Natural medicine

Drug type

Natural drugs refer to those with certain pharmacological activity proved by modern medical system Animal medicine 、 Botanical medicine and Mineral medicine etc.^[1] 。 Natural medicine is not equal to traditional Chinese medicine or herbal medicine. With the development of society, people pay more and more attention to chemical Give human health and environment Negative impact; Return to nature protect the environment It has become a trend idea to deal with the relationship between human beings and the environment. Including plant medicine, animal medicine and Marine medicine Natural medicinal Research With the vigorous development of development, the artificial prohibition of natural drugs tends to be relaxed.

Chinese name: Natural medicine
Foreign name: Natural Medicine

Pinyin: tiān rányào wù
Phonetic transcription: ㄊㄧㄢㄖㄢˊㄧㄠˋ ㄨ

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Botanical medicine

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Botanical medicine

Plant medicine, as its name implies, is based on plants primary metabolites as protein 、 Polysaccharide and Secondary metabolites as alkaloid 、 Phenols , terpenes as effective components API , Preparation. Traditional Chinese medicine from plants on the market Chinese patent medicine All of them are listed as botanicals. Plant medicine plays a leading role in natural medicine. Because of its therapeutic Unique advantages (It comes from nature and has little side effects; it has broad prospects in the treatment of difficult and miscellaneous diseases).

In some Western Europe In countries such as Germany, plant medicine and health drinks have been widely accepted by the public; The United States has approved the amendment FDA Relax restrictions on botanical drugs according to relevant provisions of; South Korea, Japan Malaysia etc. countries and regions It is also a large producer of plant medicine; Hong Kong has decided to set up a Chinese medicine port with huge investment. The application of domestic botanical drugs is unnecessary.

Countries introduced in 1997 Knowledge Innovation Project Chinese, the research of plant medicine has been paid more attention; Kunming Natural drug research or screening centers in Shanghai and other places have been selected into the innovation project, which is bound to vigorously promote domestic natural drugs research and development , make natural medicine human civilization And progress!

Development and application

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Natural medicine refers to natural medicinal substances and preparations used under the guidance of modern medical theory. Its sources include plants, animals and minerals, and generally do not include sources from gene modification Animal and plant substances Microbial fermentation Or chemically modified substances.

The research and development of natural drugs should pay attention to the following points: First, clinical trials should be guided by modern medical theories conceptual design And evaluation; Second, the determination of active ingredients should have sufficient basis; Third, there should be sufficient test data to explain the prescription rationality 、 Non clinical And clinical Effectiveness And security; Fourth, ensure the resources sustainable use 。

1. Global use of natural drugs so far: application has been formed system theory Chinese medicine Indian Buddhism Medicine, Islamic medicine, European traditional herbs, South America Ethnic medicine and Africa ethnomedicine 。 Chinese medicine is considered to be the most developed natural medicine system in the world today.

2. From the perspective of the scale of natural drug use, the total number of natural drugs in China alone has reached 12772, of which 11118 are from plants, 1574 are from animals, and 80 are from minerals; And natural medicine from plants angiosperm In Dicotyledon The largest number is 8598 species.

3. From the technology of natural drug development and application Horizontal analysis There are several situations as follows: API, which accounts for a large proportion in China's market, that is, traditional Chinese medicine; The preparation or extract is made through some simple processing, and most Chinese patent medicines come from it; Pure natural and effective chemical composition The FDA of the United States requires this, but gradually Deregulation 。

4. International hot natural drugs: anticancer drug paclitaxel and its derivatives; Antimalarial drug Artemisinin; Cardio cerebrovascular medicine Ginkgo extract lactone ； resist AIDS Although there have been many reports on natural drugs, no drug can enter the clinic.

Because of western medicine research and development costs It is getting higher and longer to“ Naturopathy "The natural medicine industry characterized by will become the most promising one in the global pharmaceutical industry Characteristic industries 。

With China Medical system reform With the deepening of, natural medicine enterprises are facing fierce competition in domestic and foreign markets. All enterprises want to improve their competitiveness and seize the commanding heights of the industry through transformation and upgrading.

relationship

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Pharmaceuticals Yes bioengineering Methods and Separation and purification Process acquired to treat disease Active ingredient 。 The relationship between biopharmaceuticals and botanicals is as follows:

1. Botanical medicine provides biopharmaceuticals Lead compound 。 What kind of chemistry material Having therapeutic activity that cannot be inferred from nothing; Generally, it is found in the existing botanicals (relatively economical, time-saving and labor-saving). Then use bioengineering To produce such effective ingredient or its derivative.

2. The source plants of botanical drugs provide a place for biopharmaceutics or a direction for searching for such a place. For example, Paclitaxel Is on the pacific ocean It is found in Taxus chinensis in northeast China chinese yew Also found in. Due to the shortage of taxus plants, it is necessary to produce taxol by bioengineering; Generally, it is only optional Taxus In vitro culture of plants, such as suspension culture cells, will not use other plants. chinese yew , a shallow rooted plant taproot Not obvious lateral root Developed, it is recognized as an endangered natural rare anti-cancer plant in the world quaternary glaciation The ancient tree species left over have a history of 2.5 million years on the earth. Because on natural condition The growth rate of lower taxus chinensis is slow, Regenerative capacity Poor, so for a long time, there has not been a large-scale taxus chinensis raw material forest base in the world. China has listed it as a Class I rare and endangered plant under protection, the United Nations Logging is also prohibited.

3. Botanical medicine is the direction of biopharmaceutics. Genetically engineered drugs Put forward a lot; How do genetic engineering drugs come from Gene cloning , integrate into the receptor to make it (super) express and get the required compounds. How did you get genes Original plant Go to find it!

Of course, biopharmaceuticals are not limited to botanicals; In addition to plants, there are also microorganisms (antibiotic production) and animals（ transgene Sheep Transgenic cattle ）； The drugs produced are not only from plants!

Natural medicine is extremely important Drug development resources, systems biology And Synthetic Biology Of technological development , high-throughput biotechnology provides an important method for molecular screening of natural drugs, transgene Crude drug It can transform the expression level and mode of natural medicinal ingredients. In 2003, the United States successfully used synthetic biotechnology to artemisinin It can be expressed in yeast cells, thus opening up a new way for microbial engineering pharmacy of natural drug molecules.

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