Engaged in research on the matter andGeostructureThe scientists who have made outstanding achievements in exploring the formation and development of the earth are called geologists.The famous geologists in China areLi Siguang，Liu Dongsheng，Li Jie，Zhang Hongren，Zhao Jinkewait forsomeone.
Li Siguang (October 26, 1889 - April 29, 1971),Mongolian, with the word Zhonggong, formerly known as Li Zhongkui.Born on October 26, 1889Huanggang City, Hubei Province(Now Hubei ProvinceHuanggangcityTuanfeng CountyHuilongshan Town）A poor family.Li Siguang is a world famous scientist, geologisteducatorandSocial activists, YesModern ChinaEarth scienceandGeological workOne of the founders and main leaders of.He studied in the private school taught by his father Li Zhuohou when he was young. At the age of 14, he left his parents and came aloneWuchangEnter oneself for an examinationHigher Primary School。When filling in the application form, he mistook the name column for the age column and wrote down the word "fourteen". Then he had a brainwave and changed the "ten" into "Li", followed by the word "light". From then on, he became famous as "Li Siguang".The People's Republic of China was foundedLaterShandong UniversityDean of the Department of Geology and Mineral Resources.
(1894-1977), Chinese geologist.On the third day of the th.Born in Hebei on April 29, 1894Cheng'an County, died in Ningxia on January 30, 1977Yinchuan。Graduated in 1916Ministry of Agriculture and CommerceGeological Research Institute.Former postAcademia SinicaResearcher of Geological Research Institute, leader of Hubei Mineral Investigation Team, director of Hebei Construction Department, Ministry of GeologyHydrogeology and engineering geologyChief Engineer of the Bureau, Ministry of Water ResourcessurveyDesign managementChief geological engineer of the Bureau, deputy chief engineer of the General Administration of Hydropower Construction, etc.In his early years, Li JieNorth China、North Hubei、South Henan、Southern Shaanxibe engaged inRegional geologyMineral survey.He isZhoukou StoreThe earliest host of the Peking Man excavation, he wrote "Zhoukoudian Fossil Layer" and other articles in 1927.In the 1930s, he carried out geological and mineral surveys in Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces.It has made contributions to the development of China's early geological cause.He is《Western HubeiPreliminary Study on Quaternary Glaciers (1940)Xishan DistrictOfGlaciation, still used today.After 1949, he mainly engaged in engineering geological work in water conservancy and power construction, and made contributions to the construction of many reservoirs, dams and hydropower stations in China.His main works include: Geology and Mineral Resources of Yi, Tang, Wei and Other Counties in Zhili (1919), Geology of the South of the Middle Qinling Mountains (1930), Geology near the Golden Temple in Luocheng, Guangxi (1936), and Quaternary Glacier Relics in Sanmenxia, Shaanxi, Henan (1959).
Zhang Hongren
senior engineer.JiangsuZhenjiangPeople.He joined the Communist Party of China in 1952.Graduated in 1959Soviet UnionDnipropetrovskmining instituteGeological system.Successive postsYunnanProvincial Geological DepartmentGeological teamTechnical director, deputy chief engineer of Geology and Mineral Resources Department of Ministry of Geology,BeijingMunicipal Bureau of GeologyHydrogeology and engineering geologyDeputy team leader, deputy director, senior engineer,Ministry of Geology and Mineral ResourcesHydrogeologyDirector of the Department of Engineering Geology, Chief Engineer of the Ministry, and Deputy Director of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources.Author of the paper "Comparison of Numerical Methods for Solving Seepage Problems", etc
Chinese representative, geologistZhang HongrenProfessor was elected as the new President of the International Union of Geosciences.This is the first time that Chinese geologists have taken up this position.
Professor Zhang Hongren was the former Vice Minister of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China, the Secretary General of the Organizing Committee of the 30th International Geological Congress, and now is the International Union of Geosciences and SciencesNomination CommitteeMember of the Publishing Advisory Committee and editor in chief of Geoscreen, a magazine of the International Union of Geosciences and Sciences.The election of the representative of China as the President of the International Union of Geosciences and Sciences fully reflects China's status as an international geological power, and illustrates the international geosciences' views on China's geologyscientific researchAttention to work.
The object of geology is the earth.Earth includesSolid EarthAnd its external atmosphere.The solid earth includes the outermost crustmantleandearth 's coreThree main layers.At present, we mainly study the upper layer of the solid earth, that is, the upper part of the crust and mantle.
The average radius of the earth is 6371 kilometers.Its core may be a metal dominated by iron and nickel, called the core, with a radius of about 3400km.Beyond the core is the mantle, which is nearly 2900 kilometers thick.Beyond the mantle is the crust of varying thickness. The thickest part is known to be 75 kilometers, and the thinnest part is only about 5 kilometers, with an average thickness of about 35 kilometers.
The inner layer of the earth's core is solid, and some scientists believe that the atomic shell has been destroyed under strong pressureSupersolids。The outer layer is a substance with liquid properties. It is also speculated that there is electric current moving in it, which is considered asGeomagnetic fieldThe origin of.The thickness of the outer layer is about 2220km.
mantleThe lower part contains moremetal sulfide andoxideOfAmorphousSolid matter;The composition of the upper mantle andPeridotiteRoughly equivalent;The part connected with the crust and the crust are both rigid, collectively calledlithosphere, thickness is about 60~120km;Below the lithosphere is a layer of plastic, slow flowingAsthenosphere。
The oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies on the surface of the crust account for about 74% of the total surface area.Liquidsurface waterWith glaciers frozen in polar regions and high mountains, as well as groundwater in soil and rocksHydrosphere。
The outer layer of the earth isAtmosphere。The atmosphere is mainly concentrated near the ground at a height of no more than 16km, with nitrogen and oxygen as the main components.The farther away from the earth, the thinner the atmosphere is, and the composition also changes.At a distance of 100 kilometers, the atmosphere gradually cannot maintain the molecular state, but appears in the form of charged particles, which is thinner than the artificial vacuum.charged particlesufferGeomagnetic fieldThe formation of an electromagnetic layer that can block the impact of charged particles from the sun and the universe.
The earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere infiltrate and influence each other through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, gas dissolution and volatilization of water.The upper and lower parts of the solid earth interface are the places where the atmosphere and water are active.lithosphereThe substance ofVolcano eruptionEntry in the form ofHydrosphereAnd the atmosphere.The interaction of the earth's spheres is constantly changing the face of the earth.
These spheres of the earth are gradually formed due to the gravity difference of its constituent materials.Any particle on the earth is subject toGravity of the earthandInertial centrifugal forceThe combined force of these two forces is gravity.The gravity of the earth's surface absorbs the atmosphere and water, and affects their movement.
Minerals and rocks
Earthlychemical compositionThe content of iron is the highest (35%), and the other elements are oxygen (30%), silicon (15%), magnesium (13%), etc.If calculated according to the elements contained in the crust, oxygen is the most (46%), followed by silicon (28%), aluminum (8%), iron (6%), magnesium (4%), etc.Most of these elements form compounds, and a few are simple substances. Their naturalExisting formThat is, minerals.
Having definite or varying minerals within a certain rangechemical compositionAnd physical characteristics.Elements that make up minerals, if their atoms are mostly in a certain formthree-dimensional spaceInternal periodicityRepeating arrangement, and has its own structure, which iscrystal。When the external conditions are suitable, the shape of crystal is mostly regular geometrypolyhedron, but this situation is rare.
Minerals often exist in the crust in the form of assemblage, which can be either one or manymineral composition This is called rock in geology.
There are more than 3300 known minerals in the earth, only 20 of which are commonfeldspar, quartzpyroxene、Amphibole、mica、olivine、calcite、magnetiteAnd clay minerals are the most abundant. Except calcite and magnetite, their chemical composition issilicon dioxideMainly, quartz is composed of silicon dioxide, and the rest aresilicateMinerals.
fromsilicateFormed by dissolving and coagulatingigneous rockIt forms the main body of the crust, which is the largest in terms of volume and weight.But the most common thing on the ground issedimentary rockIt is formed after the destruction of rocks formed earlier, and then deposited in the low concave part of the earth surface through physical or chemical action, and then compacted, cemented and hardened again, formingLayered structureCharacteristic rock.
In the crust, under the action of temperature and pressure much higher than the surface, the structure, structure or chemical composition of rock changes, formingMetamorphic rock。igneous rock、sedimentary rockMetamorphic rocks are three major categories of rocks on the earth.IgneousbasaltGranite is the mostRepresentativenessThe rock of is the main rock that constitutes the continent.Granite, the earliest granite, is 3.9 billion years old, and basalt is the main material of the crust covered by the ocean, which is relatively "young", generally not more than 200 million years old.
Stratigraphy and Paleontology
Stratum is a structure formed in the low depression of the surface with stratified rocks as the main body, which is an important record of geological history.Stratum in a narrow sense refers to the consolidated layered rock, sometimes including the unconsolidated rockConsolidation diagenesisLoose sediment.According to the sequence of sedimentation, the early formed strata rank lower and the late formed strata rank higher. This is the stratumsequenceThe basic principle of relationship is calledStratigraphic sequence law。
After the formation of the stratumStrenuous exerciseIf the original position is changed, it will tilt or even reverse, but as long as the time of its formation and deformation can be found out, it can still restore its originalsequence。In the sameOne timeThe environment on the earth is different, and the strata formed in different environments have their own characteristics.In the uplift part of the surface, not only can no new stratum be formed, but also the formed stratum will disappear due to denudation.
Therefore,stratigraphyIt is a specialized subject to study the division of strata in various regions and determine the sequence of strata and the temporal correlation of strata in adjacent regions.It is the foundation of geology and the earliest discipline in geology.
ancient extinct lifeRefers toGeological history periodAll kinds of creatures that have lived on the earth have generally been extinct, and a small number of their remains and trace fossils are preserved in the stratum.By studying these fossils, we can understand the morphology, structure and activity of organisms in geological history.
By classifying various paleontology, we can understand the evolutionary relationship of organisms;According to the fossils contained in the stratum, it can be concluded thatsequence, biologically evolvedIrreversibilityAnd periodicity, so that this judgment has a reliable basis;The distribution and living habits of paleontology also reflect thatgeographical environmentCharacteristics of.The study of paleontology is an important part of geology and biology.
geological structure
Surface of the earthThe rock stratum and rock mass ofForceSome maintain the original state of formation on the whole, while others produce deformation.They have complex spatial combination forms, namely variousgeological structure 。Fault and fold are two basic forms of geological structure.
Earthlylithosphere, global scalePlate movement。Plate tectonicsIt's the twentieth centurygeologyFor geological structure andGeological processNew understanding of.Its basic content is that the lithosphere is the most rigid part of the earth, which floats in themantleOn the asthenosphere with plasticity, partial melting and high density.There are many deep and large faults in the lithosphere. These faults divide the lithosphere into huge blocks called plates, which can be divided intoSix major sectors。
Geological process
It is generally believed that the earth's interior is not hotuniform distributionIt causes the material convection movementlithosphereIt breaks into plates.After the plate is formed, it continues to move, and separation, collision and other events occur.Molten material in the mantle is squeezed along the tension fault zone between plates, and continuously extends to both sides of the fault, forming newOceanic crustSome plates disappear into the mantle as the asthenospheric material that loads them moves downward.
The plate movement is considered to move the position of the crust surface, resulting in fracturesfoldAnd cause earthquakesMagmatic activityAnd rock metamorphism, which are collectively calledendogenic geological process 。Internal force geological process changes the structure of the crust and lays the foundation for the formation of landform.
Geological processIt strongly affects the climate and the distribution of water resources and soil, creating an environment suitable for human survival.The emergence of such a good environment isEarth's atmosphere、HydrosphereAnd the evolution of the lithosphere to a certain stage.In the early days of the earth's formation,AtmosphereThe composition and quality of the hydrosphere are quite different from those of modern times.For example, the atmosphere has experiencedcarbon dioxideAt the main stage, the sea water was about 1 billion years agoSalinityBiology first appeared about 1 billion years after the formation of the earth.
Geological processes can also bring harm to people, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.Human beings are powerless to change the laws of geological processes, but they can understand and apply these laws to make them develop in a direction beneficial to human beings and prevent disasters before they happen.If geological disasters are predicted and prevented, losses may be reduced.In ancient China“Harness water to attack sand”The experience of diverting water from the Yellow River to irrigate silted fields and press alkali is to useGeological process of riverExamples of success.
Li Siguang Geological Science AwardIt is the highest level honor award in China's geological industry. It was established in January 1989. This award was named after Li Siguang, a world-famous scientist and geologist, to commemorate his foundingGeomechanics, theoretically overthrow "China"Lean oil”This fallacy has made great contributions to China's science and geological cause, encouraging Chinese geologists to devote themselves to the construction of the motherland.The Li Siguang Geological Science Award includes four awards: Li Siguang Field Geologist Award, Li Siguang Geological Science Researcher Award, Li Siguang Geological Teacher Award and Li Siguang Special Award.The Li Siguang Field Geologist Award is used to award outstanding achievements in field geological work, including long-term field workGeological explorationWork, have major new discoveries and new knowledge in the work, or have successfully completed a geological prospecting task, and have significant economic and social benefits;Put forward suggestions on national and regional economic construction through field geological workPractical proofThose with significant social or economic benefits;Those who creatively organize and lead field geological work and have achieved fruitful results.
The Li Siguang Geological Science Researcher Award is used to reward those who have made important contributions in the field of geological science research, including those who have important new ideas or discoveries in the field of a certain discipline of geology, or who have enriched, developed and improved the theory of a certain discipline of geology after summary;In the geological experiment work, there are newInvention, reform instruments and equipment and achieve significant economic orsocial results, or those who propose some new technology, method and theory;Through scientific research, geological work andResource explorationThose who put forward important suggestions for development and utilization and have achieved remarkable social and economic benefits;Creatively carry out scientific research organization and management, and make important contributions.
The Li Siguang Geological Teacher Award is used to reward those who have been engaged in geological education for a long time, who have outstanding performance in teaching and educating people, and have made outstanding achievements in teaching and scientific research.
Li Siguang Special Award.It is specially used to reward geologists who have made special contributions to geological work“Li Siguang Geological Science Award”Issued by the Committee according to the actual situation.
The award-winning candidates for the Li Siguang Geological Science Award are first recommended by the grassroots level, and then submitted to their respective competent departments for preliminary evaluation. Six months before the award, that is, before April 26, they will submit the application and recommendation materials to the Committee. The three awarding teams of field geology, geological research, and geological teachers under the Committee will conduct group review, propose a list of candidates, and submit it to the Committee for selection,Identify winners.The Li Siguang Award is evaluated once every two years, and one person can only be awarded once as a lifetime honor award.The number of awarding people shall be controlled at about 15 each time, and the number of field workers winning prizes shall not be less than 50%.The "Li Siguang Geological Science Award" committee is responsible for awarding prizes, including certificates, medals and bonuses, and the amount of bonus is determined by the committee.The award date is set for Li Siguang's birthday, that is, October 26.In 1989, the first award was given on the 100th anniversary of Li Siguang's birth.The award has been established until 2001Li Siguang Geological Science AwardBy the end of the seventh award, there were 117 geologistsscientific and technical workerGet this honor.
There were 17 winners of the 7th Li Siguang Geological Science Award in 2001.Ye Lianjun、Yang QiZhang Pengxi, three academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, won the Li Siguang Geological Science Honorary Award;Pan Yuanlin、Jiang Bingnan、Pan LongjuWang QiminWu Qizhi、Luo Yaonan、Jiang Jianhong8 equal to Wang Fuprofessor of engineeringLi Siguang Geological Science Award for Field Geologist;Wang Tieguan、Gong Zaisheng、Liao Chunting4 professors, senior engineers or researchers, including Jiang Zhi, won the Li Siguang Geological Science Award and the Geological Science and Technology Researcher Award;Du Rulin、He GuoqiTwo professors won the Li Siguang Geological Teacher Award.
