BaselineSurveyingThe middle refers to the length ofstraight lineSegment;stayGeographyThe middle refers to the land and internal waters are the same as the territorial seaDividing line。For the purpose of international law and domestic law, the demarcation line between land and sea is called Baseline.In computer terminology, a baseline is one of each artifact version in the project repository at a specific time“snapshot”。It provides a formal standard on which subsequent work is based and which can only be changed after authorization.After the establishment of an initial baseline, each subsequent change to it will be recorded as a difference until the next baseline is established.
so-calledterritorial watersThe baseline is used to divide the internal water and territorial sea of a countryDividing lineIs also the territorial sea in the law of the seaexclusive economic zone、continental shelfThe starting line of etc.The determination of the internal water area is consistent with the determination of the baseline of the territorial sea.
The baseline is determined according to the 1958 Agreement on Territorial Seas and Adjacent Areas of the United Nations and the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. It is usually the low water line of coastal areas, also known as the "direct baseline".As the coastal countries openly recognize the marks on the charts.In the United States, based on the decision of the Federal Court, this concept has been further explained: the baseline of the United States is the average of the lower water line along the coast, as shown on the chart by the United States officials.At the outer endpoints of estuaries, bays and complex shorelines, baselines will be drawn around these places.Inland water bodies within the baseline, such as bays, estuaries, rivers and lakes, are called domestic water bodies because of national sovereignty.According to international law, every coastal state has its own airspace, water body, seabed andterritorial watersSovereignty over the subsoil, and certain rights for foreign ships to pass through, as well as the right for foreign aircraft to fly over under limited conditions.
1793 Secretary of StateThomas JeffersonIn the 200 years since taking office, the territorial sea declared by the United States is 3 nautical miles beyond the baseline.1988 President of the United StatesReaganDeclare that the territorial sea of the United States is 12 nautical miles beyond the baseline, which is consistent with the provisions of UNCLOS.This announcement only expanded the territorial sea for the purpose of international law, and clearly did not intend to change domestic law.[1]
classification
territorial watersBaselines are mainly divided into two categories: normal baseline and straight baseline.
Normal baseline: Article 5 of UNCLOS states that "the normal baseline of the breadth of the territorial sea is the coastal low tide line marked on the large-scale chart officially recognized by the coastal state".Article 6 of UNCLOS, "In the case of islands located on atolls or islands with coastal atolls, the baseline for measuring the width of the territorial sea is the seaward low tide line of the reef shown with appropriate marks on the charts officially recognized by the coastal State", explains the position of the reef in determining the baseline of the territorial sea.
Straight baseline: according to Article 7 of UNCLOS, in consideration of the actual conditions of the coast, in the case of unstable or very complex coastline, the line of some fixed points can be used to determine the baseline.Generally speaking, the territorial sea baseline determined by the straight-line baseline method is farther away from the land than the normal baseline, and coastal countries can gain more benefits from it. Therefore, the determination method of the straight-line baseline is limited.For example, the deviation from the coast is stipulated in principle;In general, it denied the possibility that the low tide highland [note] is generally used as the base point.The application of the straight-line baseline method also has certain restrictionsterritorial watersSame as high seas orexclusive economic zonePartition ".
These two methods can be used alternately.Article 14 of UNCLOS states that "in order to adapt to different situations, coastal States may alternatively use any of the methods specified in the above articles to determine baselines".
The archipelagic countries have special delimitationArchipelagic baselineSee Article 47 of UNCLOS for details.[1]
determine
The determination of the baseline also involves many other issues, such asestuaryDelineation methods of ports, bays, straits, etc.
Estuary: Article 9 of UNCLOS states that "if a river flows directly into the sea, the baseline shall be a straight line across the estuary between two points on the low tide line on both banks".
Port: Article 11 of UNCLOS states that "the outermost permanent seaport project that forms part of the seaport system is regarded as a part of the coast", that is, as an extension of land, permanent port facilities have the same status as land.Generally speaking, the waters in the port belong to internal water.
Submit baseline dependency scenarios
gulfArticle 10 of UNCLOS, "A bay is an obvious meander. The ratio of its indentation to the width of its mouth makes it have waters surrounded by land, not just a bend of the coast. However, a meander should not be regarded as a bay unless its area is equal to or greater than the area of the semicircle whose diameter is the straight line drawn across the mouth of the curve".The above stipulates the difference between a bay in the legal sense and a bay in geography.There are also detailed provisions for the calculation of water curvature area."If the distance between the low tide marks at both ends of the natural entrance of the bay does not exceed 24 nautical miles, a sealing line can be drawn between the two low tide marks, and the water area surrounded by the line should be regarded as internal water".In addition“Historic Bay”First, it is a special case.
Straits: similar in nature to bays.But the situation is slightly more complicated than the Gulf.If the width of the strait is less than twiceterritorial watersIf both sides belong to the same country, the strait belongs to internal water.
Although both internal waters and territorial waters belong to the territory of a country, their status is different.The main difference is that countries have different degrees of jurisdiction over the region.Domestic water and land territory are basically the same status, and the country enjoys complete exclusive rights (but there are still some subtle differences, which will be discussed below).The territorial sea allows foreign ships to pass through innocuously, which is relatively a semi open area.
However, there are some exceptions in internal water.Internal water lakes, rivers, canals, inland seas, etc.Foreign ships that are in distress or escape from severe natural phenomena are generally allowed to sail into inland waters.According to Article 8 of UNCLOS, "if the effect of determining a straight baseline by the method specified in Article 7 is to enclose an area that was not originally considered as internal water into internal water, there should beInnocent passage”In other words, there are two types of inland seas.One is the sea area between the high tide line and the low tide line under the normal baseline, and the other is the sea area between the straight baseline and the coastal high tide line except for the first type.In the second category of inland seas, foreign ships have the right of innocent passageterritorial waterssimilar.This provision takes into account the actual needs.
In addition, the international navigation of the strait, even if the strait is internal water, is still subject to the relevant provisions.See Part III of UNCLOS for details.[1]
Computer class
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brief introduction
Baseline, which is a software document orSource codeA stable version of (or other output), which is the basis for further development.Therefore, when the baseline is formed, the person in charge of SCM in the project needs to inform the relevant personnel that the baseline has been formed and where the version of the baseline can be found.This process can be considered as internal release.As for the official release, it should be released from the baseline version.
The baseline is one of each artifact version in the project repository at a specific time“snapshot”。It provides a formal standard on which subsequent work is based and which can only be changed after authorization.After the establishment of an initial baseline, each subsequent change to it will be recorded as a difference until the next baseline is established.
The developers involved in the project fill the directories and files of each version represented by the baseline into their workspace.As work progresses, the baseline incorporates the work that developers have delivered since the last baseline was established.Once changes are incorporated into the baseline, developers adopt the new baseline to keep pace with changes in the project.Adjusting the baseline will incorporate the files in the integration workspace into the development workspace.[2]
Reason for establishing baseline
The three main reasons for establishing a baseline are reproducibility, traceability and reporting.
Reproducibility refers to the ability to return and regenerate a given release of the software system in a timely manner, or the ability to regenerate the development environment earlier in the project.Traceability establishes the inheritance relationship between project artifacts.Its purpose is to ensure that the design meets the requirements, the code implements the design and compiles with the correct codeExecutable。The report comes from the comparison of one baseline content with another.Baseline comparisons help debug and generate release notes.
After the baseline is established, all components need to be markedcomponentAnd baselines so that they can be identified and re established.[2]
New projects can be established from the fixed points provided by the baseline.As a separate branch, the new project will be isolated from subsequent changes to the original project (on the main branch).
Each developer can set the baselinecomponentAs the basis for his updates in the isolated private workspace.
When the update is considered unstable or unreliable, the baseline provides a way for the team to cancel the change.
The baseline can be used to re-establish the configuration based on a specific release, which can also reproduce the reported errors.[2]
Use of baselines
Establish baselines regularly to ensure that the work of all developers remains synchronized.However, during the project process, the baseline should be established regularly at the end point of each iteration (secondary milestone) and at the main milestones associated with the end points of each phase of the life cycle:
– Run the system.Including: module code, link module, database, support and tool program;
–User documentation。Including: installation instructions, operation instructions, user manuals, etc;Training plan;Maintenance documents, including fault reports, maintenance manuals, change records, etc;
– Relevant standards and regulations adopted by the project.[2]
Use Case
Announce
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Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometerThe photometric noise of the instrument directly affects the signal-to-noise ratio of the instrument.It is the main factor limiting the lower limit of analytical detection concentration.At present, the photometric noise of the whole machine given by manufacturers of ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer all over the world refers to the photometric noise of the instrument at 500nm (called the photometric noise of the whole machine), which is mainly used to compare the advantages and disadvantages of different instruments;The user of ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer often needs to use it at different wavelengths, especially in the ultraviolet region.Therefore, only the photometric noise of the whole machine at 500nm can not meet the user's requirements.Therefore, the concept of baseline straightness is put forward. The baseline straightness of the ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer refers to the photometric noise at each wavelength, which is one of the technical indicators most concerned by users.It is one of the main sources of analysis error at each wavelength of the ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer.It determines the lower limit of the analytical detection concentration of the UV-VIS spectrophotometer at each wavelength (or determines thesensitivity）。It should be one of the key technical indicators that the majority of users attach great importance to. Therefore, the designers, producers and users of all UV-VIS spectrophotometers should attach great importance to the technical indicator of baseline straightness.
At present, the importance of baseline straightness of UV-VIS spectrophotometer has not been paid enough attention, and there are many errors in the application of baseline straightness, which are shown as follows:
1) The manufacturer does not give the baseline straightness index of the instrument.
2) The baseline straightness is given blindly. For many manufacturers, the baseline straightness is written as ± 0.001.
3) Given the wrong baseline straightness, many manufacturers do not give the baseline straightness within the full wavelength range of the instrument. For example, many instruments give the wavelength range of 190~1100nm or 190~900nm, but the given baseline straightness can only be suitable for the wavelength range of 220~950nm or 210~800nm.
The above three practices are wrong.
1) If baseline straightness is not given, users will not know the noise or sensitivity of the wavelength they use, and it is inconvenient to select instrument conditions;Therefore, it is not easy to get the best analysis results.
2) Not all the baseline straightness of high-end UV visible spectrophotometer is ± 0.001.For example, the baseline straightness of a high-end ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer given by a domestic factory is ± 0.001, and the measured straightness is ± 0.004, with a difference of 4 times.
3) It is even more wrong not to give the baseline straightness within the full wavelength range.First, the concept or definition of baseline straightness is unclear;Second, the wavelength range of the UV-VIS spectrophotometer cannot be guaranteed, which can be said to be a virtual indicator;Third, it will mislead users to think that the baseline straightness given by the manufacturer refers to the baseline straightness within the full wavelength range.[3]
