synonymTallinn(Buddhist architecture) generally refers to the pagoda forest of Shaolin Temple
Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest, located in Henan ProvinceZhengzhouDengfeng Shaolin TempleAt the foot of the mountain, about 300 meters to the west, is the cemetery of Shaolin Temple monks of all dynasties, covering an area of about 20000 square meters after the Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.[1]
The Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple has preserved 241 brick and stone tomb towers of each generation from the seventh year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dynasty (791) to the eighth year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1803).The towers have different levels, generally from 1 to 7, and their heights are all below 15 meters. Most of them have tower inscriptions and towers.There are many kinds of towers and various systems.Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest is the tomb tower forest with the largest number of existing ancient pagodas in China. It is a treasure house of precious physical materials for comprehensive research on the history of Chinese architecture, sculpture and religion, and is known as the "Museum of Chinese Ancient Pagoda Art".[2-3]
The Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple is the tomb of the monks of Shaolin Temple in all previous dynasties, which has gone through the different ages of Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing.Since the Tang Dynasty, all previous dynasties have increased construction and reconstruction and gradually formed a scale.
Built in 791, the seventh year of Zhenyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, the Dharma Master Pagoda is the oldest brick pagoda among the pagodas.
Zhihao Pagoda was built in November of the fifth year of Jiayou in the Northern Song Dynasty (1060).
Ordinary towerIt was built in the third year of Xuanhe in the Song Dynasty (1121).
Xitang Pagoda, built in the second year of Jin Zhenglong (1157), is the earliest pagoda of Jin Dynasty in China.[5]
The Zhugong Zen Master Pagoda was built in the first year of Jin Zhengda (1224), which is the latest pagoda in the Pagoda Forest.
Yugong Tower was built in the 24th year of the Zhiyuan era (1287).
Zhaogong and Shangta were built in the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1339).[6]
Xiaoshan and Shangta were built in the spring of 1572, the sixth year of Longqing in the Ming Dynasty.[7]
Monk Tanran TowerIt was built in the eighth year of Wanli (1580) of the Ming Dynasty.
The Pagoda of Buddhist Master Kuan on the other side was built in the fifth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1666).[3]
After the 1990s, with the approval of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, the tombs of three great monks, namely, the Administrative Monk, the Dechan Monk and the Suxi Monk, were built.[8]
Architectural features
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Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest is the largest and most numerous ancient pagoda complex in China, with an area of more than 21000 square meters.The pagodas are called "Talin" because of their various types, sizes, heights, thicknesses, shapes, and arrangement. They look like lush forests.[3][9]
There are different levels of pagodas in Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest. Generally, the pagodas are 1 to 7 levels, and the height is below 15 meters. The maximum level is 7 levels, which is called“Seven level floating slaughterhouse”Most of them have tower inscriptions and towers.The tower has a wide variety of shapes and systems: according to the plane shape, it can be divided into square, rectangle, hexagon, octagon and circle;According to the shape, there are dense eaves type, wave blocking type and Lama type.[3][7]
Most of the pagodas in Shaolin Temple's pagoda forest are made of brick and stone, and the pagodas are often carved with exquisite patterns and reliefs.[7]
Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple
Cultural relics
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overview
Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest has preserved 241 brick and stone tomb towers of the Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties from the seventh year of Zhenyuan in the Tang Dynasty (791) to the eighth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1803), including 6 in the Tang Dynasty, 1 in the Five Dynasties, 2 in the Song Dynasty, 8 in the Jin Dynasty, 44 in the Yuan Dynasty, 143 in the Ming Dynasty, 14 in the Qing Dynasty, and 23 in the unknown year of construction.Among them, Tang Fa Play Tower, Song Common Tower, Jin Xitang Tower, Yuan Zhonglin Tower, Ming Tanran Tower and Qing Bian Tower are representative works.[3]
Almost every pagoda in Shaolin Temple's Pagoda Forest has a tower forehead on the front to mark the name of the tower owner;Some pagodas have inscriptions behind them, which are more abundant in content.Several influential eminent monks also purposely erected steles beside the tomb tower to record in detail the life story of the tower owner, inheritance of laws, tower erectors, tower erectors, and tower years.[7]
Typical pagoda
Dharma Play Zen Master Tower
Dharma Play Zen Master Tower
The Dharma Master Pagoda is located in the north central part of the Pagoda Forest. It is a quadrangle single eave brick pagoda with a height of more than 8 meters.The whole tower is made of water polished bricks, and its overlapped eaves go out of the tower body for 14 floors.At the top of the tower is a beautifully carved pagoda temple, which has 5 floors in total.The relief on the first floor is a round flying sky, the second floor is a round runner seat, the third floor is a round lotus seat, the fourth floor is a platform stone, and the top is a spherical pearl.In front of the tower body is a stone carved tower door, and on both sides of the door are carved majestic swordsmen;The locked door is carved with 5 rows of 30 door nails, and the door is carved with two divine birds.Behind the pagoda is a pagoda inscription, which is used to play Zen Master's life.Fa Play is an eminent monk of the Eastern Capital Luoyang Worship Temple. After his death, he will be buried in the Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple.Fa Play Pagoda has a rigorous structure and beautiful shape, especially the exquisite carving of the pagoda, which is the representative of the sculpture art of the Tang Dynasty.[7]
Zhihao Tower
Zhihao Pagoda is a square single eave brick tower located in the middle and west of Tallinn.The tower is made of terrazzo bricks, with a side length of 106 meters.The eaves of the tower are more prominent, similar to the Tang Tower.In front of the tower body, there is a brick tower engraved with the inscription "Shaolin Tower", and the middle is empty.Behind the tower, there is a stone inscription on the tower. The first inscription reads "The Master of Songyue Shaolin Temple gave Zisha Gate Zhihao Tower".The pagoda was built by its disciples to emphasize simplicity, reappearance and the country.According to the tower inscription, Zhihao, the tower leader, was the abbot of Shaolin Temple in the Song Dynasty. The inscription of Zhihao has the words "Zishamen". It can be seen that Zhihao was granted by the emperor, which indicates that the emperor of the Song Dynasty has begun to grant the abbot of Shaolin Temple.[7]
Ordinary tower
Ordinary tower
The common pagoda is one of the famous pagodas in the pagoda forest. Any monk can place the ashes here, which is its special feature.Many ordinary monks who once practiced in Shaolin Temple come from all over the world and devote their lives to Buddhism. After their death, they rest in peace here.[5]
West Hall Tower
The west hall tower is a square pavilion tower, which is built of lime and terrazzo bricks. The pagoda temple has exquisite wood like brick carvings and stone cloud plates and lotus patterns, giving a sense of grandeur and grandeur.[5]
Casting Master Zen Tower
Located at the northernmost end of the Pagoda Forest, Zhugong Zen Master Pagoda is the latest golden pagoda in the Pagoda Forest.The tower is a stone tower, 1.9 meters high.The tower is carved from seven layers of bluestone, and the bottom three layers are octagonal bases;The base is octagonal fan-shaped stone, with flowers and plants carved on the first three sides and inscriptions carved on the other five sides;Then it is Yanglian;The top is a bell shaped stone carving, which is the tower body. The bell mouth is carved with six lips, and in front of it is the inscription of "the tower of casting public Buddhist monk".Master Zhugong, named Guangzhu, was once the abbot of Shaolin Temple.Zhugong Tower is a masterpiece of art with exquisite carving and originality.[7]
Yugong Tower
Yugong Tower
Yugong Pagoda, located in the middle of the Pagoda Forest, is a hexagonal brick pagoda with seven levels of dense eaves. It is more than 10 meters high and is one of the tallest ancient pagodas in the Pagoda Forest.The tower is made of terrazzo bricks. The first layer of eaves is carved with a bucket arch. In front of the tower is a brick tower door, with a stone tower forehead. The inscription of Yu Gong Pagoda, the Great Zen Master of Guangzong, was given by the Shaolin Elder of Xuanxuedu Monk Province, which stands as a stone for Longchuan, the leader of Luoyang White Horse Temple.At the waist of the tower base, there is a statue of a strongman carved on the hexagon, which is now damaged.Its six sides are carved with lotus, chrysanthemum and other flowers and plants.There is also a 1m high fence around Yugong Tower.Yugong Pagoda is a masterpiece of ancient pagodas with rigorous structure and exquisite craftsmanship.Tower owner Yugong, nameChevalier He was named Xueting, a famous Zen master and abbot of Shaolin Temple. The Yuan Dynasty granted him the titles of Grand Master of the True Dharma of the Guangzong Sect, Duke of the State of Jin, etc. The monks of the temple called him "Gongbi Kaishan", and called him the founder of Zhongxing of Shaolin Temple.[7]
Zhaogong and Shangta
Zhaogongheshang Pagoda is in the middle of the Pagoda Forest. It is a hexagonal single-layer brick tower with dense eaves. It has five folded eaves and beautiful shape.The back wall of the tower is embedded with a stone inscription, which is the first monk and Japanese monk of Shaolin Temple at that timeShaoyuanWrite and write pills.[10]
Hill Monk Tower
Xiaoshan and Shangta are located in the south central part of the Tallinn. They are Lama style brick towers, more than 10 meters high.The tower base Xumizuo is huge and hexagonal, with brick carvings around the middle waist.The tower body is a bottle.The small mountain pagoda has beautiful shape and exquisite craftsmanship, which is a representative work of architectural technology in the Ming Dynasty.Xiaoshan Monk was the 24th abbot of Shaolin Temple appointed by Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. His greatest achievement was to lead monks and soldiers to fight against Japanese pirates.[7]
Monk Tanran Tower
Located in the southeast of the Tallinn, Tanran and Shangta is a brick and stone structure tower, which consists of nine layers of bluestone carvings decorated with lotus, human and animal, flowers and plants, fierce lions, eight diagrams, Buddhist eight treasures, ties and other pattern reliefs under the cloud disk shaped phase wheel, with vivid shape and exquisite craftsmanship.The body of the tower is shaped like a vase, accounting for about half of the height of the tower. The front is a symbolic stone gate, which is beautiful in form and exquisitely carved. It is a treasure of ancient Chinese towers.[11]
Bian'an Kuanggong Zen Master Tower
The Bian'an Kuanggong Pagoda is a hexagonal seven level brick pagoda with dense eaves. It has a unique shape and a plump and solemn body. It is one of the most representative pagodas of the Qing Dynasty in the tower forest.[5]
Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple
Historical culture
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Reason for building tower
Tower is an ancient Indian sound“Tapo”Abbreviation of, is a product of Buddhism, also known as floating chart, meaning grave, specifically referring to the grave of monks in China.In the tower, the spirit bones of the dead or the clothes bowl of the dead are usually placed.The Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple is the tomb group of successive abbots of Shaolin Temple or monks with achievements and contributions.
According to Buddhist regulations and systems, only famous monks and eminent monks can build pagodas after their demise, and stone inscriptions will be made to show merit and encourage later generations.In addition to the influence of the style and specific circumstances of each historical period (such as the war era, the change of dynasties, etc.), the shape, hierarchy, height and size of the tower basically reflect the status, achievements and prestige of the deceased in the Buddhist world.
Most of the existing pagodas in Shaolin Pagoda Forest are individual pagodas, except for a few common pagodas (collective pagodas).Therefore, the Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple can be called a Sangha biography of the eminent monks of Shaolin Temple.[7]
Allusions and legends
According to legend,qianlong emperor When visiting Shaolin Temple in Song Mountain, the abbot reported to the emperor that there were numerous pagodas in the west of the temple, which aroused Qianlong's great interest.The next day, when Qianlong walked in the west of the temple, he saw many pagodas with different shapes. He asked the abbot nearby, "How many pagodas are there?" The abbot said, "It's not sure yet." When Emperor Qianlong ordered 400 imperial troops to hold one pagoda each, he sent another 50 people, or they didn't finish holding it.Qianlong waved his troops back and exclaimed, "It's really Tallinn!" Since then, Tallinn has become famous.[5]
Celebrity Poetry
In 1973,Guo MoruoRead the article written by Monk Shaoyuan《Monument of Buddhist Monk Xi Temple》And writing and writing《Zhao Gong Monk's Ta Ming》After the rubbings of, he wrote two poems praising: "The stele of the Xi'an Temple is Shao Yuanwen, who came to the Tang Dynasty to seek ways to avoid benevolence, and is willing to be a typical example for thousands of generations. The prime minister learned from each other and made love."[12]
Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple
Cultural relic value
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Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest, as a group of pagodas with the largest number of ancient pagodas, the largest scale and the longest continuous construction time in China, is a treasure house of precious physical materials for comprehensive research on the history of Chinese architecture, sculpture art and religious development, with high historical value and scientific research value.[8]
Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest is a collection of ancient brick and stone architecture, sculpture, calligraphy and painting, and is known as the "Ancient Pagoda Art Museum" by experts and scholars.[9]
In 1959, the Chinese government allocated funds to renovate Tallinn for the first time, and saved a large number of ancient pagodas.
On June 20, 1963, Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest was announced by the People's Committee of Henan Province as the first batch of cultural relics protection units.
From 1979 to 1982, under the guidance of the Department of Cultural Relics of Henan Province and Zhengzhou City, the Department of Cultural Relics of Dengfeng renovated some of the ancient pagodas in the Tallinn, cleared up the historical silt, built the walls of the Tallinn, and took effective protection measures for some of the pagodas.
In 2004, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage approved the Plan for the Protection of Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest in Dengfeng, Henan Province, which divided the damaged degree of ancient pagodas in the pagoda forest into four levels, including 45 first-level damaged pagodas, 140 second-level damaged pagodas, 41 third level damaged pagodas, and 2 fourth level damaged pagodas. Most of the remaining ancient pagodas are well preserved.[8]
In December 2006, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage announced the adjusted "China's World Cultural Heritage Preparatory List",Dengfeng "Heaven and Earth" Historical BuildingsAmong them.During the application for the World Heritage, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage sent personnel and organized experts to the site for many times to guide the work.The CPC Henan Provincial Committee and the People's Government of Henan Province and the CPC Zhengzhou Municipal Committee and the People's Government of Zhengzhou City have conscientiously implemented the opinions of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and have successively completed the preparation of the text of World Heritage application, the protection and display of the heritage, environmental improvement, the construction of special laws and regulations, the construction of management institutions, the construction of archives, heritage monitoring, social publicity and other work.[2]
In 2007, under the guidance of the State Administration of Cultural Relics, Henan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, Zhengzhou Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau and Dengfeng Municipal Cultural Relics Bureau scientifically weeded all ancient towers and monitored each tower.[8]
On August 1, 2010, Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest was listed as a world cultural heritage as a part of Dengfeng "Heaven and Earth" historical buildings.[2]
In 2011, under the overall guidance of the Overall Protection Plan of Songshan Ancient Buildings and the Protection Plan of Dengfeng Shaolin Temple in Henan Province, Zhengzhou entrusted the Urban Planning and Design Institute of Tsinghua University, the Engineering Design and Research Institute of the General Equipment Department, the School of Archaeology, Culture and Museum of Peking University and other units to jointly prepare the Survey and Design Plan of Dengfeng Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest Protection in Henan Province (Phase I)It was approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage.In this plan, 10 pagodas, including Chenggong Pagoda, Qinggong Pagoda, Biqiu Huiyuan Pagoda, Dafang Jingong Pagoda, Xinggong Pagoda, Puyin Master Gaigong Pagoda, Honggong Daji Monk Pagoda, Fa Play Pagoda, Xingjun Zen Master Pagoda on the east side of the outer side of Chang Hospital and Dazhou Pagoda on the north of Erzu Nunnery, were selected for fine mapping and survey,On this basis, the causes of the disease were analyzed and scientific and reasonable protective measures were formulated.
In June 2012, the launching ceremony of Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest Protection Project was held in the square in front of Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest.The protection and maintenance project of the pagoda forest is in strict accordance with the Survey and Design Plan for the Protection of Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest in Dengfeng, Henan Province (Phase I) approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and in accordance with the cultural relics work policy of "protection first, rescue first, rational utilization, and strengthened management" in the new period, the above 10 ancient pagodas are protected and maintained first.[8]
Pagoda Forest of Shaolin Temple
Tourism information
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geographical position
Shaolin Temple Pagoda Forest is located at the foot of the mountain about 300 meters west of Shaolin Temple, Dengfeng City, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province.[3]
