The International Space Station is the largest in orbitSpace platformIt has modern scientific research equipment and can carry out large-scale, multidisciplinary basic and applied scientific researchSpace laboratory, providing a large number of experimental loads and resources for carrying out scientific experimental research in microgravity environment, and supporting human long-term stay in Earth orbit.[1]The International Space Station (ISS) project is jointly built, operated and used by 16 countries. It is the largest, longest and most involved international space cooperation project in history.Since the station was officially built in 1998, after more than ten years of construction, the construction task was completed in 2010 and the station was put into full use.[2]The International Space Station is mainly composed ofNASA、Russian Federal Space Agency、European Space Agency、Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency、National Space Agency of CanadaJoint operation.[3]
In August 2020, NASA andRussian Federal Space AgencyThe statement said that there was a slight air leak in the International Space Station, and the leak point may be in the U.S. segment. The air leak did not pose a threat to the station members or the International Space Station[4]。On October 14, Russian manned spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station[5]。On November 18, the Russian National Space Group said that the astronauts of the International Space Station had put a "patch" on the crack of the Russian "Star" service module to prevent air leakage.[6]
On June 7, 2021, Dmitry Rogozin, President of the Russian Space Exploration Agency, said that if the United States did not lift the sanctions against the Russian "Progress" Rocket Space Center and the Russian Central Machinery Manufacturing Institute, Russia would withdraw from the international space station cooperation project in 2025 and build its own space station.[28][34]In February 2022, NASA announced that it planned to destroy the International Space Station (ISS) in 2031, and the debris would sink into the no man's land in the South Pacific“Nimo point”（Point Nemo）。[64]
Chinese name
The International Space Station
Foreign name
International Space Station Международная космическая станция(in Russian) International Universe(Japanese)
Participating institutions
NASA, Russian Federal Space Agency, European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Canadian Space Agency
The International Space Station was established in 1993 byU.S.A、Russia11 ESA member countries (France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, SpainSweden, Switzerland), Japan, Canada and BrazilAerospace engineering。The initial general division of the International Space Station is:[7]
American development test chamber, centrifuge regulation chamber, living quarters, node 1 chamber, airlock chamber, ram frame structure and solar cell array.
Russia has developed multi-function cargo cabin, service cabin, universal docking cabin, docking section, docking and storage cabin, life support cabin, scientific energy platform and two research cabins.
European development test module, automatic transfer vehicle and node module - 2, 3.
Italy developed three multi-purpose logistics modules.
Japan developed the test module, which consists of a pressurized module, a remote control mechanical arm system, exposure facilities and a test logistics module.
Canada is responsible for developing the mobile service system, which includes the space station remote control robot system - Canadian manipulator - 2, mobile base system and special dexterous manipulator.
Brazil provides some special test equipment.
The space station is planned to be equipped with 13 supercharged cabins, of which 6 are research cabins for scientific experiments, 1 is a multi-function cargo cabin that provides initial propulsion, attitude control, communication and storage functions for the space station, and 3 node cabins for docking.
Construction phase
The construction of the International Space Station can be roughly divided into three stages.In the first stage (1994-1998), the U.Sspace shuttleWith RussiaMir Space StationAnd gained valuable experience.The second stage (1998-2001) is the initial assembly stage.November 20, 1998, the first module of the International Space Station——Dawn functional cargo compartment(Funded by the United States, made in Russia) successfully launched.December 4, 1998, United StatesNode cabin of TuanjiefromSpace Shuttle EndeavourIt was put into orbit and successfully docked with Dawn on December 7.The main goal of Phase 2 is to build an initial space station capable of carrying three people.The third stage (2001-2006) is the final assembly and application stage.The assembled International Space Station is 110 meters long and 88 meters wide, roughly the size of two football fields, with a total mass of more than 400 tons. It will be the largest and most advanced man-made palace in history. It will operate on an orbit with an inclination of 51.6 ° and a height of 397 kilometers, and can accommodate 6 to 7 astronauts in orbit,After that, the International Space Station will start a permanent manned operation period of 10-15 years.[8-9]
Basic parameters
Figure 2 International Space Station[10]
Table 1 Basic parameters of the International Space Station
Pressurizing module length
240 feet (73 meters)
Truss length
357.5 feet (109 meters)
Length of solar cell array
239.4 feet (73 meters)
quality
925335 lb (419725 kg)
Habitable volume
13696 cubic feet (388 cubic meters), excluding the volume of docking spacecraft
Pressurized volume
32333 cubic feet (916 cubic meters)
Plus Bigelow expandable capsule（BEAM）Total pressurized volume after
32898 cubic feet (932 cubic meters)
Power generation
Eight solar arrays provide 75 to 90 kilowatts of power
Computer code
About 2.3 million lines[10]
Main structure
Figure 3 Assembly status of the International Space Station (up to May 2011)
The overall design of the International Space Station adopts the truss cabin type structure, that is, the truss is the basic structure, and the pressurized cabin and other various service facilities are attached to the truss to form the truss cabin type space station.The general layout is shown in Figure 3.In general, the International Space Station can be seen as a combination of two major three-dimensional intersections: one is based on the Russian multi-function module, through docking module and node module, docking with the Russian service module, experimental module, life support module, American experimental module, Japanese experimental module, ESA's "Columbus" orbital facilities, etc., forming the core part of the space station;The other part is the truss structure in the United States, which is equipped with Canada's teleoperation manipulator service system and space station extravehicular equipment. Four pairs of large solar panels are installed at both ends of the truss.These two major parts are vertically crossed to form the "keel frame", which not only strengthens the rigidity of the space station, but also helps to give full play to the working performance of each subsystem and scientific experimental equipment and instruments, and is conducive to the assembly and maintenance of astronauts.[11]
Main section
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Launch information
Table 2 Launch information of various segments of the International Space Station
As the first component of the International Space Station, the Zarya functional module was launched by the Russian Proton-K rocket on November 20, 1998Baikonur Space Launch SiteLaunch.Dawn is the foundation of the International Space Station, which can provide power supply, propulsion, navigation, communication, attitude control, temperature control, pressure charging, microclimate environment and other functions.It is composed ofHeping Space StationThe "crystal" module on the is evolved, with a service life of 13 years, a maximum power of 6 kW, and can dock 4 spacecraft.[2]Dawn weighs 24.2 tons (including 4.5 tons of fuel), is 13 meters long, and has an internal volume of about 72 cubic meters (40 square meters usable area).It can fly continuously for 430 days and nights without refueling.[13]
Origin of naming: The name of Zarya is derived from the Russian language, and it is interpreted in English as Dawn, Sunrise."Dawn" functional module originated from the RussianSalute space stationThe developed TKS spacecraft, funded by the United States and manufactured by Russia, is named "Zarya", which means that the launch of this functional module marks the arrival of a new era of international cooperation in the space field.[2]
The Zvezda service module is the core of the International Space Station and the main place for astronauts to live and work. The Zvezda service module, funded and built by Russia, was launched on July 12, 2000 and docked with the International Space Station consortium on July 26.Star is 13 meters long and 19 tons in weight. It is composed of three sealed compartments, including transition cabin, living cabin and working cabin, and an unsealed compartment for fuel tank, engine and communication antenna.The living cabin is equipped with a separate "room" for astronauts to take a bath and sleep. There are kitchens with refrigerators, dining tables, and sports equipment for astronauts to exercise.[13]After the launch of the Star, the three docking segments and auxiliary equipment formed a space consortium with a mass of 73 tons, operating in an orbit of 397 kilometers and an inclination of 51.6 degrees. It circled the earth every 90 minutes, making the International Space Station equipped with the basic conditions for receiving astronauts to live and work.[2]
Origin of the name: Zvezda is derived from the Russian language, which means "star" in English.The basic frame structure of the module is called "DOS-8", which is the core of Mir-2 space station planned by Russia in the mid-1980s. Therefore, the "Star" service module is often called "Mir-2" in the manufacturing process.At the beginning of 1999, Russia officially named it "Star".[2]
At 16:29:06 Moscow time (21:29:06 Beijing time) on July 29, 2021, the "Science" experimental module successfully docked with the Russian "Star" service module of the International Space Station.The data shows that the systems of the space station and the experimental module work normally.[39]
The docking module of Piers was developed by the Russian "Energy" Rocket and Space Company. It weighed about 4 tons and had a volume of 13 cubic meters. It was launched on September 15, 2001.There are 1mm thick micro meteor protection plates andMultilayer insulation material。There are two docking interfaces, one active docking interface and one passive docking interface. The active docking interface is docked with the Star service module, and the passive docking interface is reserved for the docking of the Alliance spacecraft and the Progress spacecraft.There is also a compartment on one side of the docking module. When astronauts put on spacesuits and adjust the air pressure in the compartment, they can open the compartment door for space walk. The diameter of the exit door is 1000mm.[14]Dock number helps to increase the transportation of goods and people between the International Space Station and the ground.[13]
On July 26, 2021, the segment of the Russian "Pirs" was towed from the International Space Station by the cargo spaceship "Progress", and was burned during the subsequent atmospheric reentry.In the past 20 years, as an airlock, it has supported 52 spacewalks and served as the interface between the Soyuz manned spacecraft and the Progress cargo spacecraft.[115]
4. Search number small research module (Poisk)
Poisk[119]
The small research module (Poisk) of the search vehicle was launched on November 10, 2009 to provide support for basic and applied experiments and research inside and outside the vehicleSoyuzManned spacecraft andProgress cargo spaceshipAnd so on.Can be used asAirlockProvide two exits for astronauts.It provides 2 cubic meters of usable space for experimental equipment and cargo storage in the sealed cabin. It also has 2 reference points for installing extravehicular experimental loads and cargo. It can store 870 kg of cargo in the sealed cabin.[14]
Exploration experimental module
On August 10, 2023, the Russian National Space Group reported that Russian astronauts Sergey Prokopiev and Dmitry Petrin of the International Space Station completed the fifth space walk mission in 2023 in the early morning of the 10th, and they returned to the space station safely 6 hours and 35 minutes after leaving the capsule.[152]
5. Dawn Small Research Module (Rassvet)
Rassvet[119]）Small research modules were transported to the International Space Station by the space shuttle Atlantis in May 2010.The Liming experimental module is about 7 meters long and weighs about 7.8 tons. It is mainly used for scientific experiments.
On July 29, 2021, the Russian National Space Corporation issued a statement saying that the Russian "Science" (Nauka[117]）The multi-functional experimental module successfully docked with the International Space Station that day.[37]
At 18:19 local time on November 26, 2021, the Russian Progress M-UM cargo spacecraft carrying the node module of the "Prichal" successfully docked with the International Space Station.[113-114]
eightRussian segment "Star" service cabin
At 6:25 on February 15, 2024 Moscow time (11:25 Beijing time)“Progress MS-26”The cargo spaceship took the "Soyuz-2.1a" carrier rocket from the Baikonur space launch site in Kazakhstan, and then successfully entered the scheduled orbit.The spacecraft is expected to dock with the Russian segment of the International Space Station "Star" service module on the 17th.[172]
The Unity node module, the second component of the International Space Station and the first node module of the International Space Station, was launched into orbit by the Space Shuttle Endeavour on December 4, 1998.The cabin is 5.49 meters long, 4.57 meters in diameter, and weighs 11612 kilograms. It is used to store goods and regulate power supply. It is the main node cabin connecting six cabins on the International Space Station.[2]
Name origin: because this module is the first node module of the International Space Station, it is also often called "Node 1".According to Randy Brinkley, director of NASA's International Space Station Program, the name "Unity" represents the joint efforts of NASA, Boeing and the international space station teams around the world, and reflects the international cooperation in the International Space Station Program.[2]
Destiny was built by NASA in February 1974“Space laboratory”(Skylab) The first permanently operated on orbit laboratory after retirement, which is made by Boeing Company of the United States, is shaped like a cylinder, 9.3 meters long, 4.3 meters in diameter, and 13.6 tons in weight.It was successfully docked with the Tuanjie node module in February 2001.The Destiny experimental module is a place for microgravity science and research in the United States, including material processinglife sciencesBiomedical experiment, fluid experiment and earth science.[2]
Quest airlock, the main airlock of the International Space Station, was launched by the United States on July 14, 2001.The function of the airlock is to provide a place for astronauts to wear spacesuits before leaving the capsule for activities.Before the Quest was connected to the space station, Russian astronauts could only wear spacesuits in the service module of the Star, and American astronauts could only wear spacesuits in the space shuttle when there was a space shuttle docking.The air lock module of Seeking can be compatible with the use of space suits worn by American and Russian astronauts at the same time.[2]
The Harmony node module, the second of the three node modules of the International Space Station, was launched by the space shuttle Discovery on October 23, 2007.Its role in the International Space Station is to connect the US "Destiny" laboratory module with the European Space Agency "Columbus" space laboratory module and the Japanese "Hope" space laboratory module that were later sent into space.[2]
Name origin: formerly known as "Node 2" module, it was renamed "Harmony" on March 15, 2007.The name comes from a campus competition called "Node 2 Challenge", which was attended by more than 2200 high school students from 32 states in the United States.The competition requires students to learn about the International Space Station, make scale models, and explain the meaning of their names.Finally, six different schools submitted the name "Harmony".NASA faculty, engineers, scientists andSenior managementThe selection team selected the name and explained that the name not only reflects the spirit of international cooperation of the International Space Station, but also vividly shows the responsibility of the "Harmony" node module in international space to connect the experimental modules of various partners.[2]
Tranquility node module is the third node module of the International Space Station, which was built by Italian Thales Alenia Space Company for NASA. It is about 7 meters long, 4.5 meters in diameter and weighs about 18160 kilograms in orbit.Tranquility can provide additional space for astronauts on the International Space Station, as well as many life support and environmental control systems, including oxygen generators, water recycling systems, waste cleaning sanitation maintenance systems, and "Colbert" treadmills.The observation cabin of "Watchtower" connected to the node cabin of Tranquility is the control station of the robotic arm of the International Space Station. It is about 1.5 meters long, 2.96 meters in diameter and 1882 kilograms in orbit.There are six windows around the observation module and one window on the top, which can help astronauts observe the earth, stars and spacecraft docked with the International Space Station from a panoramic perspective. The window can resist the impact of space debris.The "Tranquility" node module and the "Watchtower" observation module were transported to the International Space Station with the space shuttle Endeavour on February 8, 2010.[2]
Origin of naming: The Tranquility node module has been called "Node 3" before April 2009, and its name comes from the naming activity held by NASA - "Help Node 3 get its name".During the event, the public can log on to the official website of NASA to participate in the event. They can choose one of the four names provided by NASA, or suggest a name they think is appropriate.At the end of the activity on March 20, 2009, NASA received thousands of proposals, and "Tranquility" was one of the top ten proposals with the highest number of suggestions.After selection, Sunita Williams, a female astronaut who was once a member of the 14th and 15th Expedition Research Groups of the International Space Station, announced in a night TV program that "Node 3 Module" was named "Tranquility".Bill Gerstenmeier, deputy director of NASA's space operations department, said that the choice of the name "Tranquility" was related to the commemoration of "Apollo 11".Forty years ago in July, the Apollo 11 spacecraft landed in the Sea of Tranquility on the moon. "Tranquility" is related to exploration and the moon. At the same time, "Tranquility" also symbolizes the international cooperation spirit of the space station.[2]
The cabin is composed ofESADeveloped but belonging toNASA, which provides a direct view of the manipulator operation and can see the space shuttle payload equipment area.[14]
7. Multi functional logistics module of Leonardo
The multi-functional logistics module of the Leonardo was developed by Italy, with a value of 160 million dollars.It is a cylinder made of metal aluminum, 21 feet long (about 6.4 meters), 15 feet in diameter (about 4.6 meters), divided into 16 cargo boxes, and can carry 9.1 tons of goods.The logistics module can be reused. Its function is to transport necessary materials for the International Space Station, and then bring the waste on the space station back to the ground.The Leonardo logistics module made its first space flight in 2001.Italian Space AgencyThe first three "Leonardo" service logistics modules were built according to the agreement with NASA.In March 2010, the space shuttle Discovery will carry the Leonardo logistics module for the last cargo mission.After returning to the ground, the Leonardo logistics module was modified to have a better debris protection function and make it easier for astronauts to use its internal equipment, and was renamed "permanent multi-function module".[2][13]
Name origin: This module is a multi-purpose logistics module (MPLM) made in Italy. It is named after Leonardo, one of the three heroes of the Italian Renaissance·Vinci(Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci).[2]
BEAM is produced by Bigelow Space Company in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.The module is composed of soft, foldable fibers adapted to the harsh space environment, and weighs 1.4 tons.It is made of aluminum and special foldable fabric, which will be compressed during flight to form a "big package" with a length of 2.4 meters and a diameter of 2.36 meters.After docking with the space station, the length and diameter will increase to 3.7 meters and 3.2 meters respectively, and the internal space will expand from 3.6 cubic meters to 16 cubic meters, which is equivalent to the size of a small bedroom.[15]
Compared with traditional space capsules made of metal,Inflatable capsuleIts advantages are small size, light weight and cheaper cost.As the volume can be greatly reduced during transportation, this space capsule can save a lot of space for the rocket, which also means that it can save fuel and reduce launch costs.According to the plan, BEAM will stay on the space station for two years. During this period, astronauts will enter the space station several times a year to install instruments and equipment, collect data and evaluate their status, but will not live in this inflatable chamber.[15]
Columbus experimental module is the second international space station experimental module after American Destiny. It is jointly manufactured by 40 companies from 10 European countries and is the largest international space station project of ESA."Columbus" experimental cabin is equipped with a variety of experimental equipment, which can carry outCell Biology、Space biology, fluid and material science, human physiology, astronomy, basic physics and other experiments, with a service life of at least 10 years.[2]
The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM), named "Hope", is Kib ō (Hope) in Japanese, meaning hope.The "Hope" experimental module is Japan's contribution to the International Space Station. It was manufactured by JAXA in September 2001 and is also the largest module group on the International Space Station.The "Hope" experimental module is the first manned space capsule connected to the space station in Japan's history, and it is Japan's manned spacecraft.[2]
The "Hope" experimental module is Japan's first manned space facility, which can accommodate up to four people.It is composed of six parts, namely, in cabin storage room, in cabin laboratory, outside cabin experimental platform, outside cabin container rack, mechanical arm and communication system.The storage room in the cabin is mainly used as a storage warehouse. There are experimental equipment, maintenance tools, experimental materials and equipment for replacement in case of instrument failure.The cabin laboratory is a cylindrical equipment with an outer diameter of 4.4 meters, an inner diameter of 4.2 meters and a length of 11.2 meters.The gas composition in the laboratory is almost the same as that of the surface atmosphere, maintaining a standard atmospheric pressure and the temperature and humidity convenient for astronauts' activities, so astronauts can wear ordinary clothes to work in the laboratory.The extravehicular experimental platform can use special conditions such as cosmic microgravity and high vacuum to carry out earth observation, communication, material experiments and other research.The extravehicular assembly rack is a transitional platform for transporting and recovering experimental equipment to the extravehicular experimental platform.The mechanical arm is divided into main arm and sub arm, and the main arm can pick up 7 tons of heavy objects.Astronauts can use monitors in the cabin laboratory to control the work of the manipulator through the console.After the completion of design and assembly in Japan, the experimental module of Hope was transported to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and its components wereAmerican Space ShuttleThey are transported to the International Space Station in three times and assembled in space.The first part of the experimental module, the vault, was carried by the US space shuttle Endeavour to the International Space Station on March 11, 2008.[2]
type of shipping
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Russian Soyuz manned spacecraft
SoyuzThe manned spacecraft was built by RussiaKorolev Energy Rocket Space GroupDeveloped and used since the mid-1960s, and regularly upgraded.Soyuz can independently support three crew members for 5.2 days, and stay at the International Space Station for 200 days.The spacecraft has an automatic docking system, which can be piloted automatically or manually by the crew.Soyuz is responsible for transporting passengers and cargo to and from the International Space Station.[16]
Table 3
Emission quality
7190 kg
Return module
2900 kg
Track module
1300 kg
Propulsion module
2600 kg
Transportable cargo quality
230 kg for two passengers;170 kg for three passengers
length
7 m
Maximum diameter
2.7 m
Accommodation diameter
2.2 m
Length of solar panel
10.6 m
Russian Progress cargo spaceship
Progress cargo spaceshipRussiaKorolev Energy Rocket Space GroupThe development is a cargo supply spacecraft based on Soyuz design, which is used to transport cargo, propellant, water and natural gas to the International Space Station.After docking at the International Space Station, the thruster can help the International Space Station rise to a higher orbital height and control the direction of the International Space Station.Normally, the Progress spacecraft is launched to the International Space Station four times a year.The progress number can be driven automatically or manually by the crew.Progress was filled with garbage from the International Space Station and burned during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.During autonomous flight (30 days at most), Progress can be used as a research laboratory to carry out space experiments.[16]
Table 4
Emission quality
7440 kg
Cargo carrying capacity
2250 kg
length
7.4 m
Maximum diameter
2.7 m
Length of solar panel
10.7 m
Propellant filling
870 kg
thrust
2942 N
Japan HTV cargo spaceship
HTV cargo spaceshipIt is specially developed by JAXA for the International Space Station programMitsubishi Heavy IndustriesManufactured non manned cargo spaceship.Dock at the International Space Station using the Space Station Remote Control System (SSRMS).HTV cargo spaceshipIt can carry logistics materials in its internal pressurized carrier and external non pressurized carrier, and can transport goods, natural gas and water.The HTV cargo spacecraft was filled with garbage generated by the International Space Station and burned during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.[16]
Table 5
length
9.2 m
Maximum diameter
4.4 m
Emission quality
16500 kg
Cargo carrying capacity
5500 kg
American Space Shuttle
During the period from December 4, 1998 to July 21, 2011, three NASA shipsspace shuttle——discovery 、AtlantisandEndeavour It helped to build the International Space Station and transported most of the International Space Station segments and major components, which is a reusable transportation mode.[16]
Table 6
length
37.2 m
height
17.3 m
wingspan
23.8 m
Standard quality
104000 kg
Cargo carrying capacity
16000 kg
European ATV cargo spaceship
The ATV cargo ship isEADSAn automatic logistics supply spaceship is developed, which can transport cargo, atmosphere, water and propellant.After the cargo is unloaded, it is reloaded with garbage and waste products, separated from the space station, and burned during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.From March 2008 to February 2015, a total of five ATV cargo ships were launched, namely Jules Verne, Johannes Kepler, Edoardo Amaldi, Albert Einstein and GeorgesLema î tre.[16]
Table 7
Emission quality
20750 kg
Cargo carrying capacity
7667 kg
length
10.3 m
Maximum diameter
4.5 m
Length of solar panel
22.3 m
thrust
1960 N
American "Dragon" Spacecraft
Dragon SpacecraftIs created bySpaceXThe commercial orbital vehicles developed and operated have two configurations for unmanned flight and manned flight respectively.The mission flight plan of the cargo model "Dragon" spacecraft is changeable and can be used as a reusable spacecraft. It is equipped with a heat shield and parachute. After the mission is completed, it splashes down on the ocean surface for recycling. It is the only cargo spacecraft of the space station that can return goods at present.[100]
The manned "Dragon" spacecraft is the first private enterprise in the United States to build and transport astronauts to and from the space stationManned spacecraft, also fromAmerican Space ShuttleAfter retirement, it is the first new manned spacecraft certified by NASA that can regularly transport astronauts to and from the International Space Station.[101]
On November 26, 2022, the Dragon spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station.On the 27th,The American SpaceX company's Dragon spacecraft has successfully docked with the International Space Station.[123]
On May 30, 2023, Los Angeles time, the private space team organized by the American private enterprise Axiom Space Corporation ended the mission of the International Space Station and returned to the Earth by taking the "Dragon" spacecraft of the American Space Exploration Technology Corporation.[144]
On November 9, 2023, the cargo "Dragon" spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida by the "Falcon 9" rocket, and arrived at the International Space Station on November 11, delivering about 3000 kg of scientific research equipment, supplies and hardware facilities for the space station.This is the 29th time that Space Exploration Technology Corporation has carried out the International Space Station replenishment mission for NASA.On December 22, 2023, the American Space Exploration Technology Company's cargo "Dragon" spacecraft returned to Earth, bringing back about 2000 kilograms of scientific experiment samples and materials.[168]
On January 19, 2024 local time, Turkey's Anadolu News Agency reported that Turkey's first astronaut, Gezelavki, and three astronauts from Spain, Italy and Sweden took the American "Dragon" spacecraft and the Falcon 9 rocket from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida to the International Space Station on the same dayCommercial manned space mission, staying at the International Space Station for two weeks.[170]
American "Swan" spacecraft
CygnusIt is a disposable cargo spaceship that can transport materials for the International Space Station, and at the same time, it can load waste into the atmosphere to burn.The spaceship is designed as a "two cabin segment", including a service cabin and a pressurized cargo cabin.The service cabin integrates advanced electronic equipment, solar panels, guidance and navigation systems, etc;The pressurized cargo compartment can be loaded with daily supplies, spare parts, experimental equipment, etc.[102]
The cargo capacity of the "Cygnus" spaceship reached 3750kg, the pressurized volume reached 27m3, and the output power was 3.5kW. The docking was completed by means of mechanical arm capture and movement, and it docked on the node cabin of the "International Space Station" through the "universal docking mechanism".[102]
On November 9, 2022, the live broadcast picture of NASA showed that the "Cygnus" cargo spacecraft and the International Space Station were successfully realizedDocking.[122]
Attachment:Link to real-time update of docking status of the International Space Station spacecraft:[118]
International Space Station Spacecraft Docking on October 14, 2022[118]
scientific research
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research field
The scientific experiment projects on the International Space Station are mainlyNASA、Roscosmos、ESA、JAXAandCSAThe cooperation covers six research fields: physical science, biology and biotechnology, technology development and verification, human body research, earth and space science, and educational activities and promotion.[17]
1. Biology and biotechnology
Under microgravity environment, the growth mode and shape of nuclear tissue may be different from that on the ground.Experiments in this field focus on studying the life activities of organisms (animals, plants, microorganisms, cells) in space flight, the destruction process of biological tissues, the regeneration characteristics of organs and tissues, the interaction between cells, the experimental development of biotechnology products, and obtaining new knowledge about the basic issues of life science.[17]
2. Technology development and verification
Experiments in this field aim to develop and improve space technology and its components, develop new space technologies to improve the utilization of segments, and develop key components of future space infrastructure.[17]
3. Earth and space science
Figure 4
The low Earth orbit of the International Space Station provides a unique advantage for collecting geospatial scientific data.Experiments in this field aim to study the physical processes of the earth's surface, atmosphere and ionosphere.Collect information about the Earth's glaciers, farmland, cities and coral reefs, and complement with orbital satellite data to obtain comprehensive Earth information.[17]
4. Physical Science
The International Space Station is the only place to study physical phenomena in microgravity environment for a long time.Experiments in this field focus on various physical and chemical processes under microgravity environment;Space material science, preparing new substances and materials that are unavailable or difficult to obtain under land conditions;Research on ground technology modernization;Technical reserves will be made for the development of key technologies for advanced manned space facilities and unmanned detectors.[17]
5. Education activities and promotion
The International Space Station provides a unique platform for encouraging students to participate in space activities, which has had a positive impact on thousands of students.[17]
6. Human body research
Using the International Space Station to study the risks of long-term microgravity environment to human health and formulate countermeasures to reduce these risks will help solve the problems related to long-term missions beyond near Earth orbit in the future.[17]
scientific experiment
NASA has been working on ISS protein crystal growth experiments.By 2021, pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers have conducted more than 500 protein crystal growth experiments in ISS, which is the largest single category experiment carried out on the space station so far.[175]
scientific discovery
1. Alpha magnetic spectrometer
“Alpha magnetic spectrometer”It is the most powerful and sensitive particle physics detector operating in space so far.Since its installation on the International Space Station in May 2011, it has started to acquire data and will continue to operate until the end of the mission of the International Space Station.The result of AMS spectrometer's accurate measurement of various cosmic ray particles is a milestone in cosmic ray observation, and is of great significance to the search for dark matter and antimatter and other frontier research in physics.[18]
At 24:00 on December 8, 2016, internationally renowned physicistsThe nobel prize in physicsWinnerDing ZhaozhongAt the European Nuclear Research Center in Switzerland, the physics achievements of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) in the five years since its operation on the International Space Station were summarized and released.AMS has collected more than 90 billion cosmic ray cases, and more data analysis is still in progress.The latest AMS results reported by Ding Zhaozhong cover accurate and unique data of a variety of cosmic ray particles, including the measured positron current intensity and positron ratio in space, the antiproton proton ratio, and the current intensity of electrons, protons, antiprotons, helium nuclei, and other nucleons.[18]
2. Twin experiment
Figure 5
Astronauts Mike Kelly and Scott Kelly, twins born in 1964, participated in the experiment.The brothers began training for space flight in 1996.Scott participated in the space flight of the space shuttle "Discovery" STS-103 in 1999, the space flight of the space shuttle "Endeavour" STS-118 in 2007, the space flight of the Russian "Soyuz TMA-M" spacecraft in 2010, and the 25th and 26th long-term investigations of the International Space Station.Mike Kelly has gone to space four times, respectively participating in the 2011 "Endeavour" space shuttle STS-108 space flight, 2006 "Discovery" space shuttle STS-121 space flight, 2008 "Atlantis" space shuttle STS-124 space flight, 2011 "Endeavour" space shuttle space flight.[19]
In March 2015, Scott Kelly participated in space flight again, spending a record 340 days, 8 hours and 42 minutes on the International Space Station.Mike Kelly stayed on the earth and received the same detection and analysis as Scott on the International Space Station during this time.The research covers a wide range, from the composition of intestinal bacteria to the activity of various genes and cognitive abilities.The results obtained were submitted to 10 research groups for analysis.[19]
The most unexpected result came after observing telomeres.Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes that protect the main parts of DNA from damage during cell division.After each cell division, the chromosome will be shortened.In order that this shortening does not affect the coding region, telomeres are located at the ends of chromosomes.In the new split andFission cycleAfter that, the chromosome becomes shorter,Cell senescenceThis is how it happened.Scott's telomeres became longer in space than Mike's telomeres, for reasons that are not clear.[19]
3. Spatial DNA sequencing
Figure 6
On August 30, 2016, NASA astronaut Kate Rubens successfully completed the first micro gravityDNA sequencing, which indicates that mankind has ushered in a new era of "gene sequencing of living organisms in space".It has opened a new scientific field - space genome andsystems biology。[20]
This space sequencing is part of the "Biomolecular Sequencing Research Project".The MinION sequencer provided by Oxford Nanopore Company in the UK is used for sequencing. It is only the size of a palm, which is convenient and fast.The sequencing principle is to apply current through the nanopore, and let the liquid containing the test sample flow through the detector at the same timeDNA moleculeIt will cause different current changes, through which we can identify organisms with this gene sequence.The project team took the prepared DNA samples of mice, viruses and bacteria to the space station for Rubens to test in space, while the ground team members sequenced similar samples simultaneously.After comparison, it is found that the two sequencing results from space and Earth can match perfectly.With the method of sequencing DNA in space, we can identify whether the microorganisms in the International Space Station threaten the astronauts' health, help the scientists on the ground to understand the astronauts' living environment at any time, and timely inform them whether to clean or take antibiotics.spaceDNA sequencerIt is an important tool to protect the health of astronauts who need to stay at the space station for a long time in the future, such as visiting Mars.[20]
4. Space vegetable planting
The "Vegetable Production System" (Veggie) is the largest plant planting experimental facility on the International Space Station so far. This research will provide support for extending the stay time of astronauts, and will also be used to study the perception and response of plants to gravity, improve the growth of plants on the earth and increase production.Veggie explores the cultivation of vegetables that can be used to make salads, which may be used in the future to provide fresh food to improve the appetite and nutrition of astronauts, and may also be used to help astronauts relax and have fun.In the experiment, Veggie provides light and nutrition for crops, and the International Space Station provides temperature control andcarbon dioxide。[21]
In May 2014, astronauts successfully planted "Outredgeous" red by using Veggie systemRomaine lettuce , and recently tasted this cosmic vegetable for the first time.This is a major step in space planting. At the same time, NASA also hopes to further expand the number and variety of crops to meet the nutritional needs of astronauts landing on Mars in the future.After the validation of Veg-01, astronauts tested Veg-03 on October 25, 2016.Veg-03 improved the water delivery system, and tested and confirmed the impact of different environments on crops, allowing six lettuce plants to grow at the same time.[22]
In December 2020,NASAFlight engineers recently pulled out 20 turnips planted in the advanced plant culture environment of the space station, wrapped them with tin foil, so that they can be refrigerated until 2021earth。The researchers said that this achievement has sowed the seeds of hope for food production in the long-term trip to the moon and Mars.[25]
In April 2021, NASA astronauts harvested a mini cabbage at the International Space Station (ISS) and cooked it with soy sauce.[29]
Flight Control Center
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U.S.A
one
The headquarters of NASA (HQ) is responsible for managing the centers in various fields of NASA, formulating management policies, and evaluating various stages of the International Space Station program;
two
Johnson Space Center (JSC) is responsible for managing the International Space Station program and the mission control of the U.S. segment, and working with the partner country control center to jointly manage the activities carried out on the entire ISS;
three
Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is responsible for preparing ISS modules and space shuttles for each mission, coordinating the launch, and managing the launch and post landing operations of space shuttles;
four
Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), whose Load Operation and Integration Center (POIC) is responsible for controlling the operation of American experiments and coordinating the in orbit experiments of partner countries;
five
Remote Science Support Center (TSC): The United States has several TSCs to implement the operation of scientific experiments on the International Space Station program, respectively located at Marshall Space Flight Center, Ames Research Center (ARC), Johnson Space Center and Glen Research Center (GRC).[23]
Russia
one
Moscow Mission Control Center (TsUP) is the main organization related to Russia's international space station program, responsible for the control of Russian manned space flight activities and the operation of Russian segments;
two
Gagarin Astronaut Training Center (GCTC) is responsible for providing full-size trainers for the Russian module, training pools for extravehicular walking, simulated gravity centrifuges, and planetariums for celestial navigation.
three
Baikonur Space Launch SiteIt is the main launch center of manned and non manned spacecraft in Russia.[23]
Europe
one
The European Space Research and Technology Center (ESTEC) is the largest research institution and technology core of the European Space Agency (ESA);
two
Columbus Control Center (COL-CC) and Automatic Transfer Vehicle Control Center (ATV-CC), COL-CC and ATV-CC are responsible for controlling and operating European ISS projects.COL-CC is responsible for controlling and operating the Columbus Research Laboratory and coordinating the European experimental payload, while ATV-CC is responsible for controlling and operating the Automatic Transfer Vehicle (ATV);
three
Guyana Space Center (GSC), initially established by the French National Space Research Center (CNES), is jointly funded and used by the French Space Agency and ESA as the launch site of the Ariane 5 carrier rocket;
four
European Astronaut Center (EAC), European Astronaut Training Base;
five
User Support and Operation Center (USOC): European countries have user support and operation centers in their national space centers, which are responsible for the use and layout of the European payload of the space station.[23]
Japan
one
Tsukuba Space Center is a comprehensive operation center with various testing facilities and astronaut training capability;
two
Tanegashima launch base is the largest rocket launch center in Japan.[23]
Canada
one
The Mobile Service System (MSS) Operation Integration Center (MOC) provides resources, equipment and experts needed for MSS engineering design and monitoring, and is responsible for astronaut training;
two
The payload remote scientific operation center (PTOC) supports the real-time operation of on orbit Canadian payloads.[23]
commander
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In October 2021, French astronautThomas Paisky(Thomas Pesquet) Japanese astronaut who has led the 65th expedition team since the end of AprilAkihiko Hoshide He took over the command of the International Space Station and became the first French astronaut to serve as the commander of the International Space Station.According to the plan, Paisky will lead the 65th expedition team for about one month, after which the command will be transferred to Russian astronautsAnton ShkapulerovHe will lead the 66th International Space Station Expedition Team.[45]
On September 14, 2022 local time, the European Space Agency announced that Italian female astronautsSamantha ChristophertiShe will be the commander of the International Space Station on September 28, making her the first European female astronaut to command the International Space Station.[105]
On March 11, 2024, according to the Tass News Agency, the Russian astronaut Oleg Kononenko has taken over from the Danish astronaut Andreas Mogensen of the European Space Agency as the head of the International Space Station.[178]
Fault danger
Announce
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Air leakage in cabin section
In August 2020, NASA andRussian Federal Space AgencyThe statement said that there was a slight air leak at the International Space Station, and the leak point may be in the U.S. segment. The three astronauts will focus on the Russian segment for three days, and will find the cause of the air leak this weekend.The statement said that the gas leakage did not pose a threat to the station members or the International Space Station.[4]
On September 28, 2020, according to the Russian satellite network, a spokesman of the Russian National Space Corporation said that the Russian "Star" module of the International Space Station was found to have air leakage again, and the fault would be eliminated.[24]
On February 28, 2024 local time, the Russian Space Agency announced that experts found air leakage in the International Space Station, but this would not pose a threat to the safety of the space station and astronauts.[174]
The mechanical arm is hit out of the hole by debris
In May 2021, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States and the Canadian Space Agency found in a routine inspection of the International Space Station that there was a small hole with a diameter of 5mm on the manipulator provided by Canada, which was caused by the impact of orbital debris.It is not clear what kind of orbital debris hit the space station manipulator when.The Canadian Space Agency said that the analysis results showed that the operation of the manipulator was not affected and could complete the original task.[32]
The engine of the science module started abnormally
On July 30, 2021, the Integrated Russian Satellite Network reported that, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the International Space Station (ISS) rotated 45 degrees due to the abnormal start of the engine of the Russian "Science" module module docked with the ISS on July 29.The Science engine has been shut down and the space station has been reset.Russia will lead the investigation of this incident, and NASA engineers will also participate.[38]
Smoke in the service cabin of Star
At about 5:00 on September 2021 Moscow time, Russian astronaut Nowitzki on the International Space Station reported to the ground flight control center that the alarm in the "Star" module module module sounded, and they saw smoke and smelled smoke.The instrument shows that there are harmful substances in the air of this section.American astronaut Toma Paisky also reported that the smell of burning plastic or electronic products entered the American cabin from the Russian cabin through the ventilation deviceparagraph[42]。
The space station lost its position
On October 15, 2021, US Eastern Time, the International Space Station lost its position after the Russian Soyuz spacecraft carried out routine thruster launch test, and the accident lasted for half an hour.The Russian Space Agency docked at the International Space Station at the time of the accidentAlliance MS-18The spaceship, which was originally scheduled to carry three Russian astronauts back to Earth late on the 16th EDT, is carrying out the ignition test of its thrusters.The ignition test window period is scheduled to end at 5:13 a.m. EDT on the 15th, but the Soyuz spacecraft is still in the ignition test, causing the International Space Station to lose its position for 30 minutes.The Russian Space Agency later said that the accident did not pose a threat to the three crew members and the space station.On the evening of the 15th, US Eastern Time, NASA said in a statement that the International Space Station has recovered its stable configuration, and NASA and the Russian Space Agency are cooperating to understand the cause of the incident,[48]
Dragon spaceship toilet leaks urine
On November 7, 2021, four astronauts from the International Space Station set off to return to Earth.Because multiplied byDragon SpacecraftThey have to wear diapers all the time.Astronauts will have to wear "underpants" that can absorb liquid to solve the emergency problem during the return journey of about 20 hours.[50]
Debris approaching
At about 10:06 on November 15, 2021, Moscow time (15:06 Beijing time), a dangerous piece of space junk will fly near the International Space Station, and there is a risk of collision.Russian astronauts were instructed to enter the Soyuz MS-19 spacecraft to take shelter.The order was issued by the Russian Astronaut Command Center. At the same time, Russian astronauts were required to report after entering the Soyuz spacecraft, and a video conference was held at 10:45 Moscow time.[54]
On November 23, 2021, according to the Russian Space Group, according to monitoring, the United States launched theFalcon 9 rocketThe debris will approach the International Space Station at 7:18 a.m. Moscow time on November 25, 2021.[57]
Water leaks from spacesuit helmet
On August 5, 2022 local time, according to CNN, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) called off all space walk missions of the International Space Station because water leaked into the helmet when an astronaut was working outside the station.[98]
Short circuit fault of power channel
December 3, 2022, NASAAstronauts Josh Kasada and Frank Rubio of the 68th Expedition Team launched a new rolling solar array during the second joint space walk in many weeks, and solved the short circuit fault in one of the eight power channels of the space station.[125]
Communication interruption
On July 27, 2023, according to NASA, on July 26, communication with the International Space Station (ISS) was interrupted for 20 minutes due to power failure at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, and then it was necessary to use the Russian communication system to transmit information. It was not until 90 minutes later that it returned to normal.[149]
Radiator coolant leakage of "Science" experimental module
On the evening of October 9, 2023 local time,Russian National Space GroupThe announcement said that there was coolant leakage in the external (standby) circuit of the radiator of the Russian module "Science" experimental module of the International Space Station.The announcement said that the main thermal control module in the cabin was operating normally, and the space station personnel and the space station itself were not threatened.Russian experts are analyzing the situation.[161]
Retirement time
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On December 31, 2021, the White House sent a directive to NASA, formally instructing it to continue the operation of the International Space Station until 2030, thus extending the life of this orbital outpost by six years.[61]
In February 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States announced that the International Space Station might be out of orbit and fall into the Pacific Ocean in 2031.[63]
In February 2022, NASA announced that it planned to destroy the International Space Station (ISS) in 2031, and the debris would sink into the no man's land in the South Pacific“Nimo point”（Point Nemo）。[64]
On February 2, 2022 local time, NASA said that it planned to decommission its International Space Station (ISS) by the end of 2030。[65]
In February 2022, NASA said that the International Space Station was scheduled to be decommissioned in 2031, and it would fall into the Pacific Ocean after being out of orbit.[66]
On March 11, 2022, CNN reported that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) recently confirmed that the International Space Station (ISS) will continue to serve until 2030, and then will crash into a no man's land called Point Nemo in the South Pacific Ocean in January 2031.[68]
On April 12, 2023 local time, Borisov, president of the Russian National Space Corporation, said that the Russian part of the International Space Station would be extended to 2028.[137]
On November 15, 2023 local time, Vladimir Soloviev, the chief designer of the Russian "Energy" Rocket and Space Group, said that Russia had spent a total of 14 billion dollars on the construction and operation of the International Space Station, accounting for 10% of the total value of the space station. Russia has 30% of the right to use space station resources.He also revealed that, according to the current status, the Russian segment of the International Space Station will be used until 2028, while the United States plans to extend the operation time of the International Space Station to 2030.[163]
Docking and disengaging
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Russia
From June 16 to 19, 1963, Tereshkova took the "Dongfang-6" spaceship for a three-day flight.[142]
On October 14, 2020, three astronauts from Russia and the United States took the Russian "Soyuz" MS-17 manned spacecraft to launch from Kazakhstan to the International Space Station (ISS). They arrived in only three hours and three minutes and successfully docked, setting a new record.[5]
On April 9, 2021, the Russian "Gagarin" spacecraft carrying three astronauts flew around the earth twice after launching into orbit, and then docked with the International Space Station smoothly.The three astronauts will carry out a lot of scientific research and be responsible for dismantling and replacing parts of the space stationcabin [27]。
On June 22, 2021, Alexander Aguleyev, director of the catering department of the Institute of Biomedical Issues of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said that the Russian cargo spaceship "Progress MS-17" would send apples, tomatoes, mustard, etc. to astronauts working on the International Space Station in early July.Aguleyev said: "In fresh food, there are mustard, horseradish, apples, grapefruit, oranges and tomatoes."[36]
Alliance MS-21
On March 18, 2022 local time, the Russian National Space Corporation said that the Russian "Soyuz MS-21" spacecraft carrying three Russian astronauts docked with the Russian made docking module "Dock" of the International Space Station on the same day, and the three astronauts successfully arrived at the International Space Station.[70]
On September 29, 2022, a reporter from the Russian Satellite News Agency reported from the Moscow State Ground Flight Control Center that the Russian "Soyuz MS-21" spacecraft had left international spaceThere are three Russian astronauts returning to the earth on the spaceship, namelyOleg Altemiev（Oleg Artemyev）、Dennis Matviev(Denis Matveev) andSergey Korsakov（Sergey Korsakov）[108]；At 3:34 a.m. EST on September 29, 2022, the Soyuz spacecraft was unlocked from the International Space Station (ISS) and returned to Earth. The three Russian astronauts wereKazakhstanDzhezkazgan landed in the southeast and successfully returned to the earth.[109]
Alliance MS-19
Astronauts are out of the cabin[72]
March 2022, Russia“Alliance MS-19”The spaceship carrying two Russian astronauts and one American astronaut separated from the International Space Station and prepared to returnEarth.[71]On March 30, 2022 local time, the return capsule of the Russian "Soyuz MS-19" spacecraft separated from the International Space Station landed successfully, and the astronauts have exited the capsule.It is reported that the re-entry module carried two Russian astronauts and one American astronaut and landed atKazakhstanGobi.[72]
Progress MS-20
At 17:32 on June 3, 2022, Beijing time,Progress MS-20 cargo spaceshipBy“Alliance -2.1a”Rocket carrying，It was launched from Baikonur launch site.It will go to the International Space Station.[92]
Alliance MS-22
At 16:54 Moscow time (21:54 Beijing time) on September 21, 2022, the "Soyuz 2.1a" rocket carrying the "Soyuz MS-22" spacecraft lifted off from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan, and then entered the scheduled orbit.The Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft docked with the small test module "Dawn" of the Russian segment of the International Space Station at 20:06 Moscow time (1:06 Beijing time on the 22nd).The three astronauts entering the International Space Station are from RussiaSergei ProkopievandDmitry Petrin, and from the United StatesFrancisco Rubio。They will work on the International Space Station for 188 days.This is signed by the Russian National Space Corporation and NASA“Cross flight”First cooperation after the agreement.[106]The number of passengers on the station temporarily reaches 10[124]。
On December 15, 2022, according to official information, the spacecraft's temperature control system leaked after the micrometeorite hit.[160]
On March 28, 2023, the damaged unmanned landing module of the Russian "Alliance MS-22" spacecraft landed on the grassland of Kazakhstan.The crew was forced to stay at the International Space Station for another half year due to risks, and will take the next spaceship, the Russian "Soyuz MS-23" spaceship to return.The latter fromBaikonur Launching Site Launched, and flew to the International Space Station in unmanned mode on February 26.[160]
Progress MS-21
On October 28, 2022, according to the news on the website of the Russian National Space Corporation, at 5:48 Moscow time (10:48 Beijing time), the Russian "Progress MS-21" cargo spacecraft docked with the International Space Station.[121]
On December 15, 2022, the Russian National Space Corporation said that the space walk carried out by Russian astronauts Prokopiev and Petrin from the International Space Station was taken due to technical reasonsCancel.[126]
On December 17, 2022 local time, the Russian National Space Group issued a statement saying that the Russian module of the International Space Station is currently in normal condition, and Russian astronauts are also working as planned, without any threat to their lives and health.Since the accident of the external temperature control system of the spacecraft occurred on December 15, experts from the Aerospace Control Center have regularly monitored and evaluated the operation status of the Russian module of the International Space Station and the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft.At present, the temperature in the spaceship living cabin and its instrument and assembly cabin is controlled within 30 ℃.No other faults are found after the test.At the same time, the working group is looking for the cause of the failure of the "Soyuz MS-22" spacecraft, making technical analysis on it, and providing suggestions for further actions of the ground expert group and the crew of the space station.[127]
On February 7, 2023, the Energy Rocket Space Center under the Russian International Space Corporation held a technical meeting of the Chief Designer Committee, which proposed to extend the life of the Russian segment of the International Space Station to 2028. The follow-up meeting results will be submitted to the Russian Federation government, with a view to finally approving the life extension plan of the Russian segment of the International Space Station.[128]
Progress MS-22
On February 11, 2023 local time, the Russian "Progress MS-22" spacecraft successfully docked with the International Space Station.The spacecraft delivered food, water, fuel, satellite navigation antenna and other equipment to the International Space Station. These equipment are planned to be installed outside the Russian module of the space station during the spacewalk.[129]
On August 6, 2023, the Russian Flight Control Center said that in order to avoid collision with space debris, the "Progress MS-22" spacecraft docked with the International Space Station "Star" service module ignited its engine at 5:03 on August 6, Moscow time, and ran for 196 seconds, increasing the average altitude of the space station orbit by 0.5 km to 416.4 km.[151]
On August 21, 2023, the Russian Federal Space Group announced that the "Progress MS-22" cargo spaceship left the International Space Station in the morning and crashed in the non navigational area of the Pacific Ocean.[153]
Alliance MS-23
On February 23, 2023, the Russian Space Group announced that the "Soyuz MS-23" spacecraft, which was launched to the International Space Station on February 24, will stay in space for 215 days, and the astronauts who plan to return to the earth by this spacecraft will stay for no less than 370 days, which is the latest record of astronauts' stay in space.[130]
On February 24, 2023 local time, the Russian "Soyuz MS-23" spacecraft was ignited from the Baikonur launch site as planned.The spacecraft is expected to dock with the "search" module of the Russian segment of the International Space Station at 9:01 a.m. Beijing time on February 26.The Soyuz MS-23 spacecraft will deliver 430 kg of cargo to the International Space Station, including equipment used for medical research, space station cleaning, air quality monitoring, scientific experiments and other purposes, as well as living materials for space station personnel.The 68th crew of the International Space Station is expected to return to the site by taking the "Soyuz MS-23" spacecraft in September this yearThe Ball.[131-132]
At 8:59 a.m. on February 26, 2023, the unmanned Russian "Soyuz MS-23" spacecraft lifted off from Baikonur launch site completed the cooperation with the "search" module of the Russian segment of the International Space StationConnect.[133]The crew of the "Alliance MS-22" spacecraft will carry the faulty system and return to the earth by the "Alliance MS-23" spacecraft on September 27.The space trip of the crew will last more than 370 days, becoming a new record in the history of the International Space Station.[134]
At 10:54 on September 27, 2023 Moscow time, the Russian "Soyuz MS-23" spacecraft has left the International Space Station.The spacecraft carried Russian cosmonauts Prokopiev, Petrin and American astronautsFrank Rubio。The engine of the spacecraft is expected to start the derailment brake at about 13:24 Moscow time, and land 148 kilometers southeast of the Kazakh city of Rezkazgan at 14:17.[159]
Progress MS-23
At 15:56 Moscow time (20:56 Beijing time) on May 24, 2023, the "Progress MS-23" cargo spaceship took off from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan with the "Alliance 2.1a" carrier rocket, and successfully entered the scheduled orbit about 9 minutes later.After about 3 hours and 25 minutes of flight,Progress MS-23 cargo spaceshipIt successfully docked with the Russian module "Search" of the International Space Station.The "Soyuz-2.1a" rocket was painted to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the founding of the city of Perm and the first woman (ValentinaDzereshkova）Images of the 60th anniversary of entering space.[142-143]
Alliance MS-24
At 18:44 Moscow time (23:44 Beijing time) on September 15, 2023, the "Alliance 2.1a" carrier rocket lifted off from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan and will carry Russian astronauts in about 9 minutesOleg Kononenko、Nicola ChubuAnd American astronautsLaura O'HaraWait for the 3-person "Alliance MS-24" spacecraft to enter low Earth orbit.At 21:53 Moscow time on September 15 (02:53 Beijing time on September 16), the Russian "Alliance MS-24" manned spacecraft successfully completed docking with the Russian segment "Dawn" module of the International Space Station.[157-158]
On April 6, 2024, Russian astronaut Oleg Nowitzki, Belarusian astronaut Marina Vasilevskaya and American astronaut Laura O'Hara will return to Earth by the "Alliance MS-24" spacecraft.[182]
U.S.A
Freight task
At 5:56 on August 11, 2021, Beijing timeCygnusThe cargo ship will be launched from the Mid Atlantic Regional Space Port located at the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, USA, to complete docking with the International Space Station and deliver materials.[40]
At 6:01 on August 11, 2021 Beijing time, the cargo spaceship "Cygnus" was successfully launched from the Voropos launch site by the "Antares" carrier rocket.In this mission,CygnusIt delivered about 3723kg equipment and materials for the International Space Station, including research equipment, crew supplies, extravehicular activities equipment, system hardware, etc.[41]
At 11:01 a.m. on November 20, 2021, the US "Cygnus" supply cargo ship disengaged from the International Space Station and began to orbit the Earthflight[55]。
At 11:47 on June 5, 2023 (23:47 on June 5, Beijing time), the cargo "Dragon" spacecraft took off from Launch Pad 39A of Kennedy Space Center on the "Falcon 9" rocket.Subsequently, the spacecraft separated from the rocket and continued to fly to the International Space Station.According to the plan, the cargo "Dragon" spacecraft will automatically dock with the International Space Station at 5:50 a.m. EDT on the 6th (17:50 p.m. Beijing time on the 6th).This is the 28th time that Space Exploration Technology Corporation has carried out the International Space Station replenishment mission for NASA.According to NASA, the scientific research equipment carried by the spacecraft includes equipment for studying the impact of space environment on plants, as well as satellite project deployment equipment designed by Canada.[145]
On June 26, 2023 local time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) said that the "Dragon" cargo supply spacecraft of SpaceX will leave the International Space Station on June 29 to bring scientific research samples and hardware back to Earth.[146]
On November 9, 2023, the cargo "Dragon" spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida by the "Falcon 9" rocket, and arrived at the International Space Station on November 11, delivering about 3000 kg of scientific research equipment, supplies and hardware facilities for the space station.This is the 29th time that Space Exploration Technology Corporation has carried out the International Space Station replenishment mission for NASA.[167]
On December 17, 2023 local time, affected by adverse weather conditions, NASA and SpaceX will set 17:05 on December 20, the United States Eastern Time, to carry out the 29th plan to unload the Space Exploration Technology Company's "Dragon" cargo supply spacecraft from the International Space Station (ISS).[165]
At 17:05 on December 21, 2023 (6:05 on December 22, Beijing time), according to NASA, the cargo "Dragon" spacecraft left the International Space Station and set off to return to Earth.After nearly 20 hours of flight, the US Space Exploration Technology Company confirmed that the cargo "Dragon" spacecraft splashed down in the waters near Florida on the 22nd.[167]
On January 18, 2024, the "private" space team organized by the American private enterprise Axiom Space Corporation took the "Dragon" spacecraft of the American Space Exploration Technology Corporation to the International Space Station.[171]
At 16:55 on March 21, 2024 EDT, the cargo "Dragon" spaceship was launched from the Cape Canaveral Space Force Base in Florida by the "Falcon 9" rocket.This is the 30th time that Space Exploration Technology Corporation has carried out the International Space Station replenishment mission for NASA.According to NASA, the spacecraft delivered more than 2700kg of scientific research equipment and supplies, including sea ice monitoring, 3D automatic mapping, quantum dot research equipment, etc.[180]
Crew 2 Manned Mission
On April 24, 2021, the SpaceX Manned Dragon Spacecraft will send four astronauts on NASA's second commercial manned mission to the International Space Station.[47]
On the evening of November 8, 2021, four astronauts from the International Space Station participating in the space mission code named "Crew-2" took the crew of the US Space Exploration Technology CorporationDragon SpacecraftArrived on Earth safely, ending the 199 day in orbit mission.[51]
Crew 3 Manned Mission
On November 10, 2021, the SpaceX manned dragon spacecraft will send four astronauts to the International Space StationCrew-3Task.[52]On November 11, the US Space Exploration Technology Company's manned "Dragon" spacecraft successfully docked with the International Space Station, carryingDragon SpacecraftFour astronauts from the International Space Station then entered.[53]
Crew 4 manned mission
On the morning of April 27, 2022, Beijing time, it was reported that SpaceX, a rocket launching company owned by Elon Musk, would send the next batch of long-term astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) for NASA on Wednesday morning local time. This batch of astronauts included a former doctor and a geologist specializing in studying landslides on Mars.[84]
On April 27, 2022 EDT, the US manned "Dragon" spacecraft arrived at the International Space Station and docked with it smoothly.[85]
At about 21:15 on April 27, 2022, US Eastern Time, the door of SpaceX manned dragon spacecraft was opened, and NASA manned space flightCrew-4Mission NASA astronautSher Lindgren（Kjell Lindgren）、Bob Hynes (Bob Hines) andJessica Watkins(Jessica Watkins), and European Space Agency astronautsSamantha Christopherti(Samantha Cristoforetti) boarded the International Space Station.[86]
October 14, 2022 local time, the United StatesSpace Exploration Technologies（SpaceX）The fourth long-term astronaut team launched to the International Space Station will return to Earth, and it is expected that four astronauts will splash down near the coast of Florida.The crew is scheduled to disengage from the International Space Station at 12:5 a.m. EDT on the 14th and splash down at about 16:55 a.m.[116]
Boeing's "interstellar passenger ship" successfully docked with the International Space Station
On May 20, 2022 local time, the official Twitter of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced that the Boeing interstellar passenger ship（Starliner）Docking with the International Space Station at 20:28 on May 20, 2022 (8:28 on May 21, Beijing time).[89]
Crew 5 Manned Mission
On September 8, 2022, NASA said that SpaceX'sCrew-5The crew will take the Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station. The earliest launch date is set for October 3, and the location is still 39A of Kennedy Launch Site.Crew-5 will be SpaceX's eighth manned space mission, its seventh mission to send astronauts to the space station, and NASA's sixth astronaut transport mission.[104]
On October 5, 2022 local time, SpaceX and NASA successfully launched a manned spacecraft to the International Space Station in Florida, which carried Russian astronauts for the first time.It is reported that the spaceship carried four astronauts, including the commander of the mission and the first Native American woman to go into spaceNicole Mann, American astronautJosh Kasada, Japanese astronautRuoda HaoyiAnd Russian astronautsAnna Kikina。[111]
At noon on October 5, 2022 local time, American astronautsNakoma andJohn Casada, Japanese astronautKoichi Wakata And Russian astronautsJininaWill take SpaceX's "Dragon" spacecraft to the International Space Station.[110]At 12:00 on October 5 (Beijing time), the Dragon spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida by a Falcon 9 rocket.After that, the spacecraft separated from the rocket and continued to fly to the International Space Station.According to the plan, the spacecraft will arrive at the International Space Station at 16:57 EST on the 6th (4:57 GMT on the 7th) and dock with it automatically.[112]
At about 16:20 on March 11, 2023, Japanese time, Japanese astronaut Kwaichi Ruoda returned from the International Space Station and is expected to return to the ground on March 12.[136]
Crew-6 Space Mission
At 1:40 on March 3, 2023 (Beijing time 14:40 on March 3, 2023), the US space exploration technology company "Dragon" spacecraft carrying four astronauts docked with the space station.The "Dragon" spacecraft was launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida by the "Falcon 9" rocket on March 2.This mission is the sixth time that the manned "Dragon" spacecraft has transported alternate astronauts for the International Space Station.Participate in this code“Crew-6”The four astronauts of the space mission are American astronautsStephen Bowen、Warren HolbergUAE astronautSudan NaiyadiAnd Russian astronautsAndrei Fjayev。The four astronauts will carry out hundreds of scientific experiments and technical demonstrations on the space station, including how specific materials burn in microgravity, tissue chip research on the function of the heart, brain and cartilage, and will also collect microbial samples from outside the space station for research.[135]The "Dragon" spacecraft left the International Space Station at 7:05 on September 3 (19:05 on September 3, Beijing time) and left to return to Earth.At 0:17 EST on September 4 (12:17 GMT on September 4), the spacecraft landed in the waters near Florida.The four astronauts who returned to the earth by taking the "Dragon" spaceship were American astronaut Stephen Bowen, Warren Holberg, UAE astronaut Sudan Naiyadi and Russian astronaut Andrei Fejayev.[156]
Crew-7 Space Mission
July 6, 2023,NASApublishCrew-7List of flight mission crew. On August 15, they took the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station.The four crew members of this mission are Jasmin Moghbeli, NASA astronaut and mission commander, Andreas Mogensen, ESA astronaut and pilot, and JAXA astronaut and mission expert from JapanGu Chuancong(Satoshi Furukawa) and Russian astronautsKonstantin Borisov(Konstantin Borisov)。[147]
On August 1, 2023, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States said that the manned flight of the Crew Dragon spacecraft responsible for sending the international member group (including the Russian astronaut Konstantin Borisov) to the International Space Station was postponed from August 17 to August 21.[150]
On August 28, 2023, it was reported that the "Dragon" spacecraft of the US Space Exploration Technology Company (SpaceX) carrying Japanese astronaut Tsutsu Kogawa and others successfully docked with the International Space Station on the evening of 27 Japanese time.[155]
Crew-8 Space Mission
22:53, March 3, 2024 EDT(11:53 on the 4th Beijing time),"Dragon" spaceship was launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida by "Falcon 9" rocket.Subsequently, the spacecraft separated from the rocket and continued to fly to the International Space Station.According to the plan, the spaceship will dock with the International Space Station at about 3:00 a.m. EDT on the 5th (16:00 p.m. Beijing time on the 5th).This mission is the eighth time for the manned "Dragon" spacecraft to transport alternate astronauts for the International Space Station.The four astronauts transported by the space mission code named "Crew-8" are NASA astronautsMatthew Dominic、Michael Ballat、Janet Epps, as well as cosmonauts from the Russian National Space GroupAlexander Grebiankin。[176]In the early morning of March 5, US Eastern Time, the US space exploration technology company "Dragon" spacecraft carrying four astronauts arrived at the International Space Station and automatically docked with it.[177]
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Extravehicular mission
On March 14, 2021, the official account of NASA's social networking website said that two American astronauts from the International Space StationVictor GloverandMike Hopkins A space walk was completed and technical maintenance was carried out for the space station.NASA said that the spacewalk lasted 6 hours and 47 minutes in total and ended at 3:01 p.m. EST on the 13th[26]。
On June 20, 2021 local time, the Associated Press released video screenshots of astronauts on the International Space Station performing a spacewalk mission.The picture shows two astronauts of the International Space Station walking in space and installing solar panels.[35]
Russian astronautOleg AltemievandDennis MatvievThe spacewalk will be carried out on April 18, 2022.This is the first time in a series of planned spacewalks for the new crew.In addition, the two are also preparing to use the European robotic arm (ERA) in the Russian section of the International Space Station.[78]
On April 19, 2022, the Russian National Space Corporation said that at 0:37 local time on the 19th (5:37 local time on the 19th) in Moscow, Russian astronauts Oleg Altemiev and Dennis Matviev returned to the Russian segment of the International Space Station after completing the space walk mission.[79]
On August 17, 2022, according to the Tass news agency, Russian astronautsOleg Artemyev And Matviev opened the door of the Russian "Exploration" module of the International Space Station on the same day, and began to carry out the extravehicular mission planned by Russia.[103]
On May 13, 2023 local time, the Russian National Space Group announced that the two Russian astronauts of the International Space Station completed the third space walk mission in 2023 one hour earlier than originally planned, and the two returned to the space station safely 5 hours and 14 minutes after leaving the capsule.[139]
On October 26, 2023, the Russian National Space Group said that the Russian astronauts Oleg Kononenko and Nikolai Chubu of the International Space Station (ISS) completed the sixth spacewalk mission of this year in the early morning of October 26, 2023, and the two returned to the ISS safely 7 hours and 41 minutes after leaving the capsule.[162]
In cabin research
In September 2021, the Institute of Biomedical Issues of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Astronaut Training Center jointly published an article in the journal Manned Space that Russian astronauts found that the mold content in the air of the functional cargo compartment of the International Space Station "Dawn" exceeded the standard.Russian astronauts collected air samples in the cargo compartment at the end of January 2021. After analysis, it was found that the colony formation value in each cubic meter of air was 110 units, exceeding the standard value of 100 units at most[44]。
Track adjustment
On April 23, 2022, according to the Russian Satellite News Agency, the Russian National Space Corporation said through Telegram channel that the Russian cargo spaceship "Progress MS-18" would start its engine on April 23 to adjust the orbital height of the International Space Station to avoid collision with space debris.[81]
On August 24, 2023, the press office of the Russian National Space Corporation told reporters that in order to avoid collision with space debris, the International Space Station adjusted its orbit with the help of the engine of the Russian segment "Star" service module.[154]
Equipment use
Russia said it would stop "European mechanical arm"
On July 12, 2022 local time, President of Russia National Space GroupRogozinHe said that he would order the Russian personnel of the International Space Station to stop using the European Robotic Arm (ERA), which provides services for the Russian part of the International Space Station.[93]
Cooperation event
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Russia
On April 18, 2021, the Deputy Prime Minister of RussiaYuri BorisovHe said that Russia will conduct technical inspection on the International Space Station, and may withdraw from the International Space Station project in 2025 to start building its own space station.[28]
On June 5, 2021, Russia Satellite News Agency reported that Bill Nelson, Director of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States, said in a statement provided to the satellite news agency that he was working with the General Manager of the Russian National Space CorporationDmitry Rogozin After the call, we intend to continue to carry out effective cooperation on the National Space Station.[33]
On June 7, 2021, Dmitry Rogozin, President of the Russian National Space Corporation, made the above remarks in the Russian State Duma (the lower house of the parliament).He said that if the United States does not lift the sanctions against the Russian "Progress" Rocket Space Center and the Russian Central Machinery Manufacturing Institute, Russia will withdraw from the international space station cooperation project and establish its own space station.[34]
On January 22, 2022, the Russian National Space Group held a press conference and said that the United States' refusal to grant visas to Russian astronauts posed a threat to the safety of astronauts and the International Space Station.Rogozin, president of Russia Aerospace Group, said that the US move set a dangerous precedent for the cooperation between the two countries in the international space station.[62]
On March 11, 2022, the Russian National Space Corporation decided to optimize the investment in the International Space Station project and identified new priority areas for development.[67]
On March 12, 2022, the Daily Mail of the United Kingdom reported that the head of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) warned on the same day that Western sanctions against Russia might lead to the "fall" or "landing" of the 500 ton International Space Station.[69]
On April 3, 2022, on Saturday local time, the director of the Russian Space AgencyDmitry Rogozin (Dmitry Rogozin) posted on Twitter that only when other countries "completely and unconditionally lift illegal sanctions" can the "partnership" with Russia on the International Space Station and other projects be restored.[73]
On April 13, 2022, the European Space Agency announced the suspension of cooperation with Russia on the moon project.On the same day, Rogozin, general manager of Russia Aerospace Group, also said that Russia would be dismantledLunar probeEuropean instruments on the.[77]
April 30, 2022, according toCGTNReported by the Director of the Russian Space AgencyRogozinRussia has set a date for terminating its participation in the International Space Station project, it said Saturday.[87]
On July 26, 2022 local time, President of Russia National Space CorporationBorisovReporting to President Putin, he said that Russia had decided to withdraw from the International Space Station program in 2024, and that Russia would start building its own space station in 2024.[97]
On September 21, 2022 local time, according to RIA Novosti, President Borisov of the Russian National Space Corporation said at the Baikonur launch site that Russia is likely to continue to participate in the International Space Station project until 2028.[107]
On October 23, 2022,Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry and Trade of Russia Mantulov is in the Far East of RussiaAmurOfDongfang Space Launch SiteThe media said that the service life of the Russian part of the International Space Station may be extended to 2028.[120]
On April 12, 2023 local time, Borisov, president of the Russian National Space Corporation, said that the Russian part of the International Space Station would be extended to 2028.[138]
On December 1, 2023, a "Progress MS-25" cargo spaceship was launched from the Baikonur space launch site by the "Alliance 2.1a" rocket, and docked with the International Space Station on December 3.On December 18, the Russian National Space Corporation said that the next "Progress MS-26" cargo spaceship will fly to the International Space Station on February 15, 2024。[166]
On February 17, 2024, the Russian National Space Corporation announced that at 9:6 Moscow time (14:6 Beijing time), the cargo spaceship "Progress MS-26" automatically docked with the service module "Star" of the Russian segment of the International Space Station.[173]
At 15:36 local time on March 23, 2024, the Russian "Soyuz MS-25" spacecraft took off on the "Soyuz-2.1a" carrier rocket from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan and flew to the International Space Station.This launch is the first crew rotation mission of Russia's manned space flight in 2024. On March 25, Russia's "Soyuz MS-25" manned spacecraft successfully docked with the International Space Station.Russian astronaut Oleg Nowitzki and Belarusian astronaut Marina Vasilevskaya will stay at the International Space Station for 12 days. On April 6, they will return to the earth with American astronaut Laura O'Hara on the "Alliance MS-24" spacecraft, while American astronaut Tracy Dyson will stay at the International Space Station until September.[181-182]
At 12:42 Moscow time (17:42 Beijing time) on May 30, 2024, the "Progress MS-27" cargo spaceship took off from the Baikonur space launch site in Kazakhstan with the "Union-2.1a" carrier rocket and successfully entered the scheduled orbit.The spacecraft is expected to dock with the Russian module "Search" of the International Space Station on June 1.[184]
The United Arab Emirates
On April 29, 2022, the American start-up commercial aerospace enterprise Axiom Space Company（Axiom Space）Announces that it hasMohammed bin Rashid Space Center(MBRSC) signed an agreement to send a professional astronaut from the United Arab Emirates to the International Space Station in the manned space mission Crew-6 of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 2023.UAE astronauts will stay on the space station for about six months, which will be the first time for UAE astronauts to carry out long-term missions on the International Space Station and the first mission for Arab countries.[88]
On July 25, 2022 local time, it was reported by the National News of the United Arab Emirates that the United Arab Emirates selected astronautsSultan Al Nayadi(Sultan Al Neyadi) will go to the International Space Station for a six-month mission in 2023.[96]
turkey
On May 23, 2022 local time, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced that under the framework of his country's national space program, Turkey is starting to send a Turkish citizen to the International Space StationProcess.[91]
On December 14, 2023 local time, Fatih Kargil, Minister of Industry and Technology of Turkey, said on social media that Turkey would carry out its first manned space mission on January 9, 2024.[164]
U.S.A
US and Russia resume international space station transport cooperation
On July 15, 2022, NASA announced that it would resume its flight plan to fly to the International Space Station with Russia.[94]
In July 2022, the Russian National Space Corporation and NASA signed an agreement to cross use the Russian "Soyuz" spacecraft and the American spacecraft to send astronauts from both sides to the International Space Station.Roskosmos said that the agreement is conducive to promoting cooperation within the framework of the International Space Station program and effectively implementing projects to explore and use outer space for peaceful purposes.[106]
According to the Russian Satellite Service, on August 11, 2022, the official website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States released the statement of the International Space Station Multi Party Coordination Committee, stating that the participating countries of the International Space Station project confirmed that they would continue to coordinate with their own governments to extend the operation time of the space station after 2024.[99]
On December 28, 2023 local time, the Russian Federal Space Agency announced that Russia and the United States agreed to extend the agreement between the two countries to "cross fly" to the International Space Station until 2025.The agreement stipulates that each Russian "Soyuz" spacecraft going to the International Space Station will carry an American astronaut, while the American "Dragon" spacecraft will carry a Russian astronaut.[169]
At 11:20 a.m. EDT on the 11th (23:20 p.m. Beijing time on the 11th), according to NASA, the Dragon spacecraft left the International Space Station and is expected to land in the waters near Florida at 5:50 a.m. EDT on the 12th (17:50 p.m. Beijing time on the 12th).[179]
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Filming
On May 13, 2021, the Russian Space Agency announced that it would send an actress and a film director to the International Space Station in October to shoot a space themed film.This is the first time for Russia to shoot a film in space, tentatively named《Challenge》, which will be jointly shot by the Russian Space Agency and the Russian Channel 1 television station.According to Russian Channel 1, the two will board on October 5“Alliance MS-19”Manned spaceship, launched from Baikonur Space Launch Site in Kazakhstan;Special flight training will start before June 1, including centrifuge training, flight test under zero gravity conditions and parachute training.[31]
On September 17, 2021, the representative of the Russian National Space Group said that the International Space Station would adjust its orbit height on September 24, dropping 1200 meters, and prepare for the arrival of the first space film crew in October“Alliance MS-19”Spacecraft.[43]
At about 15:20 on October 5, 2021, Russia“Alliance MS-19”The manned spaceship No. 2 successfully docked with the International Space Station.[46]
space travel
"Alliance MS-20" mission
October 15, 2021, United StatesSpace Exploration CompanyAnnounced that Japanese millionairesYoshihiro MaezawaOn December 8, we will take the Soyuz manned spacecraft to the International Space Station and stay there for 12 days.It is reported that Japanese producersYozo HiranoThey will also go to the space station together to take photos and record the space life of Maezawa's works.In addition, there are Russian astronautsAlexander MirsukinFollow.[49]
On November 22, 2021, it was reported by foreign media that Japanese billionaire Youzuo Maezawa had arrived at the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan, received pre launch training, and was ready to take the Russian spacecraft to the international arena in early Decemberspace station[56]。
On December 7, 2021, the Russian National Committee approved the transportation of two Japanese tourists to the International Space Station.The rocket and spacecraft are planned to ignite and lift off at 10:38 on December 8, Moscow time, to deliver two Japanese space tourists, including former Zeyou, Heping Noyang III and Russian astronaut Alexander Misurkin, to the International Space Station, and it is expected to return at 6:18 on December 20, Moscow time.[58]
On December 8, 2021, two Japanese civilians, including entrepreneur Yoshizuo Maezawa, took off from Kazakhstan at about 16:30 Japanese time on the Russian "Alliance" spacecraft.This will be the first time for Japanese folk to enter the International Space Station.[59]
On December 8, 2021, the Russian National Space Corporation issued a statement saying that at 16:40 Moscow time on the 8th (21:40 Beijing time on the 8th), the Russian "Soyuz MS-20" spacecraft carrying Russian astronaut Alexander Misurkin and two Japanese space tourists docked with the International Space Station.[60]
All private manned space mission Ax-1
On May 10, 2021, according to the AFP report in Washington, D.CAkshom AerospaceAt the press conference jointly held with NASA, he said that personnel training for the flight would begin soon.It is planned to take place in January 2022.[30]
April 4, 2022,SpaceXThe second private space flight and the first fully private manned space mission of the International Space Station (ISS) - Gongli 1（Ax-1）The mission has been postponed. It is expected to launch no earlier than 23:17 on April 8, Beijing time, and dock with the International Space Station at about 19:30 on April 9, Beijing time.[74]
On April 8, 2022 local timeDragon SpacecraftCarrying four astronauts to the International Space Station, the "Dragon" spacecraft is expected to dock with the International Space Station at about 7:45 a.m. EST on the 9th.[75]
The first full private manned space mission to the International Space Station, Ax-1.[80]
At 20:29 on April 9, 2022,Elon MuskThe "Dragon" spacecraft of its space exploration technology company SpaceX carried four passengers to dock with the International Space Station.This is a milestone moment. The International Space Station ushered in the first "all private" space travel in history.The four passengers on the "Dragon" spacecraft are respectively retired astronaut Michael Lopez Alegria from NASA, an American real estate tycoonLarry Connor, Canadian investorMark Passy, and Israeli businessmenEtan Stibee。[80]Except for Michael Lopez Alegria as the executive staff of Axiom Space, all passengers paid 55 million dollars (about 350 million yuan) for the tickets.[76]
On April 21, 2022, it was reported that the weather conditions were not suitable for returning to Earth, and the full private manned space mission on the International Space StationAx-1Four of the space tourists delayed their return, and the space trip will be extended from the original 10 days to 16 days.[80]
In April 2022, the first "all private" space team of SpaceX delayed its return to Earth due to weather conditions, and four "space tourists" will stay on the International Space Station for several days.[82]
At 21:10 on April 24, 2022 (9:10 on April 25, Beijing time), the Dragon spacecraft left the International Space Station and set off to return to Earth.At 13:06 on April 25, 2022 (1:06 on April 26, Beijing time), the spacecraft landed near the coast of Florida.[83]
Axiom-2 International Space Station Mission
On May 22, 2023, the U.S. Falcon 9 carrier rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and launched a manned "Dragon" spacecraft carrying four commercial crew members,Including two civilians from Saudi Arabia, indicating that the field of human space flight is developing at a high speed and that only national institutions have the necessary funds to train and launch humans into space[141]。SpaceX conducted live broadcast.The docking time between the manned "Dragon" and the International Space Station is scheduled to be 9:24 a.m. (4:24 p.m. Moscow time) on May 22.[140]
Axiom AerospaceAx-1The first International Space Station mission will take place in April 2022.So far, the contract for the third such flight has been signed, which is planned to be carried out no earlier than November 2023.[140]
Space doll
Boeing Starliner Space Shuttle "Kampala Space Plan" Doll[90]
Russian astronautYuri Gagarin (Yuri Gagarin) In the first manned space flight, astronauts carried a small doll with them. Since then, it has become an unwritten agreement that astronauts carry plush toys with them. When astronauts enter the microgravity environment, the doll can float.
On May 22, 2022, it was reported that the Boeing Starliner spacecraft had brought the "Kampala Space Plan" dolls to the International Space Station.according toEngadgetIt is reported that when the astronauts of the International Space Station opened the door of Starliner, they found a surprise inside the spaceship, that is, the game《Kerbal Space Program 》The character Jebediah Kerman's doll in.[90]
The house was smashed
Objects smashing through the roof
On March 8, 2024, the roof of a house in Florida was hit by a mysterious object.The house is located in the coastal city of Naples. The owner of the house, Otero, speculated at that time that the object that smashed the roof of his house might be related to the International Space Station.In March 2021, the International Space Station abandoned a tray containing about 2630kg old nickel hydrogen batteries.
After the analysis of experts from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, NASA confirmed Otero's guess.According to the updated news released by NASA officials on April 15, "after inspection, the agency determined that the debris came from the support rod of the flight aid equipment used by NASA to fix the battery on the tray."
It is understood that the fragment is cylindrical and made of a metal alloy called Inconel. It weighs about 0.7 kg, is 10 cm high and 4 cm wide.The update also mentioned that these NiMH batteries were abandoned after the power supply of the space station was upgraded to lithium-ion batteries.NASA officials said that the tray and battery should have been completely burned out in the earth's atmosphere, but they did not know why there were residues. The agency is working to find out why.[183]
world record
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On June 28, 2021, with the deployment of the second exhibition solar panel, the total area of the solar panel on the International Space Station reached 3244 square meters, setting the record for the largest solar panel in space (Guinness World RecordRecord).[148]
As of April 18, 2022, there have been 246 extravehicular activities outside the International Space Station, setting the record for the most space walks outside the space station (Guinness WorldRecords).[148]
