Continental climate

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Continental climate usually refers to Mid latitude The climate in the hinterland of the mainland generally refers to temperate continental climate 。 Within the mainland, ocean The impact is weak, and the continental climate is significant. Inland desert is a typical continental climate area. Grassland and desert It is a typical natural landscape with continental climate.

Chinese name: Continental climate
Foreign name: Continental climate

Features: air temperature Annual range or Daily temperature range great
Type: meteorology term

catalog

six Asian climate
seven Main impacts

meaning

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Polar continental climate

Continency is an index indicating the degree of continental climate. Continental climate is the most basic climate type on the earth. Its general characteristic is that it is greatly affected by the continental nature and little affected by the marine nature. Under continental climate conditions, both solar radiation and ground radiation are very large. So in summer, the temperature is very high, the pressure is very low, it is very hot, and the humidity is high. Controlled by cold high pressure in winter, the temperature is very low and dry. It is cold in winter and hot in summer, which makes the temperature vary greatly from year to year and from day to day. The annual and daily temperature range is more than Marine climate 。 The temperature in spring is higher than that in autumn, and the highest and lowest temperatures in the whole year occur shortly after the summer solstice or winter solstice. The hottest month is July, and the coldest month is January.^[1]

Climatic characteristics

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Sub polar continental climate

The most remarkable characteristics of continental climate are annual temperature range or Daily temperature range Very big. In the annual variation of temperature, the warmest and coldest months occur in July and January respectively (January and July in the southern hemisphere respectively). The temperature rises quickly in spring and drops rapidly in autumn. Generally, the temperature in spring is higher than that in autumn. In the daily variation, the highest temperature occurs earlier, usually at 13~14 o'clock; The lowest temperature usually occurs around dawn. Another important feature of continental climate is that the precipitation is less, and the precipitation season and regional distribution are uneven. Areas affected by continental climate, generally drought And semi-arid areas, the precipitation is generally less than 400 mm, or even less than 50 mm.

Main conditions

Generalized temperate continental climate include temperate desert climate 、 temperate grassy climate and Subalpine coniferous forest climate 。 The narrow concept excludes the wet latter. It is very cold in winter high pressure Control, minimum temperature up to - 48 ℃; The average temperature in July in summer is 26~27 ℃ in the south, the highest temperature can reach 40 ℃, and nearly 20 ℃ in the north. The maximum annual range is 62.3 ℃. Receive all year round Continental air mass Control, precipitation from south to north（ North America From west to east), the annual precipitation ranges from less than 200mm to about 400mm, and 300~600mm in the north. Natural vegetation from south to north Temperate desert 、 Temperate grassland , transition to Subfrigid coniferous forest 。

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Due to the different physical properties of water and land, the climate in the hinterland of the continent is very different from that in coastal or island areas.

Continental climate and Marine climate The main differences are as follows:

(1) In the continental climate area, the daily and annual temperature ranges are large. The temperature rises rapidly in spring and drops rapidly in autumn. Generally, the temperature in spring is higher than that in autumn; In the marine climate area, the daily and annual temperature ranges are small. The temperature rises slowly in spring and cools slowly in autumn. Generally, the temperature in autumn is higher than that in spring.

(2) The continental climate has less precipitation, large seasonal variation of precipitation and dry climate, while the marine climate has more precipitation, small seasonal variation of precipitation and humid climate.

Continental degree

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The index indicating the degree of continental influence on climate is called continental degree. Although the distribution of sea and land has an impact on the temperature, precipitation, humidity and other climatic factors, it has the greatest impact on the temperature. Therefore, most of the continental degrees are calculated by temperature, which is generally proportional to the annual temperature range, because with the increase of latitude, the annual temperature range itself has an increasing trend. In order to eliminate the impact of latitude and highlight the impact of sea and land, Therefore, the designed continental degree is inversely proportional to latitude. The continental degree formula proposed by Polish scholar Jokingski is:

K=1.7A/sin φ-20.4

In the formula, A is the annual temperature range, φ is the latitude of the place, and the parameter (constant) in the formula is set at 100% of the continent degree of Veryangsk, Siberia, which has the largest annual temperature range in the world. When K>50%, it is continental climate, and when K<50%, it is marine climate.^[2]

Dryness

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The measure of the degree of wetness or drought in a region is called Wetness or Dryness , the formula is defined as:

Humidity N=r/B0

Dryness D=B0/r=1/N

In the formula, r is the annual precipitation of the place, B0 is the evaporation capacity of the place (i.e. the maximum possible evaporation capacity). When the precipitation of a place is greater than the evaporation capacity, N>1, D<1, indicating that the precipitation of the place is more than evaporation, and the climate is humid; Otherwise, the climate is dry. The distribution of climate dryness in China is shown in the figure below. The World Meteorological Organization defines areas with aridity greater than 10 as severely arid or desert areas. It can be seen from the figure that the area of China's arid areas (D>1) accounts for half of the total area of the country, and the severely arid, desert and gobi areas exceed one million square kilometers.

Heating degree

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Heating degree days It refers to the sum of the difference between the outdoor daily average temperature and the heating reference temperature and the product of days. Any average temperature lower than the reference temperature is included in the heating degree days. Generally, 18 ℃ is used as the reference heating temperature internationally. Air conditioning degree days It is derived from the concept of heating degree days.

Take the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin as an example, winter Damp cold , Summer Muggy , and temperature Diurnal range Small. There are 15-25 hot days in summer when the temperature is higher than 35 degrees, and the hottest extreme temperature is up to 44 degrees. The average indoor natural room temperature in the hottest month is 1-2 degrees higher than the average outdoor temperature. Moreover, the calm wind rate is high, and the air humidity is up to 80%. The high humidity under high temperature makes people feel sultry, greatly reducing the climate comfort in summer, thus reducing the starting temperature of air conditioning and increasing the cooling energy consumption. At the same time, the winter temperature in most areas of the Yangtze River basin is lower than 5 degrees for more than 60-70 days, the extreme temperature in the coldest month can be lower than - 18 degrees, and the sunshine rate is low. The daily average value of the indoor natural temperature is only 2-3 degrees higher than the outdoor temperature. In addition, the humidity is high, which makes this area not within the heating area according to China's current thermal design specifications, but because it is cold and humid in winter, In order to improve the indoor thermal comfort environment, people have taken a variety of heating measures, such as electric infrared heaters, honeycomb briquette heaters, household air conditioners, and so on. Although users heat themselves, because the building itself is not built according to the heating building design, or because the shape coefficient is large or the thermal insulation performance of the enclosure is poor, it is not only difficult to achieve the ideal comfort level, but also the energy utilization efficiency is low and waste is serious.

It is located in the inland and east coast of the mainland between 40 ° and 60-65 ° north latitude. Under the continental climate control in winter, the average temperature of the coldest month is below 0 ℃ in the south and close to - 40 ℃ in the north. The average temperature of the hottest month is 26-27 ℃ in the south and nearly 20 ℃ in the north. The growing season lasts about 200 days in the south and only 50-70 days in the north. Belonging to this climate zone are: China northeast 、 Siberia Most Alaska And Canada Most and U.S.A The Great Lakes Nearby.^[3]

Asian climate

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First of all, the vast inland and high latitude regions in Asia, compared with other continental regions in the same latitude, are characterized by cold winter and hot summer, short spring and autumn, large annual temperature range, concentrated precipitation season, and high continental degree. As can be seen from the table below, Verkhoyansk, Yakutsk and Chita are all on the east side of Eurasia, while Bodo, Trondheim and Bildt are on the west side of Eurasia at the same latitude, and their climate types are quite different. The common characteristics of the first three places are cold in winter, warm in summer and large annual temperature difference. The Verkhoyansk Oyimyakon region in northeastern Siberia is extremely cold in winter, and the average temperature in January is as low as - 50 ℃, Absolute minimum temperature It once reached - 71 ℃, becoming the "cold pole" of the Northern Hemisphere; The average temperature in July is above 10 ℃. The absolute annual range of Vilhoyansk was as high as 105 ℃, which is the largest area in the world. In addition, Verkhoyansk, Yakutsk and Chita have a large range of warming from March to April and cooling from October to November, and the temperature in spring is higher than that in autumn, and the precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer. Therefore, the three regions have continental climate. In Bodo, Trondheim and Bildt at the corresponding latitude in the west of Eurasia, the winter temperature is about 0 ℃, the summer is cool, the annual range is only 15 °~18 ℃, the monthly temperature variation in spring and autumn is not more than 4 °~5 ℃, and the spring temperature is lower than the autumn temperature Marine climate 。

secondly, Asia The extreme change of climate elements throughout the country is also a reflection of the continental nature of climate. On the Asian continent, there are the hottest, coldest, wettest and driest regions in the world. for example arab 、 Mesopotamia 、 Iran and Pakistan And Africa Of Sahara , both the hottest regions in the world Saudi Arabia landlocked The absolute maximum temperature can reach 50 ° - 55 ℃; It is also one of the driest areas in the world. Deserts are widely distributed and there is a large area of no flow area. Indian Kilapenzi Is the wet angle in the world, annual average precipitation Up to 10935 mm.

Asia has a vast land area, the mainland is far from the sea, the mainland has a complete contour, and there is a lack of access to the mainland gulf ； At the same time, the continent is located in the east of Eurasia, weakening Westerly circulation And the Atlantic Warm and humid airflow Impact on Asian climate. According to the principle that the higher the latitude and the farther away from the ocean, the greater the annual temperature difference, the climate in Asia's vast inland and high latitude regions is strongly continental compared with other continental regions in the same latitude. Verhoyansk — Oimiakon The region is located in high latitudes, with little heat in winter, and also in the northeast of Asia, so it is difficult to be affected by the westerly warm current. In terms of circulation factors, it is strong here in winter Anticyclone Under control, the intense cooling action causes low temperature; The basins and depressions that tilt to the north here are more favorable for cold air And the development of anticyclones. Therefore, it has become the coldest area in the Northern Hemisphere and the largest annual temperature range in the world.

Main impacts

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Compared with the main climate types where people live in concentrated communities, the natural comfort of continental climate is relatively low. Because China's continental characteristics are most obvious in the world, a considerable number of regions in China, including the Three Norths region and the Yangtze River basin Heating degree days or Air conditioning degree days All very high. In the five building thermal climate zones in China, except for the mild areas with a very small area (mainly distributed in Yunnan and Guangxi), buildings generally have requirements for heating or air conditioning. In addition, in the northern and cold regions where it is hot in summer and cold in winter, most of them have requirements for both winter heating and summer cooling. As a result, China's building thermal energy consumption (including heating and cooling energy consumption) accounts for the vast majority of the total building energy consumption, and far exceeds the world average.^[1]

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