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Lichen polysaccharide

D-glucan with linear chain structure linked by β - 1,3 bond of cellotriose molecule

A kind of lichen, Cetraria islan dica, is abundant in the thallus, similar to cellulose It is also called lichen starch. It is mainly D-glucan with linear chain structure connected by cellotriose molecules with β - 1,3 bonds.

Chinese name: Lichen polysaccharide
Foreign name: lichenan

Degree of polymerization: 60-365
Soluble in: hot water
physical property: White amorphous powder

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brief introduction

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Lichen polysaccharide. It also contains cellobiose and celltetraose, and has 0.4% methoxy group. It is a white amorphous powder soluble in hot water, with a polymerization degree of 60-365. Lichens also contain polysaccharide such as allochthon polysaccharide and pushulan. Isolichen polysaccharide is more water-soluble than lichen polysaccharide and soluble in cold water. It is a D-glucan similar to lichen polysaccharide in structure. The α - 1,3 bond and α - 1,4 hammer form a linear chain structure with a ratio of 3 ∶ 2, and the degree of polymerization is 42-44. The foam coating polysaccharide is a D-glucan with β - 1,6 chains. These lichen polysaccharides are considered to be the products of algal symbionts, which are the indicators of lichen chemical classification.

1 Morphological structure

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Lichen form

According to the growth type, lichens can be basically divided into three types:

1、 Shell lichen Lichen body is a kind of colorful shell, mycelium And stroma They are closely connected, and some hyphae also extend into the substrate. Therefore, the lichen and stroma It is difficult to peel off. Shell lichen About 80% of all lichens. Like living on rocks Tea stained clothes Lecanora and bark borne Alphabetis （Graphis）。

2、 Leafy lichen : The lichen body is flat, divided into dorsal and ventral parts, in leaf shape, with petal lobes around it, and the lower part (ventral surface) is fixed to the substrate by rhizoids or umbilicus, which is easy to connect with stroma be stripped. For example, Peltigera, Umbilicaria and Parmelia, which live on the grassland, and which live on rocks or bark (as shown in the picture).

3. Branched lichen: lichen body is upright or pendulous, in the form of branches or columns, most of them have branches, and only the base is attached to stroma On. As if standing on the ground Litmus (Cladonia) and pendulous branches, arising from Spruce 、 hemlock spruce , on fir branches Usnea (Usnea), etc. (As shown in the figure) Dendriform The growth rate of lichen is higher than that of shell Leafy lichen Much faster. a large number of Jackfruit Lichen hanging on the tree will lead to the death of the tree. (It is also reported that: Pineapple Lichen is Yunnan snub nosed monkey The main food of Yunnan snub nosed monkey is single, so it is likely to become extinct.)

Lichen structure

Cut the lichen transversely to see its internal structure:

The interior can generally be divided into cortex , algal cell layer, pith layer and Hypodermis 。 upper cortex and Hypodermis They are composed of dense interwoven hyphae. according to algae The distribution of cells in the lichen body is generally structurally divided into two types:

1. Different layer lichen: algae Cells congregate on cortex Below, a layer of obvious algal cell layer is formed. The pith layer is between the algal cell layer and Hypodermis It is composed of some loose hyphae. There are few or no algal cells in the medulla. Such structures are called "heterogeneous lichens, Parmelia and Physcia".

2. Lichen in the same layer: on the cross section, there is no obvious single algal cell layer structure below the epithelial layer, and algal cells are evenly distributed in the pulp layer hyphae. Such structure is called "same layer lichen". Such as Leptogium.

Leafy lichen It is generally a different layer lichen. Shell lichen Most of them are lichens of the same layer, and there is no shell lichen Hypodermis The medullary layer is directly connected with the matrix. Dendritic lichens are heterogeneous lichens. The internal structure is radiant, the outer skin layer is dense, and the thin algal cell layer surrounds the axial medullary layer, or the medullary layer is hollow.

Some lichens have various colors, mainly composed of mycelium Formed by cells containing a large amount of orange, yellow or other pigments.

2 General characteristics

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Compound organism

Lichen is algae and fungus The combined symbiotic compound organism is simple in structure and perennial without differentiation of roots, stems and leaves Protoplast plant

Things. because algae They are closely combined with fungi for a long time to form a single fixed organism group. Make it neither ordinary nor ordinary fungus , also different from general algae 。 It has unique morphological, structural, physiological and genetic characteristics. They are the result of many years' development and evolution of plants. Therefore, treat lichen as an independent door. There are more than 25000 species in more than 500 genera in this phylum.

Lichen forming algae : Mainly blue-green algae and Green algae 。 blue-green algae Mainly Nostoc ， Green algae Mainly total Chlorella Genus.

Lichen forming fungi: most of them are Ascomycetes , few are Basidiomycetes 。 The fungi that make up lichens are different from ordinary fungi in many physiological characteristics, which are specially called“ lichenized fungi ”。 Fungi are the main part of lichen structure. The morphology of lichen protophytes is almost completely determined by symbiotic fungi. algae Distributed inside lichen plants, forming a layer of algal cells or several Volvox Cells or dispersed in mycelium Medium.

The symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria is: algae cells photosynthesis It produces organic nutrients for the whole lichen plant, while the mycelium absorbs water and inorganic salts algae Provide raw materials for photosynthesis, and keep algae cells at a certain humidity, so as not to dry. This forms the lichen Algae and bacteria Mutually beneficial Symbiotic relationship 。 But some people have done experiments algae Cultured separately from fungi, it was found that algae could live for a long time, while fungi were starved to death. It indicates that fungi cannot live alone, and fungi in lichen must rely on algae life. This is because fungi have a long-term relationship with algae After symbiosis, the self cells have changed in the production of living substances or enzymes.

3 Lichen distribution

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Distribution of lichen: ① lichen likes light, afraid of air pollution. Most lichen like light plants, but also require fresh air. Therefore, it is difficult to see lichen plants in densely populated cities or polluted industrial areas. ② Lichens generally grow slowly. in especial Shell lichen 。③ Lichens can live in dry and cold environments. Lichens can endure long-term drought, sleep in drought, and resume growth after rain. Therefore, lichens can live on cliffs, rocks, bark or desert land. Lichen has strong cold resistance Alpine zone 、 frozen soil Other plants cannot survive in the belt and the South and Arctic regions, while lichens can grow, develop and reproduce well, often forming vast lichens community 。 It becomes the main food for animals in high mountains and polar regions.

4 Lichen value

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1. It can secrete lichen acid, corrode rocks, and promote weathering. It is a pioneer plant that transforms rocks into soil.

2、 Litmus 、 Pineapple It can be used as medicine.

3. Lichen in high mountains and polar regions community It is the main feed for milu deer.

4. Some lichens can be extracted Natural dye And chemical indicators, such as Litmus paper 。

5. Can be used as air pollution Monitoring indicator plants.

5 Lichen breeding

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The main methods of lichen reproduction are vegetative reproduction and sexual reproduction.

1、 Vegetative reproduction : is the most common form of reproduction. It is mainly the fault of lichen. One lichen is broken (broken) into several lobes, and each lobe can develop into a new individual.

2、 Sexual reproduction : Sexual reproduction is the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes Conducted. produce Ascospore or Basidiospore 。 The former is called Ascomycetes Lichen, accounting for the majority of lichen species; The latter is called Basidiomycetes Lichen, very few in quantity. Ascomycetes The sub entities formed by lichens are mostly Ascus disc 。 Ascospore Or the basidiospores are released when they mature and fall in the appropriate environment (with nutrients and algal cells), and then germinate on the algal cells mycelium The algal cells and hyphae divide repeatedly to form new lichens. as Ascospore It falls on the substrate without algal cells and nutrients, and the spores germinate soon mycelium Just die.

1 Scope and efficacy

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[Scope of application] Aquaculture feed additive pharmacy

[Product efficacy]

1. Effectively prevent enteritis, gill rot and other diseases of aquatic animals.

2. Decompose the Toxic and harmful substances Purify water quality.

3. It has strong protease lipase 、 amylase It can promote the degradation of nutrients in feed and make aquatic animals more fully absorb and utilize feed.

4. Stimulate the development of immune organs of aquatic animals and enhance the immunity of the body

2 Main purpose

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1. Promote the growth and regulation of normal physiological anaerobic bacteria in the intestinal tract Dysfunction of intestinal flora , restore intestinal function;

2. Yes Intestinal bacterial infection With special effects, for light or heavy Acute enteritis , light and ordinary Acute bacillary dysentery All have obvious curative effect;

3. It can produce anti active substances and has a unique biological oxygen capture mechanism, which can inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic bacteria.

Feather degradation

At present, scientists are using the bacteria to degrade feathers for agricultural purposes. Feather contains a large amount of indigestible protein, and researchers hope that Bacillus licheniformis It can produce cheap and nutritious "feather meal" from discarded feathers for domestic animals.

At the same time, the relationship between Bacillus licheniformis and feather color Ecological research It is also in progress. Feather degrading bacteria play an important role in molting and feather color formation.

Biological washing powder

It is obtained by cultivating Bacillus licheniformis protease 。 This bacterium can adapt to alkaline environment well, so it produces protease It can also withstand high pH environment (such as washing powder). In fact, this protease The optimum pH of is between 9 and 10. In washing powder, it can "digest" (and thus remove) dirt made of protein. The use of the washing powder eliminates the need for high temperature hot water, thereby reducing energy consumption and reducing the potential risk of shrinking and decoloring clothes.

Nanotechnology

Some recent findings show that, Bacillus licheniformis Can be used for gold nanometer Synthesis of the gold nanucube. be located India Tamil Nadu Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal, Venkataraman Deepak, Sureshbabu Ram Kumar Pandian and Sangiliyandi Gurunathan from the Department of Biotechnology of Kalasalingam University of nanometer Unequal gold nanoparticles. gold Nanoparticles Usually in high temperature , organic solvent and use of flotation poisons. Bacillus licheniformis enables synthesis under more mild conditions nanoscience It has opened up a new world, not only for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, but also for other materials. In addition, Bacillus licheniformis can be controlled at the gene level, and can be bred to be conducive to synthesis by tailoring DNA Nanoparticles Strains of

3 Applicable objects

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Applicable to those caused by bacteria alteration of intestina flora And the breeding animals whose intestines need health care. It has obvious effect on poultry animals, such as chickens, ducks, geese, pigs, cattle, sheep and other animal formulas Bacillus subtilis Better use effect.

4 Usage and dosage

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The amount added to the feed is 50-100g/t (full price feed), and it should be mixed evenly.

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