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Soil microbiology mainly studies the species, quantity, distribution, life activity of microorganisms in soil and their relationship with the transformation of matter and energy in soil, soil fertility, plant growth, etc.Soil microbiology is not only a branch of microbiology, but also an integral part of soil science. It also interacts with biochemistry, agricultural chemistry, plant physiology and plant pathology.Its basic task is to develop soil fertility and enhance plant nutrition.
Chinese name
Soil microbiology
Role
Study the types of microorganisms in soil
Nature
An integral part of soil science
basic task
Develop soil fertility and enhance plant nutrition
The main contents of soil microbiology research includesoil microorganismThe forms, classification, physiological groups, and the development and utilization of soil microbial resources;The distribution and development of soil microbial groups affected by soil factors and the relationship between various groups;Microbial transformation of various substances in soil;The influence of plant roots on microbial development and activity, and the advantages and disadvantages of microbial activity on plant nutrition and growth;Soil microorganisms and other organisms secrete variousExoenzymeAnd these creatures dieautolysisPost releasedEndoenzyme, the activity of transformation of various substances in soil and the influence on soil properties;Purification of dirt and sewage by soil microorganismsOrganic pesticideThe degradation of residual toxin and the role of soil health care;The process of biogas production by soil microorganisms in anaerobic decomposition of organic matter.
Development History
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soil microorganism
In the late 19th century, agricultural chemistry andbacteriologyThe formation and development of phytoplankton has opened a way for studying the microbiological process of material transformation in soil.In 1877, Т. Schlesinger and А. Mintz confirmed thatNitrificationIt is carried out through microorganisms.In 1891,R. WellingtonIt is also confirmed that nitrification not only occurs in soil, but also can be produced by soil inoculation in liquid containing ammonium salt.
From 1885 to 1888,СН VinogratskyTwo kinds of bacteria that can oxidize ammonium to nitrous acid and nitrous acid to nitric acid were isolated by the inorganic selectivity and enrichment culture method that he pioneered.At the same time, he also found thatSulfur bacteriumThe sulfuration in soil was also studied.His research not only demonstrated the microbiological oxidation of nitrogen and sulfur reducing compounds in soil, but also revealed the chemotrophic inorganic bacteria in soil.In 1888,H. HerrigelandH. WilfahrtIn the experiment of planting peas and non leguminous crops in sterilized sandy soil, it was confirmed that peas can only be grown in non sterilized soil or withSoil extractOnly in the sterilized sandy soil can the root nodule, thus using nitrogen in the air as nutrition.In the same year, M.W. Bayelink isolated from root nodules and obtained pure culture of rhizobia.In 1889,А PrazmowskiThe pure species of rhizobia were used to connect leguminous plants, and the root nodules were successfully formed in the roots, confirming the symbiotic nitrogen fixation effect of rhizobia and leguminous plants.In 1893, Vinogratsky discovered the anaerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria, and in 1901, Bayelink discovered the aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria (seeAzotobacteridae）And opened up the research field of microbial nitrogen fixation.In 1904, В. Л. Omeleansky isolated cellulose decomposing bacteria, and initiated the research on microbial process of soil organic matter decomposition.These pioneers laid the foundation for the rapid development of soil microbiology in the 20th century from different aspects.S. A. WaxmanOfPrinciples of Soil Microbiology(1927), E.B. Fred et al.'s Rhizobia and Leguminous Plants (1932) and Vinogratsky's collection of papers Soil Microbiology - Problems and Methods (1952) from 1891 to 1925 are fruitful achievements in the early research of soil microbiology.
In the 1950s, soil microbiology has developed rapidly.The microbiological processes (including the types of microorganisms and the conditions of action) in each link of the nutrient element cycle in soil have been deeply studied, which not only clarifies the formation of soil humus anddecomposeOfmicrobiologyThe process also demonstrates the role of soil microorganisms in enhancing soil fertility.WaxmanThe research on the antagonistic relationship between soil microorganisms, especially the research results on various antibacterial substances produced by antagonistic actinomycetes, has made great contributions to the rise of the antibiotic fermentation industry (seeAntibiotic fermentation microorganism）。
Soil microbiology
The study of microbial nitrogen fixation has been an important subject in theory and practice.15N tracer method and acetylene reduction method strongly promote theNitrogen fixing microorganismAnd nitrogen fixation.In 1970, J. Dobrena of Brazil reported that Paspalum crusgalli roots had specific symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria (Paspalum crusgalli nitrogen fixing bacteria), and then found symbiotic nitrogen fixing spirochetes (Azotobacter lipoides) in the rhizosphere of crabgrass and corn, and proposed a joint nitrogen fixation function between symbiotic nitrogen fixation and autogenous nitrogen fixation.In addition, due to the successful extraction of nitrogenase, the structure, properties and nitrogen fixation mechanism of nitrogenase have been clarified. At present, efforts are being made to cultivate new species of efficient nitrogen fixing microorganisms through artificial mutation and gene transfer.The loss of nitrogen in soil has always been an important issue for soil microbiologists.Studying to suppressnitrifying bacteriaThe way of activities to reduce theNitrificationandDenitrificationTo prevent the loss of nitrogen fertilizer and prevent water pollution due to the formation of nitrite.On the issue of soil microorganisms maintaining plant nutrition, people have noticed that crops, trees andmycorrhizaSymbiotic relationship.Studying the soil conditions and mechanism of their symbiosis is a work of practical significance for agricultural and forestry production.The research of soil microbiology has entered a new field. People can use microorganisms to treat sewage and sewage, degrade residual organic pesticides in soil, and eliminate soil borne diseases of crops, which is very beneficial to the purification of the environment and soil health.
In the 1940s, China began to attach importance to the study of soil microbiology.In the 1950s, agricultural colleges and universities set upAgricultural microbiologyCourses.After the symposium on soil microbiology held by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1954, relevant units carried outAzotobacterStudies on the ecology, distribution and nitrogen fixation of soybean and peanut rhizobia, tests on screening high efficient strains and inoculation effects of soybean and peanut rhizobiaAmmonifying bacteriaAnd the role of cellulolytic bacteria.1964Chinese Soil SocietyandChinese Society of MicrobiologyJointly held a professional conference on soil microbiology to analyze soil microflora, plant nutrient element biological cycleRhizobiumSymbiotic nitrogen fixation, autogenic nitrogen fixation of nitrogen fixing bacteria and rhizosphere nitrogen fixationNitrificationandDenitrification, fiber decomposing microorganisms, fiber decomposing action, chemoautotrophic bacteria and other research work were discussed, which strongly promoted the development of soil microbiology in China. Since the 1970s, antagonistic microorganisms in soil and the use of antagonistic substances produced by them to control crop diseases and pests have been carried out;Degradation of soil residues by microorganisms;Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of non leguminous plants and nitrogen fixation of symbiotic or autogenetic cyanobacteria;Biogas microorganism and productionmethaneThe microbiological process.
research contents
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Related books
① The form, classification and physiological group of soil microorganisms, as well as the development and utilization of soil microbial resources;
② The distribution and development of soil microbial groups affected by soil factors, as well as the relationship between various groups (mutual benefit promotion or antagonistic inhibition);
③ Microbial transformation of various substances in soil, including decomposition of organic matter, transformation of nutrient elements, synthesis of new organic matter in soil and changes in soil physical and chemical properties;
④ The influence of plant roots on microbial development and activities, and the advantages and disadvantages of microbial activities on plant nutrition and growth (seeRhizosphere microorganism）；
⑤ Various external enzymes secreted by soil microorganisms and other organisms, and internal enzymes released after death and autolysis of these organisms, affect the transformation activity of various substances in soil and soil properties;
⑥ Purification of dirt and sewage by soil microorganismspesticidesThe degradation of residual toxin and the role of soil health care;
⑦ The process of biogas production by soil microorganisms in anaerobic decomposition of organic matter.
Flora
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A microbial community composed of algae and protozoa living in the soil.Their activities are closely related to human life and agricultural production.Every gram of farmland soil contains hundreds to billions of microorganisms, which live insoilA large number of microorganisms in thereproductionAnd extinction, constantly exchanging materials with the surrounding environment.Their metabolic activities not only affect the material cycle and ecological balance of nature, but also promote the development of soil fertility and plant nutritionelementThe transformation process of.Some soil microorganisms are also pathogens of humans, animals and plants.soil microorganismMainly divided intoSoil bacterium、Soil actinomycetes、Soil fungi, soil algae and soil protozoa.
Main differences
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Soil microbiology is a branch of microbiology.It studies the type, quantity, distribution, life activity law of soil microorganisms and their relationship with the transformation of material and energy in soil, soil fertility, plant growth, etc. (see soil microbial flora).
Therefore, it is also a part of soil science, and permeates with biochemistry, agricultural chemistry, plant physiology, plant pathology and other disciplines.
Soil biologyIs to study various types of soilBiologyThe science of life phenomena, interrelationship, and interrelationship between them and soil is an interdisciplinary between soil science and soil science.
Soil is a loose part of the earth's surface, and its composition is often caused by variousfactor(natural and man-made), mainly composed of five parts: minerals, water, air, organic matter and biology.Generally speaking, minerals account for less than 1/2 of the soil volume, air and water account for about 1/2 of the soil volume, and pores and organic matter generally account for 3-6%.Biology accounts for less than 1% of the volume, but it is an important component of soil and is essential for soil fertility and crop growth.
prospect
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1、 The role of microbiology in solving the five major crises facing mankind
As we all know, human beings are facing various crises, such as food crisis, energy shortage, resource shortage, ecological deterioration and population explosion.After entering the 21st century, mankind will encounter a series of new problems arising from the transition from the era of using limited mineral resources to the era of using unlimited biological resources.Because microbial cells are not only a life system with large specific surface, strong biochemical transformation ability and rapid self replication, but also have diversity of species, genetics, metabolism and ecological types, they can play an irreplaceable unique role in solving various crises faced by human beings.It is described as follows.
（1） Microorganism and grain
Food production is a vital event in the survival of all mankind.Microorganisms can improve soil fertility, improve crop characteristics (such as building nitrogen fixing plants), promote grain production, prevent diseases and pests of grain crops, prevent mildew and deterioration of grain, and transform surplus grain into sugarSingle cell protein, various drinks and condiments, etc.
（2） Microorganism and energy
Currently,Fossil energyThe problem of increasing depletion is seriously troubling countries all over the world.Microorganisms have their unique advantages in energy production: ① convert cellulose, which is extremely abundant in nature, into ethanol.It is estimated that the annual output of plant straw in China is up to 500 million to 600 million tons. If 10% of it is hydrolyzed and fermented, 7 million to 8 million tons of fuel alcohol can be produced. The remaining dregs can still be used as feed and fertilizer to ensure the normal supply of potassium and phosphorus in the soil.It has been found that thermophilic anaerobes, such as Clostridium thermophilum, can directly decompose cellulose to produce ethanol. ②utilizeMethanogenConvert the most abundant renewable resource in nature - "biomass" into methane.This is a measure of great strategic significance that benefits the country, people, ecology and future generations. ③utilizePhotosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria or anaerobic clostridium and other microorganisms produce "clean energy" - hydrogen. ④adoptMicrobial fermentationGas production or its metabolites to improve oil recovery. ⑤ResearchMicrobial batteryAnd make it practical.
（3） Microorganism and resources
Microbes can transform renewable resources such as cellulose that are never exhausted on the earth into industrial raw materials such as various chemicals, light industries and pharmaceuticals.In addition to traditional ethanol, acetone, butanol, acetic acid, glycerin, isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acidFumaric acidanditaconic acid In addition, it can also produce salicylic acid, aconitic acid, acrylic acid, adipic acidAcrylamide, sebacic acidLong chain fatty acids, long-chain diol, 2,3-butanediolGamma linolenic acidOil andPolyhydroxybutyrate(PHB), etc.Because fermentation engineering has the advantages of many kinds of metabolites, wide sources of raw materials, low energy consumption, high economic benefits and less environmental pollution, it will gradually replace the chemical industry that needs high temperature, high pressure, high energy consumption and "three wastes".
Microorganisms also play a unique role in the development and utilization of metal mineral resources.The bacterial leaching technology mentioned in Chapter 9 can continuously dissolve and extract more than ten kinds of metals such as copper, nickel and uranium contained in low-grade ores, tailings and slag that have been abandoned for a long time, and turn them into new important resources.
（4） Microorganism and environmental protection
There are many places where microorganisms can be used in environmental protection: ① microbial fertilizersMicrobial insecticideorAgricultural antibioticTo replace various chemical fertilizers or chemical pesticides that will cause environmental degradation; ②PHB produced by microorganisms is used to manufacture biodegradable medical plastic products to reduce environmental pollution; ③Use microorganisms to purify domestic sewage and toxic industrial sewage; ④Microbial technology is used to monitor environmental pollution, for example, the "three pathogenic" substances in the environment are detected by the Emm method, and the intestinal pathogenic bacteria in drinking water are detected by the EMB medium.
（5） Microbes and Human Health
Microbes are closely related to human health.First of all, because various infectious diseases constitute the main diseases of human beings, and the main means of preventing and treating such diseases are drugs produced by various microorganisms, especially antibiotics.Since the creation of genetic engineering, it has further expanded the range and variety of microbial metabolites, making insulin, interferon, interleukin and other highly effective drugs that were only produced by animals in the past turn to be produced by "engineering bacteria".Closely related to human reproduction, contraception, etcSteroid hormone drugsIt has long since shifted from chemical production to microbial transformation or bioconversion.In addition, a large number of biological products related to human health and longevity, such as vaccines, vaccines and toxoids, are microbial products.No wonder some people estimate that since the invention of vaccination, the average life span of human beings has increased by 10 years, while since the discovery of antibiotics, the average life span has increased by more than 10 years.Of course, it is not only within the scope of microbiology to stop the excessive population growth.
2、 Characteristics and development trend of modern microbiology
At present, due to the gradual deepening of molecular biology research, the extensive application of various new methods and technologies in microbiology research, the active infiltration and intersection of various disciplines, and the proposal of a large number of related problems in production practice, it has provided a huge impetus for the development of microbiology.In general, the characteristics and development trend of modern microbiology have the following six aspects.
（1） Research work develops in depth and at the molecular level
Due to the rapid development of molecular biologylife sciencesThey have all advanced to the molecular level.Microbiology is no exception.At present, almost all problems in the field of microorganisms have been deeply studied at the molecular level, such as cell structure and function, the absorption mechanism of microorganisms to nutrients, growth, reproduction and differentiation, metabolic types, pathways and regulation, genetics, variation and evolution, infection and immunity, classification and identification, and so on.
（2） On the basis of in-depth study of basic theories, a number of new disciplines (or potential disciplines) are taking shape
（3） The penetration, intersection and integration of microbiology and other disciplines have formed a new frontier discipline
In the development of disciplines, the mutual penetration, intersection and integration of various disciplines often play the role of growth point and leader. As a result, not only a series of new concepts, new theories and new technologies have been produced, but also a series of new marginal disciplines with strong vitality will be formed.This may be a reflection of the effect of "complementarity", "symbiosis" or "heterosis" among disciplines.There are many such examples, such as analytical microbiologyChemotaxonomy, MicroorganismNumerical taxonomyAnd microbial geochemistry, etc.
（4） Wide application of new technologies and methods in microbiology
Driven by modern mathematics, physics, chemistry and many engineering disciplines, it has created unprecedented favorable conditions for the development of microbiology, which is mainly reflected in the provision of new methods, new technologies, new instruments, new equipment and new reagents.For example, isotope labeling technology, electron microscopy technology, X-ray diffraction technology, computer technology, ultracentrifugation technology, electrophoresis technology, chromatography technology,Ion exchange technology, mass spectrometry technology, spectrophotometer technology,Cell fragmentation technology, immunology technology, amino acid automatic analysis technology, nucleic acid automatic synthesis technology, protein or nucleic acid sequence determination technology, low-temperature technology, new microbial culture technology, microbial counting technology, rapid microbial identification technology, immobilized biocatalyst technology, micro material separation, purification and determination technology, etc.The extensive application of these technologies has greatly promoted the research on the structure and function of microbial cells, and has gradually improved the previous research focusing on static, descriptive and qualitative research to a new research level focusing on dynamic, quantitative, sequencing and positioning.
In the biosphere, the living range of microorganisms is the widest and most three-dimensional.When people have made some research on the common microorganisms around them, their interest will gradually shift to wider and more inaccessible spaces and various composite ecosystems, followed by the birth and development of another batch of new disciplines.For example, extreme environmental microbiology, resource microbiology, tropical mycology,Underground ecology, soil microbial ecology, terrestrial microbial ecology, marine microbial ecology, atmospheric microbial ecology and aerospace microbial ecology, etc.
（6） A large number of applied high-tech microbiology branches are being bred and formed
Microbiology is a discipline highly rooted in production practice.Contemporary applied microbiology includes more and more branches, which are characterized by strong cross cutting, high consciousness and wide coverage: ① strong cross cutting.for exampleFermentation engineeringBacterial metallurgy, water treatment microbiology, fungal genetic engineering, microbial ecological engineering, agricultural microbiology and bio industry. ②High awareness.At present, driven by the theory and practice of molecular biology, many applied biological disciplines are developing in the direction of strong purpose, high consciousness, strong controllability and high efficiency.A number of disciplines marked with the name "engineering" are representative of them, such as genetic engineering, cell engineering, biochemical engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering and the latest metabolic pathway engineering. ③Wide coverage.In general, the application scope of microorganisms is mainly related to industry, agriculture, medicine, environmental protection, national defense and other fields;In detail, each major field can be divided into several branches, such as bacterial metallurgy (science), sewage treatment microbiology, biogas fermentation microbiology, applied soil microbiology, microbial biological control (science), agricultural antibiotic science, edible mushroom science, medicinal mycology, medicinal microbiology, and zoonosis microbiology.
3、 The Role of Microbes in the "Biological Century"
At present, many visionary scientists agree with the view that "the 21st century will be the century of biology". The main reasons are as follows: ① It is determined by the law of the development of material movement.The movement of matter generally develops in the direction of mechanical movement → physical movement → chemical movement → life movement. Complex movement laws must be based on simple movement laws.Humans have a deep understanding of the objective laws of mechanical movement, physical movement and chemical movement. Therefore, it provides a good foundation and puts forward an urgent task for human beings to further understand the laws of life movement. ②It is determined by the diversity of the biological world and the long-term understanding of it.The diversity of the biological world is one of its main characteristics different from that of the abiotic world. Human understanding of the diversity of the biological world is still at a low stage, and the diversity of the biological world is exactly the main material basis for human survival. ③It is determined by the five major crises facing contemporary mankind and the urgency of solving them. ④It is determined by the promotion of life science by other disciplines and the law of "feedback" or "return" of life science.
In the "biological century", microbiology will play a particularly important role.In natural science, if life science is still a "sunrise science", microbiology can only be regarded as a "sunrise science";If microbiology is a "rich ore", it is also a "rich ore with just stripped topsoil".This is because of the high diversity of species, genetics, metabolism and ecological types in microorganisms.The diversity of microorganisms constitutes the richness of microbial resources, and the richness of microbial resources determines the long-term nature of its research, development and utilization.
The development of rich microbial resources has just begun.No matter how estimated, the total number of species in the microbial community (including viruses) should greatly exceed the total number of species in the animal and plant community (about 1.5 million species are known), but the former is only 1/10 of the latter at most.According to scientific estimates, the number of animal and plant species that really exist in nature is at least several times larger than the number known today.
The following facts can fully prove how rich the microbial resources will be: ① The number of new species of microorganisms is growing rapidly every year, and only the larger fungi have 1500 new species recorded every year; ②About 90% of the microorganisms in the soil can not be cultivated in the laboratory, and many of them are called "viable but uncultured ablestate bacteria"; ③Since the corresponding viruses have been found in almost all animals, plants and microorganisms, it is conceivable that the number of viruses in microorganisms alone may be close to or even exceed the total number of other animals, plants and microorganisms, not to mention that some hosts can host multiple viruses at the same time (for example, more than 300 human viruses can be found!); ④The real history of human research on microorganisms is only about 130 years. It can be imagined how many microbial resources can be found and utilized in the future!
Among the microorganisms that have been described, the number of species used by humans has not exceeded 1%.For example, among about 10000 species of large mushroom, more than 30 genera or 2000 species are edible, but so far only 80 species have been cultivated in the laboratory, about 20 species have been commercially cultivated, and only 5 or 6 species are common in the market.
As for the special metabolic types of microorganisms, such as the development of microorganisms in extreme environments, they are still at the starting line!
4、 Vigorously carry out microbiological research in China
Due to historical reasons, there is still a big gap between China's microbiology and the international advanced level.As a descendant of the Chinese nation, it is incumbent on microbiologists to make efforts to catch up with and surpass the international level in science and technology.
In order to develop microbiology in China, we must proceed from the specific national conditions of our country, under limited conditions, concentrate the main human and material resources, capture a few projects with Chinese characteristics, have a certain foundation, and have obvious academic, economic and social benefits as a breakthrough.Make a breakthrough, drive one area, and gradually expand the results.Therefore, the current research focus should be on the applied theory.
（1） Resource investigation and classification
China has a vast land, complex terrain, across the cold, warm and hot zones, and diverse ecological environment. It is a rare country with microbial resources.However, the team of resource survey and classification identification is weak, the technology is relatively backward, and the published results are less.According to statistics, the number of bacteria and fungi studied in China only accounts for 5-10% of the known number in the world.In this field, we should make efforts to investigate the strain resources with Chinese characteristics and application prospects, and use this to promote the development of morphology, classification and identification (especially new identification means).
For example, investigation of nitrogen fixing microbial resources, classification and identification of rhizobia;Screening of new antagonistic actinomycetes and study on chemotaxonomy;Investigation of mycorrhizal resources;Investigation of edible and medicinal fungi resources and study of fungi classification system;Investigation of entomogenous microorganisms and insect baculovirus resources;mainCrop virus diseaseResearch on the separation, detection and disease prevention of the pathogen;Development of single cell protein (SCP) resources;Extremophile(especially halophilic, basophilic and thermophilic bacteria) resources investigation and strain classification and identification research;wait.
（2） Physiological metabolism and fermentation engineering
The achievements of physiological metabolism research can promote the development of fermentation engineering, agriculture, medical microbiology and other application fields.There are many research projects to be carried out in this regard, such as recombinant microbial physiology, immobilized microbial physiology, mixed microbial culture microbial physiology, extreme microbial physiology, photosynthetic bacterial physiology, anaerobic bacterial physiology;Nitrogen fixation biochemistry,Secondary metabolites(e.g. antibiotics) synthetic pathway and metabolic regulation;Kinetics of multistage continuous culture;Extracellular enzyme secretion mechanism, enzyme inhibitor and activator;Growth law of high-density bacteria;Research on non grain fermentation materials;Study on improving product concentration, conversion rate and productivity (g/L · h) in fermentation production;Study on oxygen carrier in liquid fermentation;Cellulose, lignin andhemicelluloseMicrobial decomposition mechanism and microbial hydrogen production mechanism;Biosensors(biosensor), and on-line fermentation control by computer;Inhibition of effective ingredients of Chinese herbal medicine on virus;Mould rot mechanism of industrial products;Investigation and utilization of anaerobic metabolites;wait.
（3） Genetic variation and strain selection
The research and improvement of microbial germplasm resources is a long-term and indispensable work in microbiology.Since the advent of genetic engineering, microbial genetic breeding has stepped onto a new stage.In the field of genetic variation and strain breeding, the problems worthy of further study are as follows:
Principles and technologies of microbial molecular breeding,ProtoplastPrinciples and techniques of breeding;Genetic stability of recombinant bacteria;Actinomycete genetics;Establishment of various new receptor carrier systems related to fermentation engineering (such asBacillus, Corynebacterium, yeast, actinomycetes, filamentous fungi, some extremophiles);Genetics of rhizobia, nitrogen fixation gene introduction into non leguminous plants;Construction of engineering bacteria for decomposing cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose;Genetic principle of drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria;And the breakthrough of traditional strain screening technology, etc.
（4） Ecological Theory and Environmental Protection Practice
stayMicrobial EcologyIn the field of research, in-depth work is rare, and there is a lot of work waiting for people to study.For example, the investigation of new groups of microorganisms in soil, the community structure and function of soil microorganisms;Molecular basis of mutual recognition between symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms and host;The theoretical basis of using microorganisms to control diseases and pests;Microbial ecological problems in traditional brewing in China;MicrobiologyResearch;Mould rot microorganismThe types, mildew mechanism and control methods;The survival state of important pathogenic bacteria in nature;The microflora of rumen, caecum (horse, etc.) and cockroach intestines and the mechanism of cellulose decomposition;Anaerobic degradation ecology, obstinate organic matter degradation bacteria, and comprehensive utilization of "three wastes";Marine microbial ecology;And toxic fungi and mycotoxins;wait.
（5） Mechanism and practice of infection and immunization
The main research contents in this area are: the molecular mechanism of pathogenic bacteria;Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of pathogenic anaerobes;Anti biological warfare;Isolation and identification of new pathogens;New vaccines, new biological products, genetic engineering and vaccine, vaccine production, multivalentGenetically engineered vaccine；Monoclonal antibody research;wait.
（6） Others
Research on microbiological methods;modernizationCulture preservation technology；Establishment of microbial database;Standardization of laboratory reagents;A simple and rapid identification box for commercial strains;wait.
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To sum up, we can know that microorganisms are a huge team in the biological world.The extent to which they play a role, whether beneficial or harmful to people, mainly depends on people's understanding and mastery of their activity rules.Numerous facts have vividly proved that since human beings have known microorganisms and gradually mastered their activity laws, it is possible to make previously unprofitable microorganisms become beneficial, the less profitable ones become more beneficial, and the harmful ones become less harmful, harmless and even beneficial, thus greatly promoting human progress.This is the fundamental purpose of our study of microbiology.
