The basic industry is to provideraw materialPower and foundation conditionsIndustrial sectorThe general name of.It mainly includes agriculture, energy, raw materials, medical treatmentTransportationAnd education and other industrial sectors.Features: large investment and constructionLong cycle, slow to take effect.economic structureIt is very important for the development of other industries and is the basis for the development of other industrial sectors;Most products belong toprimary productsorIntermediate products; Compared with the products of processing industry, its laboradded valueLow.[1]
The basic industry refers to the basic position in the national economic development of a country, which restricts and determines the development of other industries and determines other industriesDevelopment levelOfIndustrial cluster, its products usually become the follow-upIndustrial sectorInputs indispensable in processing, reprocessing and production orconsumables, usually non renewable.The more developed a country's basic industries are, the more sustainable its national economy will be, the more effective its national economy will be, and the people's lives will be more convenient,Quality of lifeThe higher.Therefore, a country must first develop its basic industries if it wants to maintain a long-term, rapid, coordinated and effective development of its national economy.
Basic industries refer to industries that provide conditions and opportunities for other sectors, or those that lead to national economic growth due to their insufficient supply capacityLoss of opportunityIndustry.The basic industry is the foundation to support the operation of social economy, which determines and reflects the development direction andrunning speed Basic industries such as energy, transportation, and raw materials account forTotal state-owned assets70%.It is the material guarantee for national rejuvenation and the rise of great powers, and is the "foundation of the country".
Understanding connotation
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Foreign scholars
Around the middle and late 1940s, in development economics,Balanced growth theoryRosenstan Rodin, the pioneer of“Social overhead capital ”The concept ofindustrial investment The accumulation of infrastructure that a society should have before ".Rosenstan Rodin proposed that infrastructure plays a decisive role in the process of industrialization.Social advance capital includes all basic industries such as electricity, transportation and communication.The development of these basic industries must precede the direct and faster gainsProductive investmentIt constitutes the infrastructure structure of the social economy and the shared cost of the national economy as a whole.
Albert Hirschman in his《Economic development strategy》The book makes a more profound analysis of basic industries.He clearly proposed "social indirect capital" and "direct capital"Production activities”Division of.Hirschman believes that social indirect capital is generally defined as those that carry out primary, secondary andTertiary industryBasic services indispensable to activities.He believes that social indirect capital in a broad sense includes law, order, education, public health, transportation, communication, power, water supply, and agricultural indirect capital such as irrigationdrainage systemWait for allpublic service。However, he also believes that the core of social indirect capital can be strictly limited to transportation and power.He also believes that if the output of social indirect capital investment can be measured, then the ratio of investment to output is very high, and because this investment is technically indivisible, it needs to have a considerable scale to concentrate.
In order to analyze and demonstrate his“On the stages of economic growth”, put forward the "department analysis method", and using this method, he concluded thatEconomic growth stageThe conclusion of the relationship between the sequential replacement of and the sequential change in the importance of economic sectors.
Nan Liangjin, a Japanese scholar, also studied basic industries. He believed that basic industries can be called social indirect capital, generally represented by transportation and communication, which are indispensable initial conditions for economic growth.
Domestic scholars
China's basic industries
Since the 1980s, with theIndustrial policy researchWith the deepening of theoretical research on basic industries by domestic scholars, people have gradually attached importance to basic industries.Renmin University of ChinaProfessor Yang Zhi《Introduction to Industrial Economics》It is pointed out that the development of social economy requires not only direct productive investment, but also indirectSocialInvestment, which gives rise to the concept of social capital.To be exact, "social capital" is social indirect capital.It is said to be social because of productive investment orProductive capitalMost of them areprivate investmentThe investment of social capital is made by the state, local government orPublic utilitiesPublic investment.It is said to be indirect because it indirectly affects the productive activities of productive capital.The assets formed by social capital investment are also infrastructure.
Chinese Academy of Social SciencesZhou ShulianIn his book "Chinaindustrial policyResearch pointed out that we must pay attention to the research of industrial policy.In the subject he presided over, the meaning of basic industry is very clear, that is, energy, raw materials, transportation and other departments.In the research of some members of the research group, the scope of basic industries also includes agriculture.
Chinese Academy of Social SciencesLi JingwenandZheng YoujingIn his Research on Technological Progress and Industrial Structure, the researchers divided the industrial structure into four categories: priority industries, basic industriesExport earning foreign exchangeIndustry, general industry.They think that basic industry refers to the development of other industriesdependenceIt is relatively high, and the demand for it will grow steadily in a long period of time. It is a large-scale industry, and it is in the "supply" position in the industrial structure.They pointed out that agriculture, raw material industry andenergy industry。But they put transportationPosts and telecommunications、power industryListed in the priority industries.
Fan GangThe doctor referred to basic industry and economic infrastructure as the "basic sector" of the economy, including energy (including electricity), transportation, basic raw materials (including building materials, steelChemical materialsAnd other production sectors, as well as other economic infrastructure, such as telephone communication, urban water supply and drainage system, etc.He believes that basic departments and processingindustrial sector The proportional relationship betweenSocial productionOne of the most basic proportional relations in“Infrastructure”。
Feng LanruiThe professor believes that the meaning of basic industry is certainly different from what we used in the past, including metallurgy, oil, coal, machinery and other equipmentheavy industryIts own basic industry is not completely equivalent to the current international infrastructure.She thinks thatinfrastructureThe term "infrastructure" means infrastructure or infrastructure.Infrastructure has broad and narrow meanings.Infrastructure in a narrow sense refers to transportation, communication system, energy and other infrastructure.Infrastructure in a broad sense also includes some sectors that provide intangible products, such as education, culture, science, health, etc.
To the foundationIndustrial researchMore in-depth and systematic is the National Development and Reform CommissionMacroeconomy"Basic industry construction" composed of research institutes and other departmentsFund raising”Research group.The basic industries they mentioned include basic industries and infrastructure. The former includes energy industries such as coal, oil and electricity, and steel, nonferrous metals, chemicalspetrochemical industryAnd other raw material industries;The latter includes roads, railways, airports, ports, postal services, communications, etc.With the rapid development of logistics industry and the recognition of the role of logistics in economic development, some experts believe that logistics industry should also be an important part of basic industries.
Measures
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Socialization
basic industry
Whether it can provide public products and services for the whole society is the fundamental sign of measuring basic industries.
Contribution rate
The basic industry is the first to produce basic effects on the growth of the national economyContribution rate。
Employment ratio
This refers to how much an industry can accommodateSocial labor forceAnd the proportion in solving the problem of employment arrangement.
Correlation degree
This refers to the degree of restriction and relevance of an industry to various sectors of the national economy.This is also an important symbol reflecting basic industries.
Irreplaceable
This is also the main feature of basic industries.
Economic technology
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The basic industry has the following attributes:
Basics
Types of basic industries
This is the most general economic feature of modern basic industries.The reason why basic industries are "basic" is that they arenational economyIt is located in the "upstream" link of the industrial chain, through the network serving various userstransmission system , especially pipeline water supply, power grid, gas, telecommunications, drainage and railwaycommunal facilitiesProvide services.Infrastructure is the national economy andcivil lifeAndBasic industryThe product of is otherProduction departmentRequiredInput。
Asset specific
In most cases, the above transmission system is dedicated, that is, it can only transmit one thing.Investment in transmission systems is the least likely to be repaired, because they cannot be used for other purposes or transferred to other places.Once the investment is made, thisPartial costIt will "precipitate".As these transmission systems form a network, the matching service flow (traffic, power, communication signals) is crucial to fully exert its effect.This internal connection also means that the income from investment in one point of this transmission network depends to a large extent on the service flow and the ability to provide services at other points.
monopolistic competition
One time investment in basic industriesfixed costVery large, but in operationVariable costSmall, when the output reaches the designSupply capacityPreviously, due tomarginal cost lower thanaverage cost, the average cost of its production decreases.suchcost structure This makes it impossible for the market to support more than one supplier in a given region, thus making the only service supplier a monopolist.The scope of competition in the provision of basic industries varies greatly between different sectors, technologies or within sectors, and provides services for each new user in various outputsUnit costWhere it falls,scale economyTo be realized - this isnatural monopolyThe important reasons for its formation.For example, it is hard for us to imagine that there are two subway operators with the same lines in the same city, or two water supply companies in the same community compete.This kind of monopoly caused by decreasing cost is natural monopoly.
All departmentsSettling costThis is another potential reason for the formation of natural monopoly.For example, in the railway and port sectors, for rolling stock andcargo handling As far as equipment investment is concerned, sedimentation cost is less important than fixed facilities investment.The company can easily enter or exit the low costoperating activitiesIn order to compare with other potentialmarket forcesCompetition.Such business activities are called "competitive" activities.Technological and economic differences in production enable a sector to havenatural monopolyThe part of is separated from the part that can compete.
investment
In basic industries, energy andRaw material industrybelong tocapital-intensiveDepartment, which needs a lot of investment;While transportation (such as railways, highways, airports, ports, etc.) andUrban infrastructureLarge scale investment must be made at one time, and sporadic investment is often ineffective.So called investment“Inseparability”Means, because“Social shared capital”The scale of the project is huge, and it is interconnected, interdependent, and indispensable. It must be completed at the same time to play a role, so it needs to haveMinimumA large amount of investment as founding capital.
Lead effect
Basic industries inindustrial structureThe system is responsible forIndustrial growthAnd development provide the basic function of intermediate demand, so generally speaking, it should have a certain advance.Because only when the basic industry has advanced development, can itIndustrial developmentTo provide them with the necessary intermediate needs.On the contrary, the development of basic industries lags behind, and when other industries need intermediate demand, there may be a structural shortage, forming a "bottleneck" in the process of industrial structure development.
External public welfare
The construction of network infrastructure has obviousExternalitiesAnd public welfaresocial resultsIs often significantly better thaneconomic performance, due to theExternal benefitsIt is difficult to calculate accurately, and the payment fee for using the network is not closely related to the size of the network traffic and the network operating cost.in other words,network serviceThe pricing cannot completely adopt the market law, and the network cannot be adjusted completely through the supply and demand relationshipService priceTherefore, it is difficult for investors to get allReturn on investment。
control
Basic industryInput and outputIts characteristics determine the necessity of monopoly and regulation.This is true all over the world, but the scope and degree of regulation are different.Some data show that in Japan, the regulated industries, especially those with high degree of regulation, are mainly basic industries.Electricity, gas, water,Mining industry，TransportationThe communication industry is controlled by 100%, 100% and 96.3%.
government
The government and public sector still play an important role in the infrastructure industrydominance。But at the same time, the government should support the reform and development of infrastructure industry in terms of system and law.
economic development
Basic industry, even if it can't be called influenceeconomic activityOur locomotive is also the "wheel" to promote its development.For example, the United States and JapanInput Output TableIt shows that telecommunications, electricity and water supply are used in almost every economic sectorProduction processTransportation is an input for every commodity.Users need infrastructure not only for direct consumption, but also to improve productivity.
Mixed goods
The vast majority of basic industries are mixed goods.Although almost all of them can be exclusive, they have a certain degree ofNon competitive, its crowding coefficient is between 0 and 1, that isConsumptionBefore reaching their supply capacity, consumers' satisfaction is not affected by each other.This characteristic of the basic industry makes it become the national economy andsocial developmentAnd governments of all countries have intervened in different ways to different degrees,public investmentIt is one of them.Especially indeveloping country, due toeconomic baseWeak,public wealthOfAccumulation rateLow, marketInvestorIt is difficult to invest in basic industries due to the lack of strength for large-scale investment and the ability to bear greater risks. If the government cannot invest in basic industries, the development of domestic basic industries will lag behind and eventually drag down the development of other economic sectors.
Investment mode
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Investment mechanism of basic industries
The most critical issues of investment in basic industries are investment andOperation mode, which is not only directly related toInvestment efficiency, which also determines the investmentSource of funds。It is worth noting that different investment and operation modes actually mean different cost compensation modes.From the practice of various countries,Investment modeMainly:
That is, directly conducted by the governmentInfrastructure investment, free of charge to the public, and the government bears all costs.This is the most basic and traditional oneGovernment investment mode。It is suitable for infrastructure projects that generally benefit the public and have roughly the same amount of benefits.At this time, the government actually relies on tax financing.
Direct investment, non-commercial operation
It refers to the direct investment by the governmentpublic sector Conduct non-commercial operation.The so-called non-commercial operation is not for profit.Business entityCharge users equal to or less thanOperating costsThe cost of.This method is suitable for those who are generally benefited by the public but have different benefitsexclusivenessBut it is not appropriate toPrivate sectorInfrastructure projects operated.At this time, there are actually two ways of project cost compensation: tax andRoyalty。
That is, the government only providescredit for investment, invested and operated by the private sector in a commercial manner.It is suitable for general infrastructure and private sector operation that are not universal and exclusive enough to benefit fromBasic industryProject.At this time, the project cost compensation actually comes from the provision ofProject ServicesPrice of.
