Urban renewal is a way to transform the urbannot suited toModern citycivil lifeWe will carry out necessary and planned reconstruction activities in areas where.In August 1958NetherlandsAt the first urban renewal seminar, relevant explanations were made on urban renewal: people living in cities, for their own buildings, surrounding environment or travel, shopping, entertainment and otherLife activitiesThere are different expectations and dissatisfaction.
The repair and reconstruction of the house where you live and the improvement of the street, park, green space and poor residential areas are required to be carried out as early as possible to form a comfortableenvironmentAnd the beautiful city.Urban construction activities including all these contents are urban renewal.
Urban renewal refers to the construction activities of renovating, improving and optimizing the urban spatial form and function in the built-up area of the central urban area, so as to achieve the comprehensive improvement of housing use, municipal facilities, public building facilities, etc., and the comprehensive improvement of industrial structure, environmental quality, cultural inheritance, etc.[11]
Although the renovation is almost accompanied byurban development But the modern sense of large-scale urban renewal movement began in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States.fromfederal governmentSubsidy to local governmentsSlumsLand will be expropriated and then resold to developers at a lower price for "urban renewal". Although urban renewal integrates the goals of improving housing, improving the environment and revitalizing the economy, it is more simple to optimizeUrban layoutInfrastructure improvement oriented“Old city reconstruction”It covers more and broader content, but thesocial problemBut quite a lot. Especially forColored peopleEvidently, the demolition of poor communities was unfair, which was severely criticized by the society and had to be terminated.After the 1980s, large-scale urban renewal in the United States has stopped, and generally entered a cautious stage. Gradual off community neighborhood renewal has become a major form of small-scale renewalDevelopment phase。So calledUrban landLand reuse refers to the repurposing of small land or buildings (such as converting industrial areas and dock areas into commercial areas), which often does not involve large-scale blocks (especiallyResidential land）Adjustment, e.gbostonOfQuincy Market (Quincy market) transformation.At the earliestIndustrialized countryIn the UK, the task of urban renewal is more prominent, and the word urban regeneration is more likely to be used. Its symbolic significance is not only the improvement of the urban physical environment, but also a broader social and economic renaissance.[1]
Development history
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the Second World WarAfter,the WestThe population and industry in the central areas of some large cities are moving to the suburbs.The original central area began to "decline" - tax revenue declined, houses and facilities were in disrepair, jobs were reduced, and the economy was depressed,public securityandenvironmentTends to deteriorate.In the face of thisentiretyMany western countries have launched a campaign of urban renewal.[2]
On November 20, 2019, the China Urban Renewal (Yangtze River Delta) Summit was held in Shanghai[3]
On December 13, 2019, urban renewal was encouraged by the central policy[4]
In June 2024, the media reported that Hubei Multi region Housing and Urban Rural Development Bureau had changed its name to "Housing and Urban Renewal Bureau".[13]
target
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The purpose of urban renewal is to demolish, transform, invest and construct a declining area in the cityurban function Replace the functional declining material space and make it develop and prosper again.It includes two aspects: on the one handobjective existenceReconstruction of entities (buildings and other hardware);On the other handecological environment、space environment 、Cultural environment、Visual environment, recreation environment, including neighborhood social network structurePsychological stereotyping, emotional attachment and other software.stayEurope and AmericaCountries, urban renewal originated fromWorld War IILater, the transformation of poor residential areas was expanded to the transformation of other functional areas of the city, with the focus on the cityLand useThe region where the function needs to be converted.The goal of urban renewal is to solve urban problems that affect or even hinder urban development. These urban problems are caused by both environmental reasons and economic and social reasons.
The way of urban renewal can be divided into redevelopment（redevelopment）, rehabilitation and protection（conservation）Three.
Redevelopment
The object of redevelopment refers to buildings, public service facilities, municipal facilities and other relevant urban lifeEnvironmental factorsThe overall quality of the region has deteriorated.These elements can no longer adapt to the requirements of current urban life by other means.suchnot suited to, which not only reduces the quality of life of residents, but also hinders the normaleconomic activityAnd the further development of the city.Therefore, the original buildings must be demolished and the reasonable use plan for the whole area must be reconsidered.Access and scale of buildingsPublic activity spaceThe reservation or setting of, the widening or new construction of the street, the setting of the parking lot and the urban space landscape should beReconstruction of old areaUnified consideration in planning.A sufficient basic survey should be made of the current situation, including the situation of the region itself and the situation of adjacent areas.Reconstruction is the most complete way of renewal, but this way is not only in terms of urban space environment and landscape, but also in terms ofsocial structureandsocial environmentBoth positive and negative impacts may be caused by changes in.At the same time, it is also more risky in terms of investment, so it can only be used when it is determined that there is no other feasible way.
Renovation and improvement
The object of renovation and improvement is the area where buildings and other municipal facilities are still usable, but the facilities are aging, buildings are damaged and the environment is poor due to lack of maintenance.Detailed investigation and analysis must also be carried out for the improvement areas, which can be roughly divided into the following three situations:
(1) If the building can continue to be used for a considerable period of time after maintenance, improvement and equipment renewal, the building shall be reconstructed to varying degrees.
(2) If the buildings cannot be used after maintenance, improvement and updating of equipment, or the density of buildings is too high, the land or buildings are used improperly, or the traffic is disordered, the parking lot is insufficient, and the traffic is affected due to the improper use of land or buildings, the causes of the above problems should be solved by various ways, such as dismantling some buildings,Change the use of buildings and land, etc.
(3) If the main problem in this area is the lack of public service facilities or improper layout, the configuration and layout of public service facilities should be increased or readjusted.
The method of renovation and improvement is shorter than that of construction, which can also reduce the pressure of resettling residents and invest less funds. This method is applicable to areas or buildings that need to be updated but can still be restored and need not be rebuilt.The purpose of renovation and improvement is not only to prevent its continued decline, but also to comprehensively improve the life of the old city areaResidential environment。
On June 8, 2020, for urban renewal,Shandong ProvinceHeZe We will implement the three-year action to improve the quality of the cityUrban renewal actionIt is refined into 8 special actions to improve the style and features, blue and green space, and clean air.[5]
Protection forHistorical buildingsOr historical areas with good environmental conditions.Protection is a way of "renewal" with the smallest change in social structure and the lowest environmental energy consumption. It is also a preventive measure, which is applicable to historical cities and historic districts.
The protection of historical areas is more concerned with the external environment, emphasizing the protection and continuation of the lives of local residents.So we should protect the historical cityTraditional styleAnd the overall environment to protect the truthHistorical Remains。The residents should be encouraged to actively participate in the construction and improvement of infrastructure in the area, and improve the housing conditions of residents to meet the needs of modern life.ProtectionMaterial formIn addition to improving the environment, restrictions should also be addressedBuilding density、Population density, building use and its reasonable distribution and layout, etc.
Although the above methods can be divided into three categories, they should be combined according to local conditions in actual operation.
Cultural heritage protection
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Urban renewal and urban historical and cultural heritage protection are facing the built urban areas, so there is an inevitable link between the two.Whether in areas that need protection or in areas that need renewal, both protection and renewal are faced with.The difference is that in protected areas, things that need to be protected account for a large proportion, while in newer areas, things that need to be updated account for the vast majority.However, their goal is to create a uniquecity image To adapt to and promote the city by improving the quality of life in the citysustained developmentThe common goal of.
Conceptual understanding
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Based on the history and experience of urban renewal in the West, in the early 1980s,Chen ZhanxiangUrban renewal is mainly defined as the process of urban "metabolism".In this process, the way of renewal involves many aspects, including the reconstruction from scratch and the reconstruction from scratchHistoric blockProtection and restoration of old buildings.After the rapid development of Chinese cities in the 1980s, many urban problems began to emerge, such as the characteristics andLocal culturestayurban renewalIn the.Wu LiangyongFrom the perspective of urban "protection and development", the concept of urban "organic renewal" was put forward in the early 1990s.It is worth noting that it is aimed at citiesHistorical environmentHowever, this concept emphasizes the urban physical environment rather than the economic, social and cultural aspects related to it.Since 2000, scholars have begun to pay attention to the comprehensiveness and integrity of urban construction, and many articles have also given new understanding of "urban renewal".staytodayIt seems that "urban renewal is a systemTheoretical science, to build fromurban ecology Study urban renewal from a balanced perspective and explore a new model of sustainable development. "[9]This phenomenon, on the one hand, reflects the current concern about China's "urban renewal", on the other hand, it also shows that there is no unified view and definition of this concept.
Legislative escort
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In January 2022,BeijingFifteenth sessionNational People's CongressThe fifth meeting held the second plenary meeting, and Li Wei, Director of the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress, reported to the meeting.Let "urban renewal" have laws to follow and rules to follow, which is one of the preconditions and foundations to solve the pain points, difficulties and blockages of urban development.In 2022, the Standing Committee of the Beijing Municipal People's Congress plans to review the urban renewal regulations, and there will be laws and regulations for urban renewal in the futureEscort。[7]
Li Wuwei said in the preface that the author of the book is a cutting-edge scholar active in the field of urban research in recent years. The significance of this book is to systematically summarize the theoretical progress and specific cases of urban renewal at home and abroad, not only in theory, but also in specific mechanisms to carry out innovative research on urban renewal;Through the comparison and reference of urban renewal theories and cases at home and abroad, the author deeply discusses Chinese citiesUpdate processThe problems faced by and measures to solve.
U.S.ANew YorkJames Jao, former director of the Municipal Planning Bureau, wrote in the book review: "In urban planning, there are only two English languagesProper noun: Urban Design and City Planning have the same meaning and planning method;But inurban redevelopment In Chinese, there are many English nouns, including Urban Renewal, Urban Redevelopment, Urban Rejuvenation,Urban renaissance(Urban Revitalization), Urban Regeneration, at least five words.Why are there so many different English nouns?In the final analysis, it is because the knowledge of urban renewal is very great, there are many problems to face, and the planning methods and trade-offs of each urban renewal are different, which needs further elaboration. "
In general, people often interpret urban renewal asMaterialityModification andMaterial abrasionCompensation, such as house repair, reconstruction and reconstruction, road widening and construction, etc.《Urban Renewal: A New Mileage of Urban Development》It is believed that urban renewal should not adopt a low-level, patchy "zipper" construction mode, but a high starting point, forward-looking and strategic.China's urban problems have their own characteristics. We should find a way of urban transformation suitable for China's national conditions under the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented.In fact, urban renewal has a richer and deeper connotation.The whole process of urban development is a metabolic process of continuous renewal and transformation.Urban renewal and urban development go hand in hand, often as urban selfRegulatory mechanismIt exists in urban development and its positive significance is to preventUrban recessionAnd promote urban development.Urban recession is not only manifested in physical aging, but also in science and technology andmaterial cultureWith the improvement of the level, the city has developed rapidly,Urbanization processThe acceleration of urban recession is more reflected in functional and structural recession, which is a relative recessionInvisible abrasion。Therefore, the motivation of modern urban renewal does not lie inMaterial Abrasion The main reason is invisible wear and tear. The speed of visible wear and tear often lags behind the growing needs of the city, which directly determines whether it is necessary to renovate the old city.
The book emphasizes that urban renewal will demolish, transform, invest and construct a declining area in the city to make it develop and prosper again.It includes two aspects: on the one hand, it is the transformation of objective entities (buildings and other hardware);On the other hand, it will transform and continue various ecological environments, spatial environments, cultural environments, visual environments, recreational environments, including neighborhood social network structure, psychological stereotypes, emotional attachment, etcsoft environmentContinuation and renewal of.
In June 2024, Qingdao was successfully selected as one of the 15 urban renewal demonstration cities through the expert review and on-site defense organized by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development.[12]
