Aeneid（The Aeneid）YesAncient RomewriterPublius Virgilus Maro(commonly known as Virgil)epic, created from 30 BC to 19 BC, and translated into "Enid".[1-2]
The Aeneid is based on ancient Roman myths and legends. It is a narrativeAeneasThe story of the founding of the Roman state.The whole poem has 12 volumes and 9896 lines.[1]According to the story, it can be divided into two parts, six volumes each, and the first half is imitated《Odyssey》, writing about the wandering of Aeneas;The second half is imitated《Iliad》, writing about the war between Aeneas and Tournus.It can also be divided into three parts, four volumes each. The first part centers on the fall of Troy and Dido's tragedy;The second part is about the transition. When Aeneas arrived in Italy, he formed an alliance and prepared for the war;The third part is about war.[2]The whole poem imitates completely in writingHomerThe two epics of, many of which have the same plot structure, are unique in a serious and sad style, and have a rigorous structure and strong storytelling. The characters are delicately portrayed with emphasis on psychological description, and the language is standardized. They are written in six step lines, and a large number of metaphors are used. The language is vivid. They create a typical example of a poet's ideal political leader. Through the hero's hard adventure,The great achievements of founding the country have praised the glorious history of Rome and the great achievements of the Roman ancestors in founding the country.[1]
The Aeneid is the beginning of the "literati epic", which further shaped the ancient epic creation in terms of structure, characters, poetry rhyme, etc., and had a great impact on the later European epic genreTower cable、MiltonAnd so on.[1]
The Aeneid has 12 volumes in total. The story starts from the middle (in media res), not from the epoch-making (ab ovo), according to the specifications of the epic.At the beginning of the epic, the Trojans had been adrift on the sea for seven years and were leaving Sicily for Italy.But Yuno opposed them and ordered the Wind God to blow them to Carthage to the south.Dido, the queen of Carthage, warmly entertained them.Venus, the goddess and mother of Aeneas, did not want her son to wander any more and wanted him to settle down in Carthage, so she asked her other son Cupid, the little god of love, to urge Dido to love Aeneas.At the banquet, Dido asked him to tell him about his experience of wandering for seven years.
Volumes II and III recount Aeneas' journey from the fall of Troy to Carthage.Volume II writes about the fall of Troy. The Greeks used a Trojan horse to plot into Troy. In a bloody battle, when Lao Wang saw him killed, Aeneas carried his father, his young son, and his wife followed him, and fled out of the city. His wife was lost and sacrificed in the middle of the battle.The whole volume is about what happened overnight.Volume III writes about Aeneas' seven years of wandering, about his desire to settle down, about his mistakes, about praying for God's advice, about his hardships and about his father's death in Sicily.He met in several placesTroy WarThe survivors of the war recalled his painful memories.
Volume IV describes the love and union between Dido and Aeneas.But Jupiter sent a divine envoy to warn Aeneas not to forget the great mission of building a family and state, and asked him to leave Carthage immediately.He decided to sacrifice his own happiness, state the reason why he had to leave to Dido, and resolutely boarded the boat.Dido tried again and again to keep him, but failed. He drank his sword and burned himself in grief and hatred.
Volume V writes that the Trojans returned to Sicily, where they held a match to pay tribute to Aeneas' late father, Anchises.A trojan woman who was in exile together, because she could not find a place to live for a long time and was afraid of continuing her exile life, began to burn the fleet in despair, but the fire was put out by jupiter.Aeneas decided to let those who did not want to go into exile stay, and the rest continued to follow him to find Italy.In the middle, the helmsman Parinurus fell into the sea and died.
The Trojans finally arrived in Italy.They landed at Kumai.Aeneas followed the instructions of Helenus and his father to find the prophetess Sybil.Sibyl took him down to the underworld to meet his dead father. His father showed him his descendants, a series of founders of the Roman country.Aeneas returned to the ground with more determination.In the underworld, he met Parinurus, Dido, and Daphbes, once again experiencing the pain of the past, suggesting that the pain of the past has become the past, and he should look forward and move forward.
Volume VII writes that Aeneas and his party continued to travel northward along the coast and reached the mouth of the Tertiary River.King Latinus warmly welcomed them. He recognized Aeneas as the foreigner whom God said was destined to marry his daughter, and agreed to marry him.However, his daughter has a marriage engagement with Tournus, and Yuno provoked the war.The whole volume ends with the list of Italian generals on the side of Tournus.
Volume 8 tells that Aeneas went to the place where the Arcadian king Evander lived on the future Roman city site to ask for help.Efandel led him to visit his capital, showed the future of Rome, and sent his son Pallas to lead the army to help Aeneas.Venus begged her husband Volcan to build a shield for Aeneas, which was engraved with Roman events (untilOctavianTime), aiming to encourage Aeneas to fight.
Volume 9 writes that when Aeneas went to ask for help, the Troy camp was surrounded by Tournus. Two Troy warriors broke through to find Aeneas and died on the way.Tournus defeated the Trojans, broke into the camp alone, outnumbered, and jumped into the surface river to escape.
Volume 10 writes that Aeneas returned to the camp accompanied by Pallas. During the battle, Tournus killed Pallas and stripped his sword belt as a trophy.Aeneas killed many enemies in his rage and won for the time being.
Volume XI writes that Aeneas prepared for the funeral of Pallas, and the two sides reached an armistice agreement to bury their fallen soldiers.At this time, the Latin camp was anti war, and Tournus said that he would fight with Aeneas alone.At this time, Aeneas launched an attack, and war began again.The heroine Camilla came to support Tournus, died in battle, and the Latin army was defeated.
Volume 12 tells that Tournus once again asked for a duel with Aeneas alone, and the two sides vowed to make a contract. However, the Luturians broke the agreement and launched an attack. Aeneas was injured, and a major war broke out again.Venus cured Aeneas of his wounds, and he went into battle again, killing people on both sides.At this time, Yubit in the sky asked Yuno to stop obstructing the Trojans, and they reached an agreement to let the Romans and Latinos unite.Aeneas stabbed Tournus when chasing him. He wanted not to kill him, but when he saw that he was wearing the belt of Pallas, he was angry and finally killed him and ended the war.[2]
Catalogue of works
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Volume I
Volume II
Volume III
Volume IV
Volume V
Volume VI
Volume VII
Volume VIII
Volume IX
Volume X
Volume XI
Volume XII[3]
Book process
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Created between 42 BC and 37 BC《Pastoral》（Bucolica）Virgil was tempted to write an epic.From 37 BC to 30 BC《Georgics 》Virgil decided to write an epic poem with Octavian as the central figure.Virgil began to write epic poems about 30 BC.according toDonatus(Aelius Donatus). Before writing this epic, Virgil first drew up an outline in prose, divided it into twelve volumes, and then wrote each part into a poem in whatever order he wanted.In order not to interrupt the inspiration, sometimes a paragraph of unfinished put it down to write another paragraph;Sometimes "bedding" is temporarily inserted in some paragraphs for future replacement.By 19 BC, Virgil had completed the first draft of the Aeneid.After that, Virgil plans to spend three years to revise it.For this reason, Virgil got up in 19 BC and went to Greece and Asia Minor to study and observe on the spot.After arriving in Athens, he met Octavian, who was patrolling around the area, preparing to return home and urging him to return with him.He is going to leave for homeCollinsOfmegara MegaraBrindisiBrundisium died in September of that year.Before leaving Italy for Greece, Virgil told his friendsLucius Valius Rufus(Lucius Varius Rufus), if something happens to him, he will burn the Aeneid.After Virgil's death, Lucius Valius Rufus and Plotius Tucca, as executors of the will, did not follow Virgil's will, but complied with Octavian's order to organize and edit the Aeneas, which was published to the world.[2]
Introduction
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dramatis personae
Aeneas, a hero and ideal monarch with strong will, courage and a sense of responsibility.He is not only the embodiment of ideal, but also the symbol of national hope.He is pious, filial, calm, brave, farsighted, and has a clear sense of love and hatred, which focuses on the excellent qualities of the ideal king.His piety is manifested in his reverence for the gods, his concern for the people and his loyalty to the cause.He absolutely obeyed the will of God, and was willing to endure seven years of wandering and three years of hard struggle. In order to complete the glorious mission of building a new country, he put "sentimentality in the bottom of his heart" and resolutely rejected the fiery love of Queen Dido.He not only overcame the fear brought by the stormy waves and stopped without a middle path, but also repeatedly earnestly taught wavering companions.To the people, he is benevolent: fleeing in panic, still not forgetting his parents and compatriots;Some people do not want to bear the pain of displacement any more. Instead of imposing angry punishment, he lets them stay in a safe place.He is calm and resolute, brave and unyielding.When hunting, he shot seven wild deer without losing his arrow;In the battle, he threw a spear angrily, killing the enemy at one stroke.All his actions came from a noble mission, neither because Achilles withdrew from the fight because of personal resentment, nor because Odysseus went through all the hardships and ingenious tricks just to reunite with his family.He is a new type of hero that is different from the heroes of the past, and an ideal king.The epic eulogizes the hero's spirit of adhering to God's will and hard work, just to affirm the sacredness and justice of the Roman Empire.But the epic does not shy away from the weakness of the hero: compassion, doubts, and even Achilles like cruelty.[4-5]
Other characters
Trojans
Profile
Occurrence location
Anchises, father of Aeneas.
Line 634 of Volume II
Volume III, Line 1, Line 708
Volume VI 679 Line
Venus is equivalent to Aphrodite, the god of love and the mother of Aeneas in Greek mythology. Her temples are all over Cyprus, as well as in Sicily.
Volume I Line 223/382/657
Line 591 of Volume II
Volume IV, Line 90
Volume V Line 779
Volume VIII, line 370
Volume X, Line 16
Volume XII, Line 411
Ascanius, namely Julus, son of Aeneas.
Volume IV, line 234
Volume VIII, Line 48
Volume IX Line 232/592
Volume XII Line 168/385
Achates, a loyal assistant of Aeneas.
Volume I, lines 120/174
Volume III, Line 523
Volume VI, Line 158
Volume VIII, line 466
Volume XII Line 384/459
Phegeus, the servant of Aeneas.
Volume V, line 263
Volume IX, line 765
Volume XII, Line 371
Lycus, a subordinate of Aeneas.
Volume I, line 222
Sergetus, a subordinate of Aeneas.
Volume I, line 510
Line 288 of Volume IV
Volume V, line 121
Volume XII, Line 561
Serestus, a subordinate of Aeneas.
Volume I Line 611
Line 288 of Volume IV
Volume V Line 487
Volume IX Line 171/779
Volume X, line 541
Volume XII, Line 561
Priamus, the last king of the Troy Dynasty, was killed by Pirus after the fall of Troy during the Trojan War.
Volume I, line 457
Line 506 of Volume II
Volume VIII, line 158
Passim
Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, was killed by Pirus and sacrificed to his dead father Achilles.
Volume III Line 321
Polites, son of Priam.
Line 526 of Volume II
Volume V, line 564
Polydorus, the youngest son of Priam.
Volume III, Line 45
Deiphobus, the son of Priam, married Helen after Paris died. When Troy fell, he was killed by the Greek army. It was said that Helen was involved.
Line 310 of Volume II
Volume VI Line 495
Hecuba, the queen of Priam, had fifty children each.
Line 501 of Volume II
Hector, the son of Priam, a hero of Troy, was killed by Achilles, the great general of Greece.
Volume I Line 273/483
Volume III, Line 304
Helenus, the son of Priam, was good at divination.
Volume III Lines 295/346
Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, Arboro loved her and gave her the ability to predict. Once she lied to Arboro, who could not cancel her ability to predict, but prohibited people from believing her words.
Volume I, line 41
Volume II, line 246
Volume V, line 636
Volume VII, line 403
Volume X Line 68
Creusa, the daughter of Priam, the wife of Aeneas, and the mother of Askanus, died when she fled Troy.
Volume II Line 562/673/738/772
Laocoon, the son of Priam, was the priest of Apollo.
Line 41 of Volume II
Paris, the son of Priam, abducted Helen from Sparta, causing the Trojan War.In Greek mythology, the three goddesses of Hera (Yuno), Athena, and Aphrodite were compared to each other, and Paris judged Aphrodite to be the first, so he was convicted, and Yuno hated the Trojans.
Volume I, Line 27
Volume II, line 602
Volume IV Line 215
Volume V Line 370
Volume VI 57 Line
Troilus, the youngest son of Priam, was killed by Archishus.According to the oracle, if he lived beyond twenty, Troy would not perish.
Volume I, line 474[5-6]
Greek
Profile
Occurrence location
Agamemnon was the Greek commander in chief in the Trojan War.
Passim
Menelaus, one of the commanders of the Greek army in the Trojan War, was the brother of Agamemnon and Helen's husband.
Volume I, line 457
Volume VI, Line 525
Volume XI, line 262
Helena, born of Zeus and Leda, wife of Menelaus, and Paris, prince of Troy, abducted her, causing the Trojan War.
Volume I, line 650
Line 569 of Volume II
Cxlyseus (Latinized as Ulyses or Ulixes), a Greek general in the Trojan War, is famous for his resourcefulness.
Volume III Line 273/613
Volume VI Line 529
Pyrrhus, also known as Neoptolemus, was the son of Achilles, the Greek general.After the fall of Troy, he killed the old king Priam and Hector's young son Astianax, and captured Helenus and Andromache back to his own country. After his death, he distributed part of the land to Helenus and Andromache to him as his wife.
Volume II, line 469
Volume III, line 295
Sinon, a Greek spy, persuaded the Trojans to pull the wooden horse into the city.
Line 57 of Volume II
Oreste, the son of Agamemnon, whose mother killed Agamemnon, ordered him to kill his mother to avenge his father, but was tortured by the revenge goddesses.He should have married his cousin Hermione, but his father Menelaus promised her to Pirus.
Volume III, Line 331
Volume IV, line 471[5-6]
Carthaginian
Profile
Occurrence location
Dido, also known as Eliza, is a fat Nicky princess. Her husband was murdered by her brother. She fled to North Africa and founded Carthage.
Volume I, line 299
Volume IV Everywhere
Volume VI, Line 450
Volume XI, Line 74
Anna, Dido's sister.
Line 9/416 of Volume IV[5-6]
Italian
Profile
Occurrence location
Latinus, King of Latium.According to Greek legend, he was born to Odysseus and Cergi;According to Roman legend, it was born to the local Italian god Faunus and Marika.
Volume VI, Line 891
Volume VII, lines 45/192
Volume XI Line 231/469
Volume XII Line 18/707
Amata, queen of King Latinus.
Volume VII, line 56/343
Volume IX, line 737
Volume XI Line 223/478
Volume XII, line 54/595
Marica, the mother of King Latinus.
Volume VII, Line 47
Lavinia, the daughter of King Latinus, was engaged to Turnus, but later married Aeneas.
Volume VII, Line 52
Volume XI, line 479
Volume XII Line 64/605/937
Turnus, King of Ruturia, whose ancestors were the kings of Greece, was young and fierce, and was a major figure in the second half of the epic.
Volume VII, Line 56
Volume IX, Line 3
Volume XI, line 376
Volume XII, line 943
Passim
Evander, the legendary king of Arcadia in Greece, moved to Italy and the settlement was later known as Rome.
Volume VIII, Line 52/102
Volume XI, line 140
Pallas, the son of Evander, Aeneas finally killed Tournus to avenge him.
Volume VIII, Line 51/104/466
Volume X Line 365/490
Volume XI, Line 27
Volume XII Line 948[5-6]
Appreciation of works
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Theme
The Aeneid is based on the Italian folklore, that is, the myth of the Trojan hero Aeneas floating to Italy and the establishment of the Roman city by future generations, and the historical facts of the Pilaszi invasion of northern Italy from Asia Minor.The theme of the epic is to eulogize the glorious historical sites of the Romans, carry forward the Roman national spirit, stimulate the enthusiasm of the Roman people to love the country and the nation, and at the same time, it also eulogizes the Augustus dynasty, publicizes the natural divine power of Augustus, preserves a glorious history of divine words for the Roman nation, systematizes the myths that were originally spread among the people, and infuses love for the countryThe lofty spirit of loving the nation.[7]
artistic characteristics
The Aeneid is a new type of epic. The author has a clear creative purpose, a sense of history, a sense of mission, and profound thinking. It absorbs many traditions, myths, and book knowledge of previous generations for nutrition.In this sense, Virgil can be regarded as the first "modern" poet in Europe.Only others are "artificial", so they have the characteristics of artificial.
First of all, the structure of the Aeneid was put together through careful design. The whole poem or each volume reflects the ingenuity of the poet.Each volume is like a building component, matching with other volumes.For example, the mood of Volume 3 and Volume 5 is quiet to ease the tension of Volume 2, Volume 4 and Volume 6.The first half and the second half correspond to each other every time, for example, Volume Seven Yuno instigates war, and Volume One Yuno sets off a storm;Volume 8 is about the future history of Rome and Volume 2 is about the fall of Troy;The death of Pallas in Volume X echoes the death of Dido in Volume IV;The death of Tournus in Volume XII corresponds to the death of Malkellus, Octavian's successor, predicted in Volume VI.Another example is that Volume I starts with Carthaginian history, and Volume VII also has an account of Latin history;The carvings in Carthage Temple match the wood carvings in the Latim official;Elionius was the envoy who informed Dido and King Latinus.Such carefully arranged plots abound.Even in each volume, the plot is arranged painstakingly. For example, in volume III Aeneas described that he had been wandering for seven years and was divided into three groups with three things in each group: the first group of events took place in the Aegean Sea, the second group in Greece, and the third group in Italy and Sicily.Each event represents a kind of emotion: the desolation and horror of Terrace, the warmth of Tiros, and the plague on Crete;The demon atmosphere of Strofades Island, the Roman atmosphere of Aktiem, in Butrotun, Helenus predicted the future, full of the flavor of apocalypse;Minnerval Castle predicted the future war, and finally ended the whole volume in the quiet atmosphere of sailing around Sicily.In general, the Aeneid is a structure of contradiction and balance: ancient legends and contemporary history are two things with continuity;The heroes in Homer's epics have different temperament from Aeneas, and the old hero model should be endowed with new content;The greatness of the Roman cause, the praiseworthy Roman heroes, the value of peace, the prospect of a golden age, etc., and the sacrifices made to obtain them;God's will and individual's will.For these contradictions, the poet both sincerely praised and deeply doubted them. The ambivalent mood produced a hazy atmosphere and a sad bottom tone.
Secondly, the text of the Aeneid was written after considering the specific situation, striving to coordinate the image and music with the content.For example, Virgil often uses "piety" and "piety" to describe Aeneas, and points out his personality characteristics, which shows that he is devout to God, obeys God's will, and as a son, father and leader, he does his best and has compassion.But when he fell in love with Dido and drank in pleasure, the poet stopped using this adjective in front of his name.At the same time, Virgil is good at summarizing the rich life experience in very few words, and the words are refined to a level that reads almost like an aphorism.For example, "This is difficult and laborious" (Volume VI, Line 129), which means that it is difficult to turn back when you go down to the underworld, and you can not regenerate after death, which can be extended indefinitely;Another example is that "the conquered people have only one way to live, that is, do not hope to have a way to live" (line 354 of Volume II), which summarizes an extremely desperate mood, rather like《King Lear》Rigroth said, "We are to the gods like dragonflies in the hands of naughty children. They kill us for fun.".In addition, Virgil is good at depicting the character with epigrammatic sentences. For example, Aeneas returned to the battle after he recovered and said to his son, "My son, you have to learn from me what is courage, what is real hardship, and what is luck, you have to consult others." (Volume 12, Line 435)
Thirdly, the Aeneid also shows ingenuity in choosing metaphors, making the content rich and substantial.For example, in line 304 of Volume II, the night scuffle in Troy is compared to a wheat field fire and a mountain torrent rushing away cattle, sheep and trees. When the herdsman hears the sound on the cliff, he can't do anything about it.This metaphor is basically drawn from Homer's Iliad (Volume IV, line 452).Homer compared the meeting of the two armies to a flash flood, and the shepherd in the distance trembled at the hearing, in order to set off the fierce battle.Homer's shepherd is a writer, Virgil highlighted him to set off the psychological state of Aeneas, both frightened and helpless.At the same time, the simile in Volume I reflects Virgil's originality.For example, the first simile in the whole poem (Volume I, Line 148) compares human beings with natural phenomena, which is just the opposite of Homer's analogy of human beings with natural phenomena.For example, in the second volume of the Iliad, Agamemnon held a military meeting, deliberately tested the generals' determination to fight without Achilles' participation, and proposed that their troops return to China. Everyone agreed that the troops began to prepare for returning to China. Homer used two similes to describe his busy and chaotic scene: like waves in the wind, feathers on the helmets and shaking barrels of guns,And like ears of wheat in the wind.Virgil drew an image from Roman political life to compare the turmoil and cessation of the storm, which also shows Virgil's interest in politics.For another example, after mentioning Dido twice to prepare the readers, Dido himself appeared (Volume I, line 499), and the poet immediately used a simile to compare her to Diana.This simile is modelled on Homer, who wrote in Odysseus that Nausicaa, a young girl, was like Artemis (Diana) when she washed and bathed by the river before she got married.In addition, there are a lot of portraits of real life in the whole poem, such as the picture of the one eyed giant Paulifemus eating people (line 623 of volume 3), which is a cartoon of the rich eating the poor;Akemeodes is a sketch of a poor man eating wild fruits and grass roots to satisfy his hunger (lines 588-654 in Volume III);The intrigue between Yuno and Venus is a picture of the life of a Roman lady (Volume IV);Bronx is a double faced Roman politician (Volume 11-12);Aeneas pleaded with Dido (Volume IV), and the debate between Yuno and Venus in the Heavenly Palace (Volume X) was undoubtedly a copy of the debate in the Senate and the court;The love between Aeneas and Dido may allude to Anthony and Cleopatra.
Finally, in terms of technique, Virgil likes to use symbolic and suggestive techniques to serve the theme, which sets off the uncertain awareness and atmosphere of glandular haziness. This technique is most concentrated in Volume 6.When Aeneas came to the temple of Arboros, the stories of Dedalus, Minotaur and the lost officials were carved on the gate, which symbolized that Aeneas was about to be liberated after a period of confusion (including Dido's episode), and he was sure of his future and would not waver.Sybil is the symbol of fate and the representative of God. She is not only a guide to Aeneas' future, but also a mysterious and formidable figure.The golden branches picked by Aeneas are said to symbolize light in darkness and life in death, which are very mysterious.Aeneas had to wash the stain left by a dead companion before entering the underworld, so the poet spent some time writing about the funeral, which was said to symbolize that the mortal cannot regenerate after death (after entering the underworld), but Aeneas was different and would still regenerate.There are two exits of the underworld, one is the Corner Gate (made of ox horn), and the other is the Ivory Gate, which also has mysterious symbolic significance.According to the Odysseus (Volume 19, Line 562), dreams that appear through the Ivory Gate are false, and dreams that appear through the Horn Gate are true, while Aeneas and Sibir just left the underworld from the Ivory Gate, which can be described as "true and false when false, and there are places and nothing".At the same time, Virgil also uses dreams or illusions many times in his poems, perhaps because Virgil believes that dreams are reality.As an artistic means, it not only sets off the atmosphere, but also promotes the plot.For example, when the Greeks had raided the city and Aeneas was still sleeping, Hector came to his dream and warned him to leave Troy as soon as possible because of the impending disaster (Volume II);Cleusha Appears to Aeneas (Volume II);When he was in a dilemma in Sicily and didn't know whether to stay in Sicily, his father inspired him to obey God's order and continue to go to Italy (Volume 5, Line 720);Even the meetings with Helenus and Andromache in real life are written as if in a dream (Volume III).In the second half, Tournus did not want to fight. Alecto, the god of evil, first fell asleep, then threw a snake at him, warned him and incited him, so he changed his mind (Volume 7, Line 44);At last, he wrote that Tournus put all his eggs in one basket and raised a stone to throw at Aeneas, but he felt weak all over, just like lifting a stone in a dream.In addition, Virgil seldom lets go of the psychological activities of the characters, although he is only a little gentle sometimes.Sometimes he uses the method of "externalization" to describe the characters' inner consciousness. For example, the helmsman Parrinurus tried hard to resist sleep, and finally fell into the sea and drowned due to extreme fatigue (line 827 of Volume V). He "externalized" sleep as the god of sleep, and wrote his struggle in the subconscious as his struggle with the god of sleep.For another example, when describing Dido's various psychological activities, the poet used monologues, metaphors, dialogues, and behavioral descriptions to write about her joy and sorrow.When Aeneas told her that he had decided to leave, "Dido turned around, looked sideways at him, turned his eyes around, and looked up and down at him with silent eyes", suggesting that at this time she was "in a state of chaos", boiling inside and silent before the outbreak.[2]
About the author
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Publius Vergilius Maro, commonly known as Virgil, was born in northern ItalyPo River(Po) North bankMantuaIn Andes village near Mantua, he lived as a farmer on his father's farm when he was young.His father sent him toCremona(Cremona), later sent toMilanLearn from Rome, and learned Greek from Parthonius, an Alexandrian elegiac poet, and from SiroEpicurusHe also studied medicine, numeracy and law, and made a defense in court, but he abandoned the law because of his bad mouth.I met Gaius Cornelius Gallus in RomeGaius Asinius Polio(Gaius Asinius Pollio) andVarus （Alfenus Varus）。I met Octavian through Polio and became Octavian's confidantGaius Maecenas (Gaius Maecenas) member of the curtain.From then on until his death, he wrote Pastoral Songs, Farming Poems and Aeneid.He died and was buried in Naples.[2]
