Define with the judgment method, set A~B as a wall, if A~B wall line can cut the relevant enclosure structureInterior wallOtherwise, it is the exterior wall.fromarchitectureFrom the point of view of, the exterior wall is the building enclosure that forms an indoor and outdoor boundary component.Its functions include: bearing a certain load, sheltering from wind and rain, heat insulation, noise prevention, fire safety, etc.
The wall material usually has many tiny holes, or because the installation is not dense or the material shrinks, there will be some through cracks.Due to the existence of these holes and gaps, the pressure of outdoor air in winter makes cold air penetrate from the windward wall to the interior, and there is a temperature difference between the interior and exterior. The indoor hot air penetrates from the interior wall to the exterior wall, so the wind pressure and hot pressure make the exterior wall appear air infiltration.This heat loss is unfavorable for wall insulation.In order to prevent air infiltration of external walls, wall materials with high compactness are generally selected, plastering layers are added inside and outside the walls, and treatment methods such as strengthening the tight joints between components are adopted.In hot areas, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its transitional areas, the solar radiation is strong in summer, and the outdoor heat is transmitted into the interior through the exterior wall, which increases the indoor temperature and produces overheating.In addition, the transition area is not only hot in summer, but also very cold in winter. In addition, there is no centralized heating equipment, which affects people's work and life.In order to improve the residential environment, living quality and indoor comfort, the external wall should also have certain thermal insulation performance and insulation measures.
The exterior wall as the enclosure structure shall have the performance of thermal insulation to meet the requirements of building thermal engineering.If the indoor temperature is higher than the outdoor temperature in winter in cold regions, the heat is easy to be measured and transferred from the high temperature side to the low temperature side. Therefore, insulation measures should be taken for the enclosure structure to reduce the indoor heat loss.At present, there are three main structures to improve the thermal insulation capacity of external walls:
1) Increase the thickness of the external wall to slow down the heat transfer time and achieve the purpose of heat preservation;
3) The composite wall made of various materials is used to solve the double problems of heat preservation and load bearing.
At the same time of heat preservation, it is also necessary to preventThermal insulation materialCondensate water and air infiltration occur inside.In order to avoid the heat loss of heating buildings, the door is usually closed in winter to form an indoor environment of high temperature and humidity. The higher the temperature, the more water vapor in the air.Due to the pressure difference between indoor and outdoor water vapor, water vapor will permeate along the wall to the outside. When the temperature reaches the dew point, water vapor will form condensate on the wall and inside the wall, thus reducing the thermal insulation performance of the wall.The solution is to set a vapor barrier on the side near the indoor high temperature to prevent water vapor from entering the wall.The vapor barrier is often made of coiled material, waterproof coating or film.In structure, local thermal insulation measures shall be taken at the cold bridge.[1]
waterproofing on the exterior wall
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The external wall waterproof of the building shall have the basic function of preventing rainwater and snow from invading the wall, and shall be resistant to freezing and thawing, high and low temperature, and windloadEtc.In order to ensure the firmness and durability of the wall, moisture-proof and waterproof measures shall be taken for the external wall of the building, especially the plinth.Choose goodWaterproof materialAnd construction practices are the premise to ensure a good indoor sanitary environment.Under the condition of normal use and reasonable maintenance, the exterior wall of buildings with the following conditions shall be integratedwaterproof：
Exterior walls of high-rise buildings in areas with annual precipitation greater than or equal to 800 mm;
External walls in areas with annual precipitation ≥ 600mm and basic wind pressure ≥ 0.5kN/m2;
Annual precipitation ≥ 400mm and basic wind pressure ≥ 0.4/m2QianniuExternal wall with external thermal insulation in the area;
External wall with external insulation in the area where the annual precipitation is greater than or equal to 500 mm and the basic wind pressure is greater than or equal to 0.35 kN per square meter;
External walls with external insulation in areas where the annual precipitation is greater than or equal to 600mm and the basic wind pressure is greater than or equal to 0.3kN/m2;
It should be noted that node structure waterproof measures should be taken for the external walls of other buildings in areas where the annual precipitation is greater than or equal to 400mm.
External wall energy conservation
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As the largest envelope of a building, exterior walls have great potential in building energy conservation design.asPassive solar houseIn the design, the outer wall is designed as a heat collector (or radiator). In combination with the use of solar energy, the middle and outer wall is equipped with an air replacement layer to achieve the comprehensive thermal insulation and heat insulation energy-saving effect of the wall.In order to implement the national energy conservation policy and improve the situation of large heating energy consumption and poor thermal efficiency of residential buildings in severe cold and cold regions, energy consumption must be saved through architectural design and structural measures.The energy-saving design of wall as a maintenance structure is of great significance to the low energy consumption of the whole building. The country has also introduced a series of technical measures related to wall energy conservation to regulate this field.
Exterior wall sound insulation
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In order to ensure a good working and living environment indoors.The exterior wall must have sufficient sound insulation capacity to avoid the interference of sound absorption to the indoor environment.Therefore, in the structural design of walls, different materials and technical means should be used to make buildings with different properties meet the requirements of building sound insulation standards.The sound insulation of external walls mainly refers to the sound insulation of gas and solid.The exterior wall is mainly used to isolate the noise directly transmitted by the air.The following measures are generally taken: strengthen the filling treatment of wall joint yard;Increase wall thickness and compactness;And adopting the sandwich wall with air interlayer or porous materials and using vertical greening to reduce noise.[1]
