station.The single module space station can be controlled bySpace launch vehicleOnce launched into orbit, the multi module space station is put into orbit by the space launch vehicle in batches and assembled in space.The space station should have all the facilities that people can live in. The space station does not have the ability to return to the earth.[1]
In 1992, the Chinese government formulated the "three-step" development strategy for the manned space program. The completion of the space station is an important goal of the development strategy.[7]
According to the China Manned Space Engineering Office, at 16:02 on January 12, 2024 (Beijing time), the Tianzhou VI cargo spaceship successfully withdrew from the space station assembly and turned into an independent flight phase.It will re-enter the atmosphere at a controlled time in the near future. Most of the components of the cargo spaceship will be ablated and destroyed during re-entry. A small amount of debris will fall into the intended safe sea in the South PacificDomain.[45]
Chinese name
space station
Foreign name
space station
Alias
space station、Space Station
Classification
Single module space station and multi module space station
The concept of space station can be traced back to 1869, when Everett Hale《the atlantic 》He wrote an article about "the moon made of bricks".thereafter,Konstantin ZiolkovskyandHermann Oberth The space station has also been envisaged.Herman Poto č nik's work in 1929The Problem of Space Travel(The Problem of Space Travel) has been published and popular for more than 30 years.1951Wernher von Braun His space station design with ring structure was published in Miner Weekly.World War IIperiodGermanyScientists have studied the orbital weapons using solar energy, namely the so-called "solar cannons".It is envisaged that it will be part of a space station operating in Earth orbit at an altitude of 5100 miles (8200 kilometers).
Apollo 11After landing on the moon in 1969,Soviet UnionThey were defeated in the space race with the United States to land on the moon, so they turned to other directions (such as the space station) to show their space capabilities and develop space resources.Salyut 1 Launched successfully in 1971, it is the first space station in human history.Unfortunately, three astronauts returned from Soyuz spacecraft on Salute 1 in 1971, and the balance valve on the return capsule opened abnormally, which caused the pressure loss of the return capsule, resulting in the death of all three astronauts.U.S.AThen it was launched in 1973SkylabThe space station, which carries a series of telescopes, scientists have done a lot of work on itmedicine、geologyandAstronomyAnd other scientific experiments.The Soviet Union launched in 1986mIR The core module of the space station, and continuously transported new modules for assembly in space in the next 10 years. In 1996, the six moduleMir Space StationThe space station was in service until 2001.During this period, astronauts from many countries, including the United States, visited the world famous space station.November 1998The International Space StationFirst module of（Dawn functional cargo compartment）Launch and launch, and then gradually expand the modules launched successively.It was built and used jointly by several countries, and became a symbol of international cooperation in space development.From November 2000 to March 2017, the International Space Station will have at least three crew members.
In 1992, the Chinese government formulated the "three-step" development strategy for the manned space program. The completion of the space station is an important goal of the development strategy.[7]
ChinaTiangong 1 was launched on September 29, 2011target spacecraft 。Tiangong-1 Will be separatelyShenzhou 8、Shenzhou-9 、Shenzhou 10The spacecraft rendezvous and docking has enabled China to master the rendezvous and docking technology, laying the foundation for China's space station construction.[2]
On April 29, 2021, according to the China Manned Space Engineering Office, the Long March 5B Yao-2 carrier rocket has completed propellant filling, and is scheduled to launch the space station and core module at about 11:00 p.m. on April 29[5]。
At 11:00 on April 29, 2021, the Long March 5 B Yao-2 carrier rocket carrying the space station and the core module will be launched in Wenchang, HainanField launch.[6]
On June 17, 2021, deputy chief designer of China's manned space programChen ShanguangIt was revealed in the live broadcast that Liu Yang and Wang Yaping, female astronauts, would participate in the mission during the verification and construction of key technologies of the space station. In addition, the third batch of astronauts hadThe selection was completed, including female astronauts.[8]
At about 13:30 on September 17, 2021, after the successful ignition of the reverse thrust engine of the re-entry module of the Shenzhou XII manned spacecraft, it landed safely in the predetermined area of the Dongfeng landing site.This is the first time that Shenzhou spacecraft landed at Dongfeng landing site.[9]
At 10:25 on September 18, 2021, Beijing time, the Tianzhou-2 cargo spaceship separated from the rear port of the space station and the core module, and flew around to the front port to complete automatic rendezvous and docking. The whole process took about 4 hours.[10]
On October 16, 2021 Beijing time, the launch of Shenzhou 13 manned spacecraft was a complete success.This is the 21st flight mission since the establishment and implementation of China's manned space project, and also the second manned flight mission in the space station stage.[11]
At 7:55 on January 8, 2022 (Beijing time), after about two hours, the Shenzhou XIII crew, with the close cooperation of ground science and technology personnel, successfully completed the rendezvous and docking test of the Tianzhou II cargo spacecraft and the space station assembly by adopting the manual remote operation mode in the core module of the space station.[12]
At 5:02 on April 20, Beijing time, the Tianzhou-3 cargo spaceship separated from the rear port of the space station and the core module, flew around to the forward port, and completed automatic rendezvous and docking at 9:06.The space station Tianhe core module and the Tianzhou III combination are in good condition, and the follow-up will welcome the visit of the Tianzhou IV cargo spaceship, the Shenzhou XIV manned spaceship and the Sky Quest Laboratory Module.[14]
At 01:56 on May 10, 2022, the Long March 7 remote five carrier rocket (hereinafter referred to as the "Long March 7 rocket"), which was developed by the General Manager of the Rocket Academy, ignited and took off at the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan, successfully putting the Tianzhou 4 cargo spaceship into the scheduled orbit, and the launch mission was a complete success.In 2022, the construction of China's space station will officially begin.[15]
According to the China Manned Space Engineering Office, after the Shenzhou 14 manned spacecraft and the space station assembly successfully achieved autonomous and rapid rendezvous and docking, the crew of astronauts entered the orbital module from the re-entry module.After completing all preparations according to the procedure, astronaut Chen Dong successfully opened the door of Tianhe Core Module. At 20:50 Beijing time on June 5, 2022, astronaut Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe all entered Tianhe Core Module in turn.Subsequently, the astronaut crew will carry out relevant work as planned.[16]
At 10:59 on July 17, 2022, the Tianzhou-3 cargo spaceship completed all the scheduled tasks and evacuated the space station assembly.[17]At 4:27 on November 1, 2022, Beijing time,Mengtian Experimental Module of the Space StationIt was successfully docked to the forward port of Tianhe core module, and the whole docking process lasted about 13 hours.[25]The Tianzhou V cargo spaceship and the space station assembly completed their own rapid rendezvous and docking, and Chinese astronauts welcomed the cargo spaceship to the space station for the first time.[28]
At 23:08 on November 29, 2022, Beijing time, the Long March 2F remote 15 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 15 manned spacecraft ignited and launched at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The Shenzhou 15 manned spacecraft was successfully separated from the rocket and entered the predetermined orbit. The flight crew was in good condition and the launch was a complete success.After the spacecraft enters orbit, it will carry out autonomous and rapid rendezvous and docking with the space station assembly according to the predetermined procedure, and the Shenzhou 15 crew will rotate with the Shenzhou 14 crew on orbit.During the six months of working and living in the space station, several extravehicular activities will be carried out to complete the installation, commissioning, maintenance and repair of equipment inside and outside the cabin, assembly management, space science and technology practice (test), etcTask.[30]
In December 2022, Tongchuan small satellite Zhixing 3A successfully entered the scheduled orbit, becoming the first commercial micro satellite released by the space station system in China.[31]
At 5:16 on May 11, 2023, the Tianzhou VI cargo spaceship successfully completed the status setting after entering orbit, and successfully docked with the backward port of the space station and the core module.After the rendezvous and docking is completed, Tianzhou-6 will turn into the combined flight segment.[36]
On May 29, 2023, the Long March 2F remote 16 carrier rocket carrying out the Shenzhou 16 launch mission began to inject propellant.The Shenzhou 16 manned mission is the second mission of the manned space project this year and the first manned mission in the application and development stage of the space station.[37]
At 9:31 on May 30, 2023, the Long March 2F remote 16 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 16 manned spacecraft was ignited and launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. About 10 minutes later, the Shenzhou 16 manned spacecraft was successfully separated from the rocket and entered the predetermined orbit. The astronauts were in good condition and the launch was a complete success.After the spacecraft enters the orbit, it will conduct autonomous and rapid rendezvous and docking with the space station assembly according to the predetermined procedure, and the Shenzhou 16 crew will rotate with the Shenzhou 15 crew on orbit.During working and living in the space station, the crew of Shenzhou 16 astronauts will carry out extravehicular activities, carry out space science practical (trial) inspection, and complete various tasks such as installation, commissioning, maintenance and repair of equipment inside and outside the cabin.[38]
At 3:10 on June 6, 2023, the Tianzhou V cargo spacecraft completed the rendezvous and docking with the space station assembly again.[39]
According to the China Manned Space Engineering Office, at 16:46 on September 11, 2023 (Beijing time), the Tianzhou V cargo spaceship, which has completed all the scheduled tasks, successfully left the space station assembly and turned to independent flight. It will re-enter the atmosphere under control on September 12 as planned. Most of the components of the cargo spaceship will be ablated and destroyed during re-entry,A small amount of debris will fall into the planned safe waters of the South Pacific.[40]
In the afternoon of October 26, 2023, the Shenzhou 17 manned spacecraft successfully docked with the forward port of the space station and the core module.[42]
At 22:27 on January 17, 2024, Beijing time, the Long March 7 Remote 8 carrier rocket carrying the Tianzhou 7 cargo spaceship ignited and launched at Wenchang Space Launch Site in China. The Tianzhou 7 cargo spaceship will rendezvous and dock with the orbiting space station assembly.[46]
At 5:9 on February 13, 2024 Moscow time, the "Progress MS-24" cargo spacecraft separated from the Russian segment of the International Space Station "Star".At 8:17, its propulsion system began to start, and the spacecraft left orbit and disintegrated in the atmosphere.[49]
Basic composition
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The basic composition of the single module space station is a manned living module, plus modules with different uses, such as working experiment module, scientific instrument module, etc.The space station must be equipped withSolar cellPlate and docking hatch to ensure power supply in the station and realize docking with other spacecraft.
The single module space station is generally composed of the following systems:
Structure and mechanism system
Power supply and power supply and distribution system
Temperature control system
Guidance, navigation and control system
propulsion system
Robot arm system
Measurement, control and communication system
Environmental control and life support system
Crew system
Docking mechanism system
Instrument and lighting system
data management system
main features
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The space station is characterized by large volume and complex structureOrbital flightIt takes a long time, has multiple functions, and can be carried outSpaceScientific research projects are also numerous and extensive.
One of the characteristics of the space station is its economy.For example, all space stations do not have the function of returning to the ground, but accept astronauts for experiments in space, which can makeManned spacecraftIt has become a tool for only transporting astronauts, thus simplifying the structure of the space station, reducing the difficulty of its engineering design and reducing the cost of aerospace.In addition, the space station can carry people or not when it is in operation. As long as the astronauts start up and debug it, it can work as usual and check regularly, and then it can achieve results.This can shorten the astronauts' time in space and reduce many expenses. When the space station fails, it can be repaired and replaced in space to extend the life of the spacecraft.Increasing the service life can also reduce the space cost.Because the space station can fly for a long time (months or years), it ensures the continuity and depth of space scientific research, which plays an important role in the gradual deepening of research and improving the quality of scientific research.[3]
Generational division
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The space station can be divided into the following generations:
Salute series space station is composed ofFormer Soviet UnionThe Salute 1 is the first space station of mankind.This series of space stations were in service from 1971 to 1985, during which a total of seven space stations were launched from Salute 1 to Salute 7.Their mission is to complete a wide range of scientific research projects in astrophysics, aerospace medicine, aerospace biology, etc., investigate the natural resources of the Earth and carry out technical experiments under long-term weightlessness conditions[1]。
Skylab space station（Skylab）
Skylab isU.S.AIn 1973, it was launched into orbit by a two-stage Saturn 5 carrier rocket. In the same year, the command service module of three Apollo spacecraft (i.e. Apollo spacecraft) was launched to rendezvous and dock with it, sending three astronauts each time[1]。
Mir is a space station designed and built by the former Soviet Union, which is the successor project of the above salute plan.It was launched in 1986 and docked with 5 modules in the following decade, which was used until 2000.The Soviet Union and the United States have cooperated in space projects here, and astronauts from many different countries have also visited Mir for work.It was abandoned and burned in the reentry atmosphere in 2001.
The China Space Station isThe People's Republic of ChinaA space station system under construction is expected to be completed around 2022.The orbital height of the space station is 400~450 km, the inclination is 42~43 degrees, the design life is 10 years, three people will stay for a long time, and the total weight can reach 180 tons[18]For large-scale space applications[20-21]。
The International Space Station is built byNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)、Russian Federal Space Agency (RFSA), JapanAerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA)、Canadian Space Agency (CSA)andEuropean Space Agency (ESA), etcA jointly built space station project.It was built in 1998, and all functional modules were successively sent to orbit for assembly. In February 2011, the assembly of the International Space Station was completed[1]。The International Space Station is the largest space station ever owned by mankind.
Tiangong 1 target aircraft（Tiangong 1）
Sketch map of the upcoming docking between Shenzhou spacecraft and Tiangong 1 target aircraft
Tiangong 1 YesChinaDesigned, built and launched independentlytarget spacecraft , which was launched in 2011.Tiangong 1 docked with the Shenzhou 8-10 spacecraft launched later, making China a country that has mastered the technology of rendezvous and docking.Shenzhou 8 was launched on November 1, 2011, and successfully docked with Tiangong 1 on November 3 and 15.At noon on June 18, 2012, Shenzhou 9, together with three astronauts, successfully docked with Tiangong 1, and the astronauts successfully entered into Tiangong 1.At 13:18 on June 13, 2013, Shenzhou 10, together with three astronauts, successfully docked with Tiangong 1 again. The astronauts entered Tiangong 1 and carried out a total of 15 days of on orbit life and scientific research activities.Since 10:00 on June 20, 2013, Chinese female astronautsWang YapingA 50 minute space lecture was held on Tiangong 1.
Tiangong 2 Space Laboratory（Tiangong 2）
The Tiangong 2 Space Laboratory is the first space laboratory in China. Its scale is smaller than that of the space station, but it can do some key technology research projects for the construction of the space station, such as propellant in orbit filling technology.On September 15, 2016, Tiangong 2 was successfully launched and entered the orbit waiting for rendezvous and docking with Shenzhou 11 manned spacecraft after orbit change.On October 19, the rendezvous and docking mission of Shenzhou 11 and Tiangong 2 was realized. Astronauts entered Tiangong 2 to work and live, and completed a 30 day space stay mission.It is expected that Tianzhou 1 cargo spaceship will be launched in the middle and late April 2017, and the in orbit propellant injection test will be completed with the cooperation of Tiangong 2.
development planning
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China
China is expected to launch the Tiangong-3 space laboratory after 2016. However, in order to save money, Tiangong-3 and Tiangong-2 are merged. The former's experiment is completed on the latter, and the construction and launch plan of Tiangong-3 is canceled.Three modular 60 ton space stations will be launched by 2020.Project 921-2 is a working name station for the People's Republic of China to build manned space.The public can submit suggestions for names and symbols to decorate the planned Chinese space station.
The overall configuration of the China Space Station is three segments, includingTianhe Core Moduleas well asSky Quest Module、Mengtian Experimental ModuleThe overall T-shaped structure can accommodate 3-6 astronauts working and living on orbit, and the overall space will reach 110 cubic meters after completion.[23]
At 12:44 on September 30, 2022, the space station assembly was transformed from a two module "one" configuration to a two module "L" configuration.Later, the space station assembly will fly in the "L" configuration in orbit, wait for the launch of the Mengtian experimental module, rendezvous and docking, and will also be transposed to form the space station three module "T" configuration assembly.[24]On November 3, the Mengtian experimental module of the space station was successfully transposed, and the "T" basic configuration of the space station was assembled on orbit.[26]At 10:03 on November 12, the Long March 7 remote six carrier rocket carrying the Tianzhou 5 cargo spaceship ignited and launched on time at Wenchang Space Launch Site in China. About 10 minutes later, the Tianzhou 5 cargo spaceship successfully separated from the rocket and entered the predetermined orbit, and the solar panel of the spaceship worked smoothly, making the launch a complete success.In the future, the Tianzhou-5 cargo spacecraft will conduct autonomous and rapid rendezvous and docking with the orbiting space station assembly.[27]
On orbit diagram of China Space Station[23]
Methane combustion image (left) of combustion science experiment cabinet of space station and methane combustion under the same working condition on the ground
March 2, 2023,Shenzhou 15 flight crewIn the past three months since entering the space station, we have cooperated with each other to complete several space station cargo exit missions. The space station scientific experiment project is progressing steadily as planned and has achieved phased results.With the cooperation of scientific researchers on the ground and astronauts, the experimental system in the combustion science cabinet of the Mengtian capsule successfully carried out the first on orbit ignition test, which verified thatSpace station combustion science experiment systemThe completeness of functions and the accuracy and scientificity of the overall experimental process lay a good foundation for the smooth implementation of subsequent projects.[33-34]
At 5:16 on May 11, 2023, the Tianzhou VI cargo spaceship successfully completed the status setting after entering orbit, and successfully docked with the backward port of the space station and the core module.After the rendezvous and docking is completed, Tianzhou-6 will turn into the combined flight segment.[36]At 11:14 on October 26, 2023, Beijing time, the Long March 2F remote 17 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 17 manned spacecraft ignited and launched at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. About 10 minutes later, the Shenzhou 17 manned spacecraft successfully separated from the rocket and entered the predetermined orbit. The astronauts were in good condition and the launch was a complete success.[41]After the manned spacecraft and the space station assembly successfully achieved autonomous and rapid rendezvous and docking, the Shenzhou 17 astronauts entered the orbital module from the return capsule of the spacecraft.At 19:34 on October 26, 2023 (Beijing time), the Shenzhou 16 crew successfully opened the "home" and welcomed the Shenzhou 17 crew to the "Tiangong".[43]
According to the China Manned Space Engineering Office, at 16:02 on January 12, 2024 (Beijing time), the Tianzhou VI cargo spaceship successfully withdrew from the space station assembly and turned into an independent flight phase.It will re-enter the atmosphere at a controlled time in the near future. Most of the components of the cargo spaceship will be ablated and destroyed during re-entry. A small amount of debris will fall into the intended safe sea in the South PacificDomain.[44-45]
At 22:27 on January 17, 2024, Beijing time, the Long March 7 Yao8 carrier rocket carrying the Tianzhou 7 cargo spaceship ignited and launched at Wenchang Space Launch Site in China. About 10 minutes later, the Tianzhou 7 cargo spaceship and the rocket successfully separated and entered the predetermined orbit. After that, the solar sail of the spaceship unfolded smoothly and the launch was a complete success.Later, the Tianzhou VII cargo spacecraft will rendezvous and dock with the orbiting space station assembly.After entering orbit, the Tianzhou VII cargo spaceship successfully completed its status setting. At 1:46 on January 18, 2024, Beijing time, it successfully docked with the backward port of the space station's sky and core module.After the rendezvous and docking is completed, Tianzhou VII will turn into the combined flight segment.[47-48]
In April 2024, the press spokesman of China's manned space program said that it would speed up research to promote foreign astronauts and space tourists to participate in space station flight[50]。
At 20:59 on April 25, 2024, Beijing time, the Long March 2F Remote 18 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 18 manned spacecraft ignited and launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. About 10 minutes later, the Shenzhou 18 manned spacecraft successfully separated from the rocket and entered the scheduled orbit.At present, the astronauts are in good condition and the launch has been a complete success.After the spacecraft enters the orbit, it will carry out autonomous rapid rendezvous and docking with the space station assembly according to the predetermined procedure, and the Shenzhou 18 crew will rotate with the Shenzhou 17 crew on orbit.During working and living in the space station, the crew of Shenzhou 18 astronauts will carry out several extravehicular activities, carry out practical (trial) experiments and applications in the fields of microgravity basic physics, space material science, space life science, aerospace medicine, aerospace technology, and complete various tasks such as the installation of debris protection and reinforcement devices in the space station, the installation and recovery of extravehicular loads and extravehicular platform equipment.[51]
After Shenzhou 18 manned spacecraft entered orbit, it successfully docked with the radial port of the space station sky and core module at 3:32 on April 26, 2024, Beijing time. The entire autonomous rendezvous and docking process took about 6.5 hours.After the manned spacecraft and the space station assembly successfully achieved autonomous and rapid rendezvous and docking, the Shenzhou 18 astronauts entered the orbital module from the return capsule of the spacecraft.At 05:04 on April 26, the crew of Shenzhou XVII astronauts on orbit successfully opened the "home gate" and welcomed the crew of Shenzhou XVII astronauts from afar to the "Tiangong".Subsequently, the two astronaut teams took photos of the "family" and reported to the people of the whole country who cared about them.[52-53]
U.S.A
Since 2015,NASADeep Space Habitats (DSH) are being developed for the Next Generation Space Technology Exploration Partnership (NextSTEP) for Hyper Space Orbit (BEO) space and transit vehicles.[4]
On March 2, 2023, the "Dragon" spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida by the "Falcon 9" rocket.This mission is the sixth time that the manned "Dragon" spacecraft has transported alternate astronauts for the International Space Station.On March 3, 2023, the US space exploration technology company "Dragon" spacecraft carrying four astronauts arrived at the International Space Station and docked with it.Participate in this code“Crew-6”The four astronauts of the space mission are American astronaut Stephen Bowen, Warren Holberg, UAE astronaut Sudan Naiyadi and Russian astronaut Andrei Fajayev.[35]
Russia
In April 2008, the Russian Space Agency proposed to build an orbital construction site (OPSEK) that is too far away from space to launch directly from the Earth.The International Space Station will not be started or completed after retirement.The program was introduced to ISS partners by Anatoly Perminov on June 17, 2009.
Orbital Technology Commercial Space Station is a project of the Russian company (Orbital Technologies).CSS is designed to adapt to different functions, such as: realizing space based microgravity research;Provide destinations for commercial human spaceflight, space tourism and national sponsored human spaceflight programs;As a standby and emergency haven for the International Space Station and its crew;Promote product development;Promote satellite repair and maintenance;It provides a phased outpost for human space flight missions, which is beyond the low ∨ arth orbit;Provide a unique remote sensing platform.
The business arrangement for developing and selling stations was recently clarified by Orbital Technologies of Russia, which is cooperating with Rocket and Space Technology Corporation Energia (RSC Energia) to develop stations.
On February 13, 2023, according to the Tass News Agency, Kojevnikov, deputy chief designer of the Russian "Energy" Rocket and Space Company, said that Russia planned to launch the energy module of the space station in 2027 to build its own space station.From 2028 to 2030, connection module, access transition module, base module and special module will be launched successively.[32]
India
India plans to upgrade its ISRO rail vehicles for rendezvous and docking after India's human space program.
In January 2022, the Minister of Atomic Energy and Space Development of India, Gittendra Singh, announced at the parliament that India's first space station would be completed in 2030.[13]
enterprise
In December 2011,The Boeing CompanyIt is proposed to take Node 4 as the core of the exploration gateway platform, build it on the International Space Station, and relocate it to the lunar Lagrange point (EML-1 or 2) through a space tug.The purpose of this platform is to support the lunar landing mission using reusable lunar landers after the first two SLS flights.It will also bypass the L1 propellant depot required for lunar missions.Other hardware will include air lock, "international module" and habitat module based on MPLM.
In February 2012,dandyAndVirgin GalacticJointly proposed a track "space club".Their plans include restaurants and zero gravity dance clubs.
The American company Bigelow Aerospace is developing a private rail complex Bigelow commercial space station.Bigelow recommends the use of the BA 330 expandable spacecraft module, as well as the central docking node, propulsion, solar arrays, and additional crew compartments to build the space station.It is planned to initially launch space station components in 2014, and some stations can be rented as early as 2015.The initial configuration of the first Bigelow station - two Sundancer modules and one BA-330 module - was publicly referenced as Space Complex Alpha by Bigelow in October 2010.The second orbital station, the Space Complex Bravo, is scheduled to launch in 2016.As of June 2017, the launch of the Afghan space complex has started from 2020 on the Anat V and Falcon 9 carrier rockets, starting from Cape Canaveral.
social influence
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On November 21, 2022, at the launching ceremony of "Chinese Inventory 2022", the sponsor recommended "space station" as a domestic word。[29]
