Etna, ItalysicilyEast coast, 37.734 ° N, 15.004 ° E, 3323m above sea level, is a stratovolcano.[1][26]
Etna volcano is a large basalt volcano with an area of 1200 square kilometers and about 700000 people living there.Mount Etna is also one of the most active volcanoes in the world.[26]
Mount Etna is located on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, at 37.734 ° N and 15.004 ° E.It covers an area of 1200 square kilometers.[1][26]
geographical environment
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geology
Etna Volcano In the continental collision zone, the development of a basic type of volcanic activity is related to the existence of relaxation structures, which affected the eastern edge of Sicily, thus making magma rise from the earth's mantle.[26]
landforms
Etna Volcano is a dark independent cone with a circumference of 129 kilometers.The main crater is 3323m above sea level and 500m in diameter.There are more than 200 smaller volcanic cones around.Lava flows and hot spring waterfalls can be seen on the mountain, and black volcanic piles can be seen from the top of the mountain. In 2013, it was listed in the World Heritage List as a natural heritage.[1]
vegetation
The area where Etna Volcano is 900-1980 meters above sea level is a forest belt, including chestnut, beech, oak, pine, birch, etc., which also provides a large amount of timber for the local area.At an altitude of more than 1980 meters, there are volcanic deposits, only sparse shrubs, and often snow on the top of the mountain.[1][26]
Island
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Mount Etna, located on the east coast of Sicily, is a continental collision zone between the Eurasian plate in the north and the African plate in the south.[26]
volcanic activity
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Etna Volcano had 241 eruptions in Holocene, including 24 eruptions with VEI ≥ 3.[26]
Etna Volcano eruption
Start Date
End Date
certainty
VEI
November 12, 2023 local time[28-29]
October 26, 2002
January 28, 2003
Determined
three
June 17, 1994
July 17, 2001
December 16, 1989
May 23, 1992
June 20, 1984
September 24, 1986
July 16, 1979
September 1 ± 5, 1980
January 29, 1947
February 24, 1947
July 7, 1935
January 27, 1941
August 4, 1912
August 1912
May 18, 1886
June 7, 1886
May 26, 1879
June 7, 1879
November 26, 1868
December 8, 1868
May 1, 1863
July 25, 1863
reference material:[26]
On October 26, 2013, Mount Etna erupted again, spewing hot lava into the sky and forming a huge plume of smoke over Sicily in southern Italy.According to Catania Airport, the airspace above Sicily was briefly closed in the morning.On November 28 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted lava again.The last eruption occurred on November 23.[2-3]
On March 17, 2015, Mount Etna erupted suddenly, only 500 meters away from the camp of two campers.One of the campers, 25SwedenMarco Calandra, a student, took a breathtaking picture at that time.On May 16 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted and lava surged, like a huge doomsday.On December 3 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted.[4-6]
From February 27, 2017, Mount Etna began to erupt again.In the early morning of March 16 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted, and the flames soared into the sky.It erupted again on March 16 of the same yearMagmaThe flow of snow caused a strong explosion, which blew the rocks away and injured 10 people.Italian authorities said that when Mount Etna erupted, there were about 35 tourists near the peak.[7-9]
On Christmas Eve in December 2018, the volcano slope erupted violently without flowing lava. This is the first "horizontal eruption" of the volcano in more than ten years, but it will not endangerPersonal safety。On December 24 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted again on the same day, and a large amount of volcanic ash was sprayed into the skyvisibilityToo bad the local airport has been closed.[10]
At 09:00 on May 30, 2019, Mount Etna erupted.The height of the eruption column reached 4000 meters. The peak crater continued to explode and magma flowed out. The volcanic wing produced new cracks, and magma continued to gush out from the cracks and flow to the surrounding areas.The volcanic warning level is upgraded to Level III, and the aviation color code is upgraded to red.On July 20 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted and continued to emit a large amount of smoke and magma.On December 10 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted.[11-12][26]
On December 14, 2020, Mount Etna erupted.On January 31 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted a large amount of magma and ash.On February 16 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted, and a strong explosion broke out in the southeast crater. Lava ash clouds poured into the sky.On May 19 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted again.On May 21 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted again.On May 29 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted again, and a large amount of lava gushed out from the crater, which was a spectacular scene.On July 7 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted again, forming a crater“Lava fountain”。At 8:00 on October 23 of the same year, the crater in the southeast of Mount Etna erupted strongly, and a lava ash cloud about 10 kilometers high erupted from the crater, spreading volcanic ash and debris waves to the western region of the volcano and the coastal tourist city of Taormi about 50 kilometers northeastNa.[13-21]
Etna Volcano eruption
At about 21:00 on February 10, 2022, the southeast crater of Mount Etna erupted strongly, and a lava ash cloud about 10 kilometers high erupted from the crater and drifted to the western region of the volcano.On May 16 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted.On May 23 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted.On June 1 of the same year, Mount Etna erupted again, and there were no reports of casualties and property losses.[22-25]
On the night of August 13, 2023 local time, Mount Etna in Sicily, Italy, erupted, and a large number of streets were covered with volcanic ash, forcing the local Catania airport to close.[27]
On November 24, 2023, Mount Etna on Sicily, Italy, went into eruption.[30]
Volcanic eruption near Mount Etna
On April 5, 2024, Etna Volcano in Italy erupted a white vortex ring.[31]
On April 5, 2024, Etna Volcano in Italy erupted a white vortex ring.
scientific research
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Deformation monitoring
Inclinometer is an instrument that can accurately measure the inclination of the earth surface.Continuous tilt measurement is very useful for monitoring the deformation of volcanic areas, which is a rapid method to detect and study volcanic precursors.There are 25 fixed monitoring stations in Sicily.Most monitoring stations use bubble electronic compressors installed in holes 10 to 30 meters deep.A long arm flowmeter was installed at the 2830 meter high Deneri Lace Observatory, which has two 80 meter long tunnels.These signals are usually collected by sampling every minute, and then transmitted to Catania, where they are stored and displayed in real time.The dip changes from weeks to months indicate that the ups and downs of volcanic buildings may occur before and after the volcanic eruption.[26]
Hazard monitoring
By combining soil data, satellite observations and digital models to quantify volcanic risk, it can be immediately applied to the quasi real-time monitoring of volcanic events.Hazard monitoring refers to monitoring the development of volcanic eruptions after they start, and predicting areas that may be threatened by hazards through volcanic eruption scenarios.[26]
Chemical monitoring
Volcanic gas
The study of volcanic gas is essential to understand the way and reason of volcanic eruption.The magma chamber is subjected to high pressure in depth and dissolves a certain amount of gas (up to 5% of the mass of magma), which will be released when the magma rises to the ground.The most abundant gas is water vapor (HtwoO），Second is carbon dioxide (COtwo）And sulfur dioxide (SOtwo）。Secondary gas includes hydrogen sulfide (HtwoS），Hydrogen (H), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF) and helium (He).[26]
Geochemical monitoring
Volcanoes emit a large amount of gases into the atmosphere, including critical emissions, smoke emissions and degassing from both sides of the volcanic buildings.Geochemists are studying these gases in order to obtain useful information to assess the state of volcanic activity and its impact on people and the environment living on volcanic slopes.Use field technology to measure flue gas emissions, collect gas samples, and use handheld spectrometers to measure gas flow.For critical emissions, the methods used include remote measurement technologies (remote sensing or remote sensing), which can use ground spectrometers on satellite platforms or spectrometers on mobile vehicles to determine gas flow and concentration.[26]
Geodetic monitoring
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US military derivative tool that has been used to study the shape of the Earth (Geodeia) since the mid-1980s.The purpose of GPS used for geodesic is based on the interferometry principle applied to radio signals sent by specific artificial satellites received by receivers on the earth's surface.After these data are properly processed, the 3D distance between the two pillars (space) can be calculated, and then the coordinates of the highly accurate pillar network can be calculated (the error is less than 1 cm).This is a space technology, because although it is carried out by instruments on the earth's surface, it is based on signals sent by spacecraft (satellites) in orbit.The instrument can receive and process signals from other satellite positioning systems in other countries, such as GLONASS system in Russia, Galileo system in Europe, and GPS in the United States.[26]
Gravity monitoring
The science of gravity is defined as gravity.The gravity field value of a point is measured by gravity.Isaac Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation in 1687, pointing out that two objects are attracted by a force that is proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to the square of their distance. This force is called force or gravity.[26]
Geomagnetic monitoring
The rise and accumulation of magma in volcanic buildings lead to changes in stress field, thermodynamic state and fluid cycle, which generate short-term, medium-term and long-term magnetic signals in the process.In the significant recovery stage, the change of magnetic field is expected to be volcanic activity in basaltici magnetic rocks, which are composed of a large number of minerals, but when they change magnetization or are subject to temperature change (termagnetici), or when they are affected (piezomagnetici affects the field of efforts).Other mechanisms, such as the circulation of ionized fluid (electrodynamic effect), the charge generation process, the resistance change caused by shear force, and the magnetohydrodynamic effect, all contribute to the generation of the current that causes the magnetic field change.[26]
Satellite monitoring
The analysis of multispectral satellite images is an important tool for thermal monitoring of volcanic activity, providing frequent and low-cost observations, even in areas that are difficult to detect from the ground.Based on the analysis of multi-sensor satellite images, INGV developed a volcano monitoring algorithm.The combination of sensors with different temporal and spatial characteristics has been proved to be a reliable and reliable tool for detecting and tracking volcanic events.[26]
earthquake monitoring
Seismic monitoring in eastern Sicily and southern Calabria is based on velocity, acceleration and sub acoustic data obtained from fixed seismic stations.The office is responsible for controlling and managing the installed sensors and systems for collecting, transmitting, storing, analyzing and distributing seismic data.[26]
civil life
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Around 700000 people live near Mount Etna.The fertile soil formed by the volcanic ash ejected from the volcano provides extremely favorable conditions for agricultural production.Most of the areas below 900 meters above sea level have been cultivated, with vineyards, olive forests, citrus plantations and orchards cultivating cherries, apples and hazelnuts.The wine made from local grapes is well-known, making the region a densely populated and economically prosperous area.[1][26]
