Atlantic OceanSurface areaNearly 20% of the original area of 91.655 millionSquare kilometers, onAntarctic OceanAfter its establishment, the area was adjusted to 76.762 million square kilometers, with an average depth of 3627 metersPuerto Rico TrenchIt is 9219 meters deep.The Atlantic Ocean is "S" shaped and divided intoNorth AtlanticAnd the South Atlantic.In addition, there are several subsidiary seas in the Atlantic Ocean, such asmediterranean sea、Caribbean、the north sea、the Baltic、Gulf of MexicoEtc.The Atlantic Ocean is far from north to south, so the climate is diverseGreenlandOfPolar Climate, untilWest Africa、BrazilThe Atlantic Ocean includes tropical desert or rainforest climate along the coast.And inEurope、U.S.A、CanadaAnd Brazil andGulf of GuineaThe sea area to the south is subject to strong wind and waves all the year round.
The area of the Atlantic Ocean, together with its subsidiary seas andSouthern OceanSome waters (excluding islands), about 91.655 millionSquare kilometers, the average depth is 3597m, and the deepest point isPuerto Rico Trench9218 meters.
According to the wind direction of the Atlantic Oceanocean current5 ° N is usually taken as the boundary between the North and South Atlantic.The Atlantic OceanNorthern HemisphereThe land boundary ofMeanderingThere are many seas and bays.[1]
Climatic characteristics
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The Atlantic extends from north to south, the equator crosses the middle, the climate is symmetrical from north to south and the climate zone is complete.Simultaneously receiveocean current、atmospheric circulation, sea and land contours and other factors, and the climate of each sea area is different.AtlanticEquatorial zoneyesLow pressure zone, againSoutheast trade windandnortheast tradesOfconvergenceWith weak wind and variable wind directionWindless zone。At the same time, the updraft is strong and multi convectionCloud systemPrecipitation,Annual precipitationUp to 2000 mmRainbelt。Subtropical zoneIt is a high pressure zone, mainly composed of sinking and divergence below the airflow, rare clouds and rain, sunny weather and strong evaporation.commonlyprecipitation500-1000 mm,High voltage centerThe annual precipitation in the sea area (near Azores in the eastern ocean) is only 100-250 mm, much less thanEvaporation capacity, becoming the dry zone in the Atlantic Ocean.fromSubtropical highWith sinking flow directionEquatorial Low Air flow scale ofTrade wind belt, the northern hemisphere is northeasttrade wind，southern hemisphereIt is southeast trade wind.The trade wind has stable wind direction and strong wind force (3-4 levels), becoming important in the Atlantic OceanWind band, and the oceanSurface currentPower to form and maintain.Subsidence flow direction from subtropical highSub polar low pressure zoneAir flow ofWesterlies, is mediumHigh latitudePowerful planetary wind belt, also 40 ° - 60 ° north and south latitudeWesterly driftForming power.The westerlies are also often associated withcold airConvergence.formationfrontal surfaceAnd cyclones, resulting in variable weather and more precipitation, especially in wintersnowstorm, causing strong winds and waves in the high latitude sea area, seriously affecting shipping, marine fisheries and oilindustrial production 。The high latitude sea area to the north of 60 ° N (mainly the east) is affected by warm current and cyclone, and the annual precipitation can reach about 1000 mm;However, in the sea area south of 60 ° in the southern hemisphere, due to dry and cold air and no warm current adjustment, the precipitation is very small, generally 100-250 mm.
Temperature distribution in the Atlantic Ocean andthe pacific oceanBasically similar, extending along the latitude and fromequatorThe area decreases to high latitudes.The temperature in the equator is the highest.Average annual temperature25-26 ℃, the annual variation of temperature is very small (generally not more than 3 ℃).Near 20 ° north-south latitudethermidor The temperature is about 25 ℃, and the coldest month is about 20 ℃.Near 40 ° north and south latitude, the temperature of the North Atlantic is higher than that of the South Atlantic due to the influence of the warm current. The hottest month is 20 ℃, the South Atlantic is only 15 ℃, and the coldest months are 13 ℃ and 10 ℃ respectively.Near 60 ° north and south latitude,North Atlantic Warm CurrentThe warming effect is more obvious. The temperature in the hottest month is 10 ℃, that in the South Atlantic is 0 ℃, and that in the coldest month is 0 ℃ and - 10 ℃, respectively. Therefore, the air in the North Atlantic is warmer than that in the South Atlantic.At the same time, the eastern and western coasts of the Atlantic Ocean are affected by the cold and warm currents, resulting in30 ° NThe temperature in the western ocean is about 5 ℃ higher than that in the eastern ocean.The temperature in the eastern ocean north of 30 ° north latitude is about 5-10 ℃ higher than that in the west, while in the south of 30 ° south latitude, the temperature difference between the eastern and western Atlantic Ocean is not obvious due to the narrowing of the land, the widening of the sea area and the westerly drift.
The climate of the Atlantic Ocean is quite different from north to south and from east to west.annual temperature range Not big, less than 1 ℃ in equatorial region, 5 ℃ in subtropical latitudes, 10 ℃ in northern latitudes and 60 ° in southern latitudes, and more than 25 ℃ only in northwest and extreme south of the ocean.North Atlantic prevails in the Northeasttrade wind, southeast trade wind prevails in the south.The temperate latitudinal region is located in the transitional zone where the cold and warm currents meetWesterlies, the wind is the largest.There are many storms between 40-60 ° north and south latitude;In the tropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, there are often hurricanes from May to October.The precipitation in the Atlantic region is 500-1000 mm in the high latitude region, 1000-1500 mm in the middle latitude region, more than 100-1000 mm in the subtropical and tropical latitudes from east to west, and more than 2000 mm in the equatorial region.The average temperature of the Atlantic water surface near the equator is about 25-27 ℃, and the east is colder than the west between 30 ° north latitude and 30 ° south latitude, while the opposite is true north of 30 ° north latitude.In the Atlantic, south and northTwo hemispheressummerfloating iceIt can reach about 40 ° south and north latitude respectively.
The annual temperature in the Atlantic Ocean does not change much, and the equatorial regionAnnual temperature differenceLess than 1 ℃.5 ℃ in the subtropical zone, 10 ℃ in the mid latitude zone, and more than 20 ℃ only in the northwest and extreme south.The average temperature of seawater is 17 ℃, slightly lower than that of the Pacific Ocean.andSalinityIt is slightly higher than that of the Pacific, with an average of 35.4 ‰.In the North Atlantic, between 15 ° - 30 ° north latitudeSubtropical zoneHigh pressure zone, northeast trade wind zone to the south.The prevailing westerlies are between 40 ° - 60 ° north latitude.In the South Atlantic, toTropical highThe zone is located near 30 ° south latitude, and the prevailing westerlies almost extend from 40 ° south latitude toAntarctica。There are many hurricanes from July to October every year on the Atlantic Ocean at the latitude of 5 ° - 20 ° from north to south.In summerNewfoundlandOften along the coastSea fog；In winterEuropeThe Atlantic coast is foggy;AfricaThe southwest coast is foggy all the year round.The Atlantic Current forms a circulation in the north and south.The northern circulation is composed ofNorth Equatorial Warm Current、Gulf Stream , North Atlantic Warm CurrentCanary Cold Currentform.The southern circulation is composed ofSouth Equatorial Warm Current，Brazil Warm Current, westerly driftBenguela Current form.Gulf StreamIt is the strongest warm current in the Atlantic Ocean and has a significant regulating effect on the climate of northwest Europe.
hydrographic features
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Atlantichydrographic featuresIt has obvious regional characteristics.stayatmospheric circulationDirect actionIn the north and south subtropical sea areas, a huge anticyclone circulation system is formed, and the North Atlantic isClockwiseCirculation, South Atlanticanti-clockwiseCirculation.There is one branch in the sea area between the two circulation systemsEquatorial countercurrentIts flow direction is opposite to the north-south trade wind, flowing from west to east.stayNorth AtlanticA complete sub polar cyclonic circulation is formed in the mid latitude sea area of the South Atlantic and the high latitude sea area of the South Atlantic respectively.
Forming conditions
AtlanticEquatorial currentFrom north to southtrade windIt is formed by direct action and flows from east to west on both sides of the equator.The South Equatorial Current flows from the coast of Africa toDaily averageIt flows westward at a speed of 20-55 km to South AmericaBrazilIn the case of Sanrock angle, it is divided into two branches due to the "sharp angle" of land:North BranchbyGuyana Warm CurrentThe southern branch is the Brazilian Warm Current.The thickness of the south branch is about 100-200m.It flows southward along the east coast of South America to 48 ° south latitude La PlataestuarySouthern and NorthernFalkland The cold currents converge, and then enter the westerly belt to join the westerly drift. The westerly drift flows eastward along 45 ° south latitude, and reaches the southwest waters of Africa between 42 ° south latitude and 48 ° south latitude. The mainstream continues to followWesterly driftFlows eastward into the Indian Ocean;Another tributary flows northward along the West Bank of Africa, formingBenguela Current , the cold current is wide, thin, and slow, reaching north near the equator, andSouth Equatorial Warm CurrentThey converge to form a counter clockwise current system in the South Atlantic Ocean.
The northern equatorial current starts fromCape VerdeIslands, crossing the Atlantic Ocean at an average speed of 35-40 kilometers per day, and flowing toLesser AntillesThere are two branches nearby: one flows northwestward along the northern side of the islands, called the Antilles Warm Current;The other one goes through the islandsCaribbean, andGuyanaConfluence of warm currentCaribbean Warm Current。The Caribbean Warm Current flows fromYucatan StraitInto the Gulf of Mexico, and then fromFlorida StraitOutflowFlorida Warm Current, flow to35 N° nearby andAntilles Current SynonymGulf Stream , flowing northward along the east coast of North America, and reaching 40 ° north latitudeLabrador Current And flows into the east of the westerlies, calledNorth Atlantic Warm Current。The warm current flows from 40 ° north latitude to the northeast to the east, and spreads out in a fan shape to the east coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The main current turns to the coast of western Europe and northwest Europe, and then extends to the northeastarctic ocean。Another ocean flows southward and forms along the northwest coast of AfricaCanary Cold Current, the current flows to the Cape Verde Islands and is divided into two branches. One branch converges with the North Equatorial Current, forming the North Atlantic clockwise current system;The other branch continues to move south and gradually warms up, enteringGulf of GuineaThe Guinea Warm Current is formed.The convergence of the Guinea Warm Current and the equatorial countercurrent entering the Gulf of Guinea has strengthenedGuinea Warm CurrentThe intensity ofThermal low pressure, helpTropical monsoonThe formation and maintenance of.
Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream is the most powerful warm current in the world's oceans.It is generally divided intoCape HatterasThe segment is called Florida Warm Current;The section from Cape Hatteras to 45 ° west longitudeGulf Stream It can be seen that the Gulf Stream is not in the Gulf of Mexico.It is called the North Atlantic Warm Current from 45 ° west longitude to the east.The above three parts are collectively referred to as the Gulf Stream System.The warm current flowing from the Florida Strait in the Gulf Stream system has a width of 60-80 kilometers and a depth of 800 meters. The surface water temperature in the central part of the warm current reaches 30.5 ℃, and the water temperature at a depth of 10 meters is 27.5 ℃. The flow rate per day and night is 130-150 kilometers. The average outflow of warm water per hour is about 90 billion tons, which is about the total amount of rivers in the worldRunoff20 times.After the warm current flows out of the strait, there is a huge Antilles warm current convergingnortheast tradesStill keep puttingSargasso SeaThe warm water of the North American continent is replenished by the blowing of warm water, so that the hot water volume is constantly increasing, which makes the warm current reach Western Europe along the northern flow of the North American continent, especially across the Atlantic OceanNorthern EuropeIn the coastal flow, convection through the sea area has a huge warming effect.
Warm current effect
It is estimated that the heat supplied to the 1 meter long coast of Northern Europe every year is equivalent to the heat generated by burning 60000 tons of coal, makingNorwayThe temperature in coastal January is 15-20 ℃ higher than that in the same latitude zone, so thatpolar circleThe internal sub sea area is not frozen,Murmansk Port(Russia), etcIce free harbor。From the edge of the Arctic OceanLabrador PeninsulaThe southward current is called the Labrador Cold CurrentNewfoundlandThe area near 40 ° southeast north latitude converges with the Mexican Warm Current, which causes heavy fog and the convergence of warm water fish and cold water fish, forming a world-famousNewfoundland Fishing Ground。Labrador Current Also often from the Arctic Ocean orGreenlandBring huge icebergs or floating ice, not only reduceSea water temperatureIt also poses a serious threat to maritime shipping.The sea ice in the South Atlantic Ocean is formed in the coastal sea area of the Antarctic continent, and can extend to the vast sea area south of 55 ° south latitude, or even float near 40 ° - 45 ° south latitude.Estimated fromarctic oceanandAntarctic continentMarginal AtlanticIce volume900 and 1600 km ³ respectively.Icebergs in the Arctic Ocean can generally drift to the southern waters of Newfoundland at 40 °~45 ° north latitude, and a few very large or offshore icebergs can even drift farther south.Southern OceanDue to the strong westerly belt and westerly drift, icebergs can only drift north to 50 ° south latitude.In rare cases, a small number of Antarctic icebergs will cross the westerlies and drift farther north.
The distribution and change of the Atlantic surface seawater temperature are related to the distribution and change of the air temperature.The equatorial region has the highest water temperature, with an annual average temperature of 25-27 ℃, and gradually decreases from the equator to the high latitudes.Year of water temperatureamplitude The equatorial sea area is the smallest, generally between 1-3 ℃, and between 30 ° - 50 ° north latitude and 30 ° - 40 ° south latitude increases to 5-8 ℃, whileHigh latitudeThe annual variation of the sea area is slightly smallerarcticThe sea area is about 4 ℃, and the Antarctic sea area is only about 1 ℃.HoweverContinental climateOr cold, warm currentfrontal surfaceEtcSeasonal variationIn local sea areas with obvious influence, the annual variation of surface water temperature can reach more than 10 ℃.In general, the north and south ends of the Atlantic Ocean are open, and are significantly affected by cold water and ice floes in the Arctic Ocean and Antarctic waters, so the average surface water temperature is only 16.9 ℃, lower than that in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.
The average salinity of the Atlantic surface water is 35.9 ‰.In the subtropical sea area, due to the strong evaporation, the precipitation is low, and the salinity is up to 37.3 ‰, especiallyAzoresIn the southwest trade wind zone, the average salinity reaches 37.9 ‰, and the average annual value of Brazil coastal sea area between 10 ° - 20 ° south latitude also reaches 37.6 ‰.Since the annual precipitation in the equatorial sea area is more than the annual evaporation, the salinity drops to about 35.0 ‰.Ocean surface currents also have an impact on salinity distribution, such asGulfstreamAnd the North Atlantic Warm Current transport the seawater with higher salinity to the eastern side of the high latitude ocean, while the seawater with lower salinity in the Arctic Ocean (less than 34 ‰) is transported to the western side of the ocean, so the surface layer of the eastern side of the high latitude Atlantic OceanSeawater salinityGreater than the west side.South LatitudeIn the westerly drift area south of 45 °, the surface sea water salinity line is almost parallel to the latitude circle.
As the continents on both sides incline towards it, the Atlantic Ocean receives the water from a large part of the earth's rivers, such asSt Lawrence River 、Mississippi River, Orinoco RiverAmazon、La Plata River、Congo River、Niger River、Royal River、Orange River、Rhine、Elbe Riveras well asmediterranean sea, Black Seathe BalticAll the big rivers along the coast flow into the Atlantic Ocean.All the major rivers in South America flow into the Atlantic Ocean, and all the major rivers in Africa exceptZambezi RiverIn addition, other big rivers also flow into the Atlantic Ocean.So the Atlantic (including the Arctic)Drainage areaIt covers an area of 43.2297 million square kilometers, almost four times the area of the Pacific Basin, which is exactly equivalent tothe indian oceanThe basin area is four times that of the world's largest ocean.
The average depth of the Atlantic Ocean is 3300 meters.DeepestPuerto Rico Trench9219 meters.The prominent feature of the ocean floor landform is that there is an S-shapedHailing, with a width of 1610 km, calledMid Atlantic RidgeIt is an integral part of the Universal Ridge (72450 km).Both sides of mid ridgeSea basinThe average depth is 4200-6300m.North AtlanticNorth Asia AmericaSea basinGuyanaSea basin (west side) andCanary SeaBasinCape Verde Basin(East side).The South Atlantic hasBrazil Basin、Argentine Basin(West side) andAngola BasinCape Basin (east side).
AtlanticSubmarine topographyOne of the characteristics isContinental shelfLarge area, mainly distributed in Europe andNorth Americacoast.The deep-water area over 2000 meters accounts for 80.2%, the water area between 200 and 2000 meters accounts for 11.1%, and the continental shelf accounts for 8.7%, accounting forthe pacific ocean、the indian oceanAll are big.Second, there is a line from Iceland toBouvet IslandThe Mid Atlantic Ridge, which extends about 15000 kilometers from north to southequatorThe area is cut off by a narrow water diversion saddle, generally about 3000 meters from the water surface, and some parts protrude from the water surface, forming a series of islands.EntireHailingIt meanders into an S-shape, separating the Atlantic Ocean into two deep water basins stretching parallel to the ridge.The East China Sea basin is shallower than the West China Sea basin, with a general depth of no more than 6000 meters;The western sea basin is relatively deep,Deep trenchMost of them are in the West Sea Basin.In the Southern Hemisphere, the main body of the Mid Atlantic Ridge flows eastward into the Indian Ocean and stretches out many transverse ridge branches westward, such asAfricaWalvis Ridge on the southwest coast（Whale Ridge）, reachingSouth AmericaThe Rio Grande Hill on the east coast extends to the South Scotia Ridge on the Antarctic Peninsula.At the southern end of the Mid Atlantic Ridge, to the south of Bouvet Island, there is an area with a water depth of more than 5000 meters, called the Atlantic Indian Ocean Basin.South Sandwich TrenchIt is 8428 meters deep, the deepest point in the South Atlantic Ocean.On the contrary, the northern end of the Mid Atlantic Ridge, where the sea floor gradually rises upwardGreenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands andShetland IslandsThe sea depth is less than 600 meters.The eastern part of the Atlantic, especially inNorthern HemisphereThere are many underwater shoals in the tropics and subtropics.
Continental margin zone
includecontinental shelf、Continental slopeAnd continental uplift, accounting for about 1/3 of the ocean floor area.Including 9.21 million continental shelf areaSquare kilometers, accounting for 1/10 of the ocean floor area, slightly smaller than the Pacific Ocean, and nearly twice the area of the Indian Ocean continental shelf.The width of the continental shelf ranges from tens of kilometers to thousands of kilometers, with the Baltic Sea and the North Sea in the northeast of the Atlantic Ocean, andNorthwest EuropeGreat BritainAround andNorwegian WeihaiThe coastal sea area is the widest, with the widest point of more than 1000 kilometers, which is the widest and largest sea in the worldcontinental shelfone of.The widest part of the continental shelf along the coast of South America is also close to 1000 kilometers,North AmericaNewfoundlandFloridaThe nearby continental shelf is also wide.howeverBay of BiscayThe continental shelf along the coast of Africa to the south is very narrow, no more than 100 kilometers, and some areas are only 20-30 kilometers.North AmericaEast bankSouth AmericaNorth ShoreCaribbeanThe coastal continental shelf is relatively narrow.The outer edge of the continental shelf is the continental slope, which covers an area of about 7.68 million square kilometers. The continental slope along the continental shelf of Europe and Africa is relatively steep, with a gradient of about 5 °-10°, generally only 20-30 km wide;stayAmericaThe continental slope of is relatively gentle, the slope is mostly within 3 °, and the width is more than 50-80 km;andMexico BasinWestern margin andArgentinaThe shape of the continental slope on the east side is stepped, roughly from 100-200m to more than 5000m deep, which is the same asContinental crustAnd intermittent lifting movement.Atlantic continentalAverage slope3 ° 5 ′, smaller than the Pacific Ocean.Continental slope andOcean basinIn some places, there are continental uplifts, whose slope is much smaller than that of the continental slope, such asGreenland—IcelandUplift, Black Uplift, Malvinas Uplift, etc.There are also hundreds of them on the continental slopeSubmarine canyon, most of which are located on the continental slope on the east side of North AmericaTurbidity currentWashed, eroded orTectonismFormation.
Mid Ocean RidgeHailingIt is the most special ocean bottom wonder in the Atlantic Ocean bottom topography. It starts from Iceland in the north, runs through the Atlantic Ocean, and ends atBouvet IslandAnd then turn northeast andIndian Ocean RidgeIt is connected, with a total length of about 17000 kilometers and a width of 1500-2000 kilometers, accounting for about 1/3 of the width of the ocean.Covering an area of 22.28 million square kilometers, accounting for the Atlantic OceanBottom area1/4, the most important and prominentTopographic unit。The mid ocean ridge is shaped like S and consists of a series of narrow and fractured parallel ridges. The top of the ridge is 2500-3000 meters away from the sea surface. Those whose peak ridges protrude from the sea surface become islands, such as IcelandAzores, San Pedro Sao Paulo ReefAscension Island、St. Helena, Tristan da Cunha Islands, Bouvet Island, etc.The axis of the mid ridge has a longitudinal central fractureriftThe valley is generally 3000-4000 meters deep and more than 10 meters wide.From both sides of the middle axis, there are longitudinal ridges that are gradually lowered, and between the ridges there are 12 to 40 kilometers of rifts.Along the middle ridge, especially along the axis of the ridgeCentral riftAn activeseismic belt, indicating that the Mid Atlantic Ridge isgeological structure Unstable zone.Mid ocean ridgeIt is alsoFault zoneCut off and stagger, the strike of the transverse fault zone is nearly vertical to the mid ridge, and the terrain shows deep linear grooves, whereequatorThe nearby Luomanshi fault zone (the deepestRomance Trench7856 meters, located atSouth Latitude0 ° 16 ′, 18 ° 35 ′ west longitude), cut the Mid Atlantic Ridge into two sections, north and south, and stagger for more than 1000 kilometers. The north section is called Mid Atlantic Ridge, which runs through the north of the Atlantic Ocean, about 10500 kilometers long, 1500 kilometers wide at the widest point, and about 2000-2500 meters from the top of the ridge to the sea.The southern section is called the Mid South Atlantic Ridge, which runs through the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean, with a length of about 4500 kilometers. The top of the ridge is 2000-3000 meters away from the ocean.The Mid Atlantic Ridge is part of the global mid ocean floor ridge.
Sea basin
The bottom of the Atlantic Ocean is relatively flatSea basin, because the mid ridge is divided into two rows of basins.From north to south in the eastWestern EuropeLoba BasinIberiaSea Basin, Canary BasinCape Verde Basin、GuineaSea basinAngola BasinCape Basin;To the west are the North America Basin (located in the southeast of the Sargasso Sea), the Brazil Basin and the Argentina Basin.In addition, in theAntarcticaThere is also a wide Atlantic Indian Ocean basin nearby.The average depth of these basins is 4000-6300 meters, accounting for about 1/3 of the bottom area of the Atlantic Ocean.AtlanticAbyssal sedimentWithEchinococcus oozeAnd pteridozoaOozeMainly, secondlyDiatom oozeandRadiolarian oozeas well asred clayThey account for 80% of the total area of the deep ocean floor.
The mineral resources in the Atlantic Ocean mainly include oil, natural gas, coal, iron and heavy metalsplacerandmanganese noduleEtc.The Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, the Gulf of Guinea and the Mediterranean are all rich inUndersea oilAnd natural gas.
TransatlanticSea basinThere are two oil and gas belts in the Middle East, namely, the East Atlantic belt and the West Atlantic belt.The West Atlantic oil and gas belt mainly includes: ①VenezuelaNorthernMaracaibo LakeSubsea oil fields and Venezuela andTrinidadBetweenParia BayOil field.alreadyproved reserves4.02 billion tons and 862.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas.The annual production of the oilfield is nearly 100 million tons;5 billion cubic meters of natural gas. ②Submarine oil fields in the Gulf of Mexico, mainly distributed in the southwestCampeche BayAnd the United StatesTexasandLouisianaCoastal.Among them, the proven oil reserves in Campeche Bay are nearly 5 billion tons (1978)continental shelfThe oil reserves in the area are 2 billion tons,Natural gas reserves360 billion cubic meters.
The East Atlantic oil and gas belt includes: ① North Sea continental shelf oil fields, with proven reserves of more than 4 billion tons and natural gas of 3 trillion cubic meters (1977).petroleumAnnual outputThe annual output of natural gas is nearly 100 billion cubic meters.Beihai OilfieldThe mining ofNorthern EuropeThe energy conditions of the country, however, the North Sea area is stormy and rainy in autumn and winterOffshore drillingExploitation brings hardship and increases production cost. ②Around the Gulf of GuineaNigeriaThe main marine oil area has about 2.6 billion tons of oil reserves.Besides, on the west side of the AtlanticCanada、Brazil、ArgentinaThe offshore continental shelf ofOil and gas resourcesSome have been put into production.
Seabed coal is mainly distributed in the northeast of EnglandScotlandOffshore and CanadaNova Scotia PeninsulaOuter continental shelf.Britain's undersea coal reserves are no less than 550 million tons, with an annual coal mining volume of 20-25 million tons.In additionSpain、turkey、Bulgaria、ItalyCoal reserves have also been found on the sea floor along the coast of other countries.stayNorth AmericaCanadianNewfoundlandThe world's largest is on the east sideSubmarine iron ore。The estimated reserves exceed 2 billion tons and have been exploited.the Baltic、Gulf of FinlandThere are also submarine iron ores.There are also heavy placers in the Atlantic Ocean, such as the United States, Brazil, ArgentinaNorway、Denmark, SpainPortugal、SenegalThey are found off the coast.Manganese nodules are widely distributed in the Atlantic Ocean at a depth of 4000-5000m, with a total reserve of about 1 trillion tons, mainly distributed inNorth American BasinandArgentine BasinAt the bottom, its enrichment degree and grade are lower thanthe pacific oceanandthe indian ocean。
The ocean floor contains extremely rich manganese nuclei.stayAfricaThere are a large number of offshore seabed in the southwestDiamond placer。There is a small amount of coal and tin off the coast of the British islands.70% of the world's bromine production comes from Atlantic seawater.
Biological resources
AtlanticBiological resourcesAbundant, mainly fish, whose catch accounts for aboutmarine organismAbout 90% of the catch.AtlanticCatchIt once ranked first in the world's oceans, and after the 1960s, it was lower than the Pacific Ocean, ranking second.However, the catch per unit area reached 250kg km2, ranking first in the world.The areas with the largest amount of catches are the northeast seas, namelythe north sea、Norwegian Weihai、IcelandAround,Annual catchIt accounts for about 45% of the total catch in the Atlantic Ocean,Output per unit areaThe average is 830kg km2, and the continental shelf area is about 1200kg km2.It is followed by the Northwest Atlantic, where the catch accounts for 20% of the total, and the average catch per unit area is 690kg km ².amongNewfoundlandThe yield per unit area of the continental shelf sea area on the east side of the United States and Canada is up to 1500 kg km ², which is the highest per unit area yield fishery in the world's oceans.In addition, the CaribbeanBay of Biscay、Angola、NamibiaCoastal areas are also important fishing areas.Atlantic closeAntarcticaThe sea area ofKrillAnd the importance of whalesCapture area。The main fish caught in Atlantic waters areherring, NorthCodfish、Epilepis, codfishflounder、tunas、salmon, Magua sole、Sea bassEtc.These fish are mainly distributed on the continental shelf and the shelf area near the islands.There are sailfish and flying fish in open waters, especially in tropical waters.Western EuropeAnd North American coastal areasOysters、Mussel、Sea fan、Crayfishandcrabs 。At present, some countries along the Atlantic coast are actively developingArtificial breedingMussels, sand crabs, etcMolluscs。
The Atlantic Ocean is composed of five water layersBiozone。From the ocean surface to the ocean bottom: 1. The coastal benthic zone, with the maximum depth within 60 meters, includes various nearshore animals and most of themseaweed；twoBright zone, the maximum depth is within 180 meters, which belongs to the part that can be illuminated by sunlightBiology includesA large number of zooplankton and plants provideNutrients90%;3. Medium depth zone, 200-900m deepThe sperm whaleanda squidOfLiving belt；4. Deep ocean zone, 900-4000m deep, is a dark zoneLuminescent animalHabitat zone;5. Benthic zone, with a depth below 4000 meters, inhabits animals with primitive structures.
Lobster fishing outside Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada
The Atlantic Ocean is rich in marine resources. Newfoundland and the North Sea in the northwest and northeast are the main fishing grounds, rich in herring, codsardine, mackerel, hairy scale fish, etc., and oysters, musselsCrayfish, crabs and variousalgaeEtc.Marine catch accounts for about 1/3-2/5 of the world's total.Antarctic continentNearby whalesSealsandKrill，sea animalThe catch is also very large.
The Atlantic Ocean accounts for more than half of the world's fishing grounds.High yield areas are located along the coast of North and South America.Newfoundland Shore Field OfficeGulfstreamAndLabrador Current ConfluenceIs the richest fishing ground in the world.In the second half of the 20th centuryoverfishing, causing several traditional fishing grounds to run out of fishNorth AtlanticEspecially serious.
Transportation
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General
Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean plays an extremely important role in world shipping. It connects the Panama Canal to the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Strait of Gibraltar in the east, the Mediterranean Sea and the Suez Canal to the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Arctic Ocean in the southantarcticSea area,air routeIt is convenient to extend in all directions.At the same time, the Atlantic coast is almost the most developed region in all continents with a relatively high economic levelcapitalist country, frequent trade and economic exchanges, is an important link and hub in the world's global shipping system.Among more than 2000 ports in the world, the Atlantic coast accounts for 3/5, many of which are world famous ports.Every day onNorth Atlantic routeThe average number of ships on board is more than 4000, accounting for 2/3 of the world'sCargo turnoverAnd 3/5Cargo throughputIs the most developed ocean in the world for shipping.There are five main routes: ① North Atlantic route between Europe and North America; ②Europe and AsiaOceaniaInterfar eastRoute; ③Mid Atlantic route between Europe and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea; ④South Atlantic route between Europe and South America; ⑤From Europe along the Atlantic coast of Africa toCape DownThe route of.Among them, the North Atlantic route is the busiest, with more than 1/3 of the world's merchant ships sailing on this route.The main goods transported by sea are petroleum and petroleum products, followed byIron oreGrain, coal, bauxite, alumina, etc.Meters, 16 of which are connected between Western Europe and North AmericaSubmarine cable。The sky over the Atlantic Ocean is the main traffic route connecting Western Europe, North America, South America and Africa.
Atlantic shipping is well developed. The Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean are connected by the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal in the east and west respectively.Seagoing ships are navigable throughout the year, and about 75% of the world's seaports are located in this sea area.There are mainly North Atlantic routes in Europe and North America;Far East routes between Europe, Asia and Oceania;Mid Atlantic routes between Europe and the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea;South Atlantic route between Europe and the Atlantic coast of South America;The route from Western Europe to Cape Town along the Atlantic coast of Africa.The Atlantic submarine cable is more than 200000 kilometers long.From Valencia in Ireland and from FranceBrittany Peninsula The line from the northwest end to the southeast end of Newfoundland, Canada, or to the north end of Nova Scotia Peninsula, Canada, is the main trunk line of the Atlantic submarine cable.
The shipping industry in the Atlantic Ocean is extremely developed.Western China passes through China and the United Statespanama canal, connecting directly to the Pacific Ocean;It can also bypass the south end of South AmericaCape Horn, throughDrake StraitorMagellan Strait, reach the Pacific Ocean.In the east, it crosses the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea, crosses the Suez Canal through the Red Sea, and takes a shortcut to the Indian Ocean;It can also bypass the southern end of AfricaCape of Good Hope, entering the Indian Ocean.Atlantic andarctic oceanIt is more convenient than other oceans, and there are multiple channels connected.There are many AtlanticInternational routes, contact the coastal countries in Europe, America and Africa,the volume of freight transportIt ranks first in all oceans.Especially the North Atlantic is busier.Connecting the Atlantic with the North SeaDover StraitandEnglish channelIs the busiest place in the world for maritime traffic.There are many ports along the Atlantic coast, mainly includingboston, New York, Baltimore, New OrleansHavana Amsterdam, CopenhagenVeniceEtc.
human geography
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Origin and influence
Atlantic: the word "Great West" comes from ancient timesMYTHOSZhongqingtian Giant GodAtlasName of.It is said that Atlas lives in the Atlantic Ocean and can know the depth of any ocean.In 1845,LondonGeographical SocietyIt is uniformly named Atlantic Ocean.
The English name of the Atlantic Ocean is ATLANTIC OCEAN, which was called OCEAMUS ATLANTICUS in ancient times. It was named after Atlas, the god of Hercules in ancient Greek mythology.Atlas can know the depth of any ocean and support stone pillars to separate the sky from the earth.It is said that the Atlantic Ocean is where he lives.At first, the Greeks named the mountains in northwest Africa after the god Alas, and then expanded toGibraltarBeyond the sea.This name wasNetherlandsQuoted by the geographer Berthhad Vasini (1622-1650).
The Chinese name "Atlantic" was first recorded in the Ming Dynasty.In the Ming Dynasty, it was customary to divide the East and the West byLeizhou PeninsulatoKalimantan Island The front line is the boundary, the west is called "Western", and the east is called "Eastern", so China is used to calling Europeans "Westerners", while Japan is called "Oriental".With the increase of geographical knowledge in Europe in the late Ming Dynasty, it was renamed the Indian Ocean“India and the Middle East”The sea area west of Europe is called "the Atlantic".occidentgeographyAfter the introduction of Hemapa, translators found it difficult to translate the word "Atlantic Ocean" into proper Chinese, so they translated it into "Atlantic Ocean" according to their habits, which has been used up to now.
Most of the Atlantic Ocean floorHailingThey are buried 3000 meters below the sea floor, and only a few ridges protrude from the ocean surface to form islands.Most of the islands are concentrated in the northwest of the Caribbean Sea.Columbus made a mistakeNorth AmericaIt was India, so I gave them a very inappropriate name“West Indies”。According to legend, the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean was ancientAtlantisCivilization.
The peculiar "S" shaped coastline of the Atlantic Ocean also triggered German meteorologistsWegener He boldly proposed the famousContinental drift theory。
Ancient knowledge of the Atlantic Ocean is contained in Ptolemy's maps.During 1440-1540, almost all the islands in the Atlantic Ocean and the land boundary of the ocean were surveyed and mapped clearly.During 1819-1821, it was found thatAntarctic continentAnd the surrounding islands.In 1770, BFranklinNorth Atlantic OceanCurrent chart(mainly describesGulfstreamPath).After the 19th centuryoceanographyResearchIn the stage, the British Challenger (1872-1876), Discovery (1925-1927 and 1929-1938)Russia"Warrior" (1886-1889), German“antelope”"1874-1876" and "Meteor" (1925-1927), as well as the United States coast andGeodesyBureau's investigation on the Gulf Stream, etc.Since the 1970sAir sea interactionJoint researchpolygon-Central Ocean Dynamics ExperimentGlobal Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical ExperimentandPhamos Planetc.ad hoc surveyAnd offshorefield testSo that people have more understanding of the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1865, the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable wasBig OrientalGenerate.
On April 15, 1912,TitanicIt hit an iceberg and sank, killing 1593 people.
On May 27, 1919, NC-4 in the United StatesWater planeBecome the first plane to cross the Atlantic Ocean.(First from Newfoundland toAzores, and then to Lisbon)
In late 1919AlcockThe British plane piloted by Brown successfully became the first plane to cross the Atlantic without stopping.(From Newfoundland toIreland）
In 1921, the British successfully drove the firstAirshipCross the North Atlantic.
In 1922, the Portuguese successfully navigated the first airship across the South Atlantic.
On January 7, 1927, the first successful transatlantic telephone call was made.
In 1927,Charles Lindbergh Successfully completed the first non-stop transatlantic voyage.(byNew YorkTo Paris)
In 1932,Amelia EarhartShe became the first female pilot to fly across the Atlantic alone.
In 1952, Ann Davidson became the first woman to sail across the Atlantic alone.
In 1980, G é rard d'Aboville became the first man to row across the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1994, Guy Delage became the first man to swim across the Atlantic Ocean (byCape VerdetoBarbados）。
In 1998, Benoit Lecomte became the first man to swim across the North Atlantic, and only stayed in the Azores for a week.
On December 3, 1999, Tori Murden became the first woman to row across the Atlantic Ocean (byCanary IslandstoGuadeloupe）It took 81 days and a distance of 4767 kilometers.
