One of the central government agencies during the period of political training in the Republic of China
synonymNational Government(National Government) generally refers to the National Government of the Republic of China
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The National Government of the Republic of China (from July 1, 1925 to May 20, 1948) wasRepublic of Chinaperiod of political tutelageAnd the highest administrative organ of the central government.It was reorganized from the headquarters of the Grand Admiral of the Navy and Army, and from 1925 to 1928beiyang government Confrontation.Northern Expedition WarAfter its success, it was the only legitimate government representing China (it was reorganized in 1948Nanjing Presidential Palace Until).Since 1937, he has led ChinaCounter-Japanese War, May 20, 1948Chiang Kai shekBy《Constitution of the Republic of China》After taking office as the first president of the Republic of China after the constitution was implemented, the National Government was reorganized into the Presidential Palace, and the government chairman was changed into the President of the Republic of ChinaconstitutionalismPeriod.
Chinese name
National Government of the Republic of China
Foreign name
National Government of the Republic of China
Date of establishment
July 1, 1925
Office address
Guangzhou, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing, etc
Nature
The Supreme Governing Authority of the Republic of China
high Qing officialAfter his death, the warlord separatist regime gradually separated the southern provincesbeiyang government 。In July 1918, people from Yunnan and Guangdong and Guangxi withdrew from the National Assembly and established the Guangzhou military government in Guangzhou, forming a confrontation between the north and the south.1925Sun Yat-senanswerfeng yu-hsiangI went north to discuss the state affairs, but unexpectedly, hepatitis recurred and died in Beijing.In order to unify the whole country, the Political Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang decided to organize the National Government.The National Government was officially established in Guangzhou on July 1, 1925, adopting the committee system, with Wang Jingwei as the chairman;And set up a military committeeintimate of Sun Yat-sen、Tan YankaiAs a standing committee member, Wang Jingwei served as the concurrent chairman, and cancelled the name of all local forces, called them the National Revolutionary Army, and planned the Northern Expedition.
In October 1926, the National Revolutionary Army occupied three towns in Wuhan.On November 8, the Kuomintang Central Political Conference decided to move the Central Party Headquarters and the National Government to Wuhan.On December 5, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang officially announced that the Central Party Department and the government would stop working in Guangzhou. The staff of various organs went to Wuhan in batches. On February 21, 1927, the Wuhan National Government officially opened its office.During the period from the closure of the Guangzhou National Government to the official opening of the Wuhan National Government, the "Interim Joint Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang and the members of the National Government" was used as the temporary leadership body, and Xu Qian was the chairman of the joint meeting.The Wuhan National Government did not set up a chairman, and Wang JingweiTan Yankai、Sun Ke、legal expert who helped reform the judicial system、better known as TV SoongFive are standing members.The Wuhan National Government operated to "the confluence of Nanjing and Wuhan".
In 1926, the National Revolutionary Army captured the major cities of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi and Fujian, so the Guangzhou National Government Joint Conference decided in November to move the National Government north to Wuhan, that is, the National Government.
Former Site of Nanjing National Government
However, the Kuomintang government was affected by the Soviet Union and the Communist Party at that time, which triggered the dissatisfaction of the right-wing Kuomintang with the left-wing pro Communist party.In 1927, the Northern Expedition Army conquered Shanghai and Nanjing. When Chiang Kai shek arrived in Shanghai in March, he decided to carry out "party cleansing" and set up the Nanjing National Government on April 18.[1]At the founding conference, the Declaration of the Central Political Conference of the Chinese Kuomintang on the founding of the capital of Nanjing and the Declaration of the National Government were issued, proposing four strategies for the national revolution: close cooperation between the revolutionary army and the people; create an honest government;Advocate the protection of domestic industries;Protect the interests of agricultural and industrial groups and support their development.The Nanjing National Government adopted the committee system, with 12 members including Chiang Kai shek, Hu Hanmin, Zhang Jingjiang, and Wu Zhihui as members of the government, Hu Hanmin as the chairman of the government, Chiang Kai shek as the commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army, and Wu Zhihui as the director of the political department of the headquarters.All government departments have: Secretary General (Niu Yongjian), Minister of Finance (Gu Yingfen, the generation of Qian Xin), Minister of Foreign Affairs (Wu Chaoshu), Minister of Civil Affairs (Xue Dubi), Minister of Justice (Wang Chonghui), and President of the University (Cai Yuanpei).The government areas include Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui (one department), Fujian, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangdong, Guangxi, etc.It also began to form a split between Nanjing and Han;It was not until August that the Kuomintang and the Kuomintang government in Wuhan carried out the separation of the Communist Party and the Qing Dynasty, and Chiang Kai shek resigned from the commander-in-chief at the request of Wang Jingwei, that they announced cooperation.From February 3 to 7, 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang was held in Nanjing. The meeting passed the proposal of "restructuring the National Government".It is stipulated that the National Government shall accept the guidance and supervision of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang and take charge of national affairs. The members of the government shall be elected by the Central Committee of the Kuomintang. The government departments shall have ministries of internal affairs, foreign affairs, finance, transportation, justice, agriculture, mining, industry and commerce, as well as the military commission, the Supreme Court, the Supervisory Court, colleges and universities.The meeting elected Tan Yankai as the chairman of the National Government, and Jiang Jieshi as the chairman of the Military Commission and commander in chief of the National Revolutionary Army.In September of the same year, the Fifth Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of the Kuomintang was held in Nanjing. It announced that the whole country had entered the period of political training, and the National Government would perform its responsibilities of political training, and decided tothe five-yuan system of central power raised by Dr. Sun Yat-sen and practiced during the Kuomintang reign and in TaiwanForm a national government.In October of the same year, the Nanjing National Government promulgated the Organic Law of the National Government of the Republic of China, which stipulated that the National Government was in charge of the governance of the Republic of Chinaexecutive yuan﹑Legislative Yuan﹑Judicial Yuan﹑Examination Yuan﹑the instituteIt is composed of one chairman and ten to twelve members. The chairman of the National Government is also the commander-in-chief of the land, sea and air forces.At the same time, Chiang Kai shek was appointed Chairman of the National Government and Commander in Chief of the Land, Sea and Air Force.At this point, the political power organization form of the Nanjing National Government gradually became complete.
In June 1928, the revolutionary army entered Beijing, and the National Government issued a declaration of national unity on December 15. On December 29, the Feng generals in the Northeastplaced under house arrestNanjing claimed to accept the jurisdiction of the National Government.After the successful Northern Expedition of the Revolutionary Army led by Chiang Kai shek, the Nanjing National Government was officially recognized as the government of the Republic of China.
Nanchang National Government is located in Fuhe District of Nanchang City, now Nanchang CityWest Lake DistrictAs the military and political center of the Republic of China, it is engaged in controlling, dispatching, instructing and other important national affairs and national leaders' meetings.
Just fromCentral Plains WarModerate retractiveChiang Kai shekVisit Nanchang personally to command the "bandit suppression".Therefore, the library was changed to "Nanchang Camp, Commander in Chief of the Navy, Land and Air Force"JiangnanThe headquarters for suppressing bandits in five provinces was called "the second capital" by the time.
Nanchang National Government
1934Chiang Kai shekWhile launching a continuous military "encirclement and suppression" campaign against the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and a cultural "encirclement and suppression" campaign in the Kuomintang ruled areas, the so-called campaign to reform morality and change social atmosphere was launched in Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi Province, China.It is named because it starts from transforming the daily life of citizensNew Life Movement。The purpose is to use the feudal ethics to control the people's thoughts, speech and actions, and to use the requirements of life details to transfer the people's dissatisfaction with political and social issues, so as to oppose the influence of communist ideology and maintain the rule of the Kuomintang.
The main contents of the New Life Movement are: ① Taking propriety, righteousness, honesty and shame as the basic principles.Ritual is the first of the four dimensions, which means being regular and not making trouble. ②We should start from transforming the daily life of the people.It is required to pull out the heel and button the buttons;Walk on the left with your chest up;Harmony with neighbors, collusion in public welfare, etc. ③Take tidiness, cleanness, simplicity, simplicity, rapidity and authenticity as the standard.Under one government, one creed, and one leader, absolute unity, absolute solidarity, and absolute obedience to orders. ④The goal is to make life artistic, productive and militarized, especially militarized.Be ready to sacrifice and serve the country faithfully.On February 19, 1934, Chiang Kai shek established the New Life Movement Promotion Association in Nanchang, serving as its own president;On July 1, the New Life Movement Promotion Association was established, and served as the president of the Association.The Anti Japanese War broke out from July 1934 to 1937, which was a period of full implementation.During this period, the New Sports Federation moved from Nanchang to Nanjing and hiredone of Chiang Kaishek's most trusted military officers, Chen Guofu, Zhang Qun and other 33 people served as instructors, and a women's steering committee was set up towife of Chiang Kai-shekIs the director.Establish branches or sub branches in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and counties throughout the country.This movement was opposed and boycotted by revolutionaries and progressives, and did not receive the support of the broad masses of the people. The actual effect was very little. After the outbreak of the Anti Japanese War, it gradually stopped.In 1938, Chiang Kai shek moved the National Government to Chongqing.
Shortly after the Nationalist Government formally unified the country, armed conflicts broke out again among the military forces of the Kuomintang.In the middle of 1930, the Central Plains War, in which Yan Xishan, Feng Yuxiang, Li Zongren and others jointly opposed Chiang Kai shek's Nanjing government, broke out. During the war, Wang Jingwei held an enlarged meeting of the Kuomintang Central Party Department in Peiping. Yan, Feng, Gui and Wang clique attended the meeting, and decided to establish a "National Government" in Peiping. Yan, Feng, Li, Wang and other seven people were elected as members, and Yan Xishan was the chairman, and was established at 9:9 a.m. on September 9.However, Zhang Xueliang immediately expressed his support for Chiang Kai shek and stationed in Peiping on September 23.The Peiping National Government once moved to Taiyuan, and in October proposed a draft law of the Republic of China.In November, they were disbanded as Yan and Feng announced their resignation.
In 1931, Chiang Kai shek put Hu Hanmin under house arrest in Tangshan, Nanjing. At the same time, he held a national conference in Nanjing, which passed the draft of the Constitution of the Republic of China, causing dissatisfaction among other powerful parties in the Kuomintang.Hu faction, Wang factionGuangxi system, Sun Ke and others held the "Extraordinary Meeting of the Central Executive Supervision Committee of the Kuomintang" in Guangzhou, as if Sun Yat sen had set up a new government in Guangzhou, as he had done during the law protection war.The Guangzhou National Government was established on May 28, 1931, with Wang Jingwei as its chairman.Outbreak in the same yearSeptember 18th IncidentLater, the Kuomintang sought cooperation within the party, and finally, Guangdong and Nanjing fought for dividend. On December 22, the first plenary session of the fourth Kuomintang Central Committee was held in Nanjing. The Guangzhou government was cancelled, with Lin Sen as the chairman of the government and Sun Ke as the president of the administration.Chiang Kai shek announced his resignation.After the integration of Guangdong and Nanjing, Shanghai was immediately brewingJanuary 28 Incident。The government led by Sun Ke and other Cantonese cliques was unable to command financially, militarily and diplomatically. After interviews with Chiang Kai shek and Wang Jingwei, Sun Ke resigned on January 24, and Chiang Kai shek returned to serve as the military committeeChairmanWang Jingwei is the president of the administration.This structure was maintained until the official start of the Anti Japanese War.
In 1935, as the unification of Sichuan and the major provinces in the southwest of China was gradually resolved, the Nanjing National Government gradually turned the national defense center to the southwest, to ChinaSichuan。At that time, Sichuan had a large population and rich resources, which could be sustained for a long time in terms of human, material and financial resources.
On March 2, 1935, Chiang Kai shek flew in from HankouChongqing；On March 4, 1935, he said in his speech:“In terms of Sichuan's statusIs not only an important part of our revolution, but especially weChinese nationThe base of the country ".When inspecting Chongqing, he said: "Sichuan has the largest population, vast land, rich resources and popular culture in all provinces. So it has been called the Land of Abundance since ancient times, and is blessed with unique advantages everywhere. It is the base of our Chinese nation." He even claimed that even if Sichuan is the only province left, there is still much to be done in the world.[4]In July of the same year, facing the upcoming Sino Japanese war, Chiang Kai shek once again pointed out that "the main line for Japan should be the areas south of the Yangtze River and west of the Pinghan Line, with Sichuan, Guizhou and Shaanxi provinces as the core, and Gansu and Yunnan as the rear."
On October 6, 1935, in a speech in Chengdu, Chiang Kai shek pointed out that "Sichuan is indeed the first province in China in terms of time, location and culture, and is naturally the best base for national rejuvenation."In Sichuan, Chongqing was the most important city at that time。Because Chongqing is the largest industrial and commercial city and economic center in southwest China, closely connected with all provinces in southwest China, with Sichuan Natural Insurance as the barrier, and the southwest and northwest international transportation lines as the support.[2]
On October 29, 1937, Chiang Kai shek made a speech at the Supreme National Defense Conference titled "The Relocation of the State Government to Chongqing and the Future of the War of Resistance", clearly proposing to move the capital to Chongqing and continue the war of resistance with Sichuan as the main rear area of the war of resistance against Japan.On the 30th, the National Government decided to move its capital to Chongqing.[3]
On November 18, 1937, Chiang Kai shek, in his capacity as the Speaker of the Supreme National Defense Conference, presided over the Supreme National Defense Conference in Nanjing and delivered a speech entitled "The Relocation of the State Government to Chongqing and the Future of the Anti Japanese War" at the conference, clearly informing the participants: "Now the Central Committee has decided to move the National Government to Chongqing." On November 20, Lin Sen and his delegation arrived in Hankou,In his capacity as the chairman of the National Government, he issued the Declaration on the Movement of the National Government to Chongqing,announce:"In order to adapt to the war situation, take the overall situation into consideration, and for the sake of the long-term war of resistance, the National Government will move to Chongqing today, and then will engage in a more lasting battle on a larger scale. With the determination of the Chinese people, the vast land, and the determination that everyone is bound to die, the national government will unite its blood with the land. No violence can separate it, gain international sympathy outside, and the unity of the people inside, and continue to resist,It is hereby declared that we can achieve the goal of safeguarding the survival and independence of the country and the nation.[2-3]
Chongqing is a mountain city, located inSichuan Basin Southeast, justThe Jialing RiverThe place where it meets the Yangtze River, with convenient transportation and developed commerce, is an important town in southwest China.The decision of the National Government to move its capital to Chongqing was mainly based on the following considerations:First, the development of northern wars made it impossible to move the capital to Luoyang;Second, Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia, is too close to the border area, and there is a lack of arched barriers;Third, Sichuan is surrounded by mountains on all sides, and a big river reaches the Central Plains. If you take advantage of the terrain, you can resist the Japanese invasion;Fourth, Sichuan, known as the "Land of Abundance", is rich in resources and can support the long-term war of resistance.[5]
Since the Anti Japanese War began in 1937, the National Government moved its capital to Chongqing in 1938.In 1940, Wang Jingwei formed another Nanjing National Government in Nanjing and issued a statement in Shanghai
Gate of Chongqing National Government
The Declaration of Peaceful Founding, however, the United States, France and other countries refused to recognize Wang Jingwei's regime until his death. Acting President Chen Gongbo announced the dissolution of the Nanjing National Government after Japan surrendered in 1945.In August 1943, Lin Sen died of illness in Chongqing.In September of the same year, Chiang Kai shek was elected Chairman of the National Government and Grand Marshal of the Land, Sea and Air Force, as well as Chairman of the Military Commission and Chief Executive.
The Wang puppet national government was an anti Communist and pro Japanese faction headed by Wang Jingwei in the national government during the Anti Japanese War. It succumbed to the military attack and political inducement of Japanese imperialism and established a puppet regime under the wing of the Japanese army.
Wang Puppet National Government
In December 1937 and March 1938, Japan organized the "Provisional Government of the Republic of China" and“The Restoration Government of the Republic of China”Two puppet regimes.In July 1938, Japan submitted to the Director General of the Asia Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Chongqing National GovernmentGao ZongwuIt was revealed that Japan intended to recognize Wang Jingwei as the opponent of the peace talks.In October of the same year, Japanese troops captured Guangzhou and Wuhan.In November, Japan issued another statement on induced landing.Therefore, Wang Jingwei Group, on behalf of Kao Zongwu and Mei Siping, held secret negotiations in Shanghai with Japanese representatives Nizo Zhenzhao and Takeo Imai, and signed the Record of Japan China Agreement, which agreed to conclude an anti Communist agreement;China acknowledges“Puppet Manchukuo”Japan will withdraw its troops within two years after the restoration of peace (excluding Inner Mongolia and other places);Japan enjoys the priority of developing China's resources and other terms.On December 18, 1938,intimate of Sun Yat-senAccompanyingZeng Zhongming﹑Zhou FohaiAnd fled Chongqing.After arriving in Hanoi, Vietnam, he issued a "gaudy TV" to subdue the enemy.In April 1939, Japanese spies secretly escorted Wang and others into Shanghai and started organizing the puppet central government.After Japanese planning, the puppet regimes in Peiping and Nanjing were abolished, and the "National Government of the Republic of China" was officially established in Nanjing on March 30, 1940.The flag, which is red all over the sky and the ground, is used as the "national flag", with a triangular piece of cloth on which the words "peaceful anti Communist and nation building" are written.Its organizational structure is still in the form of the National Government,Wang Puppet National GovernmentOnce served as the chairman of Chongqing National GovernmentLinsenWang Jingwei is the President and Acting President of the Executive Yuan.President of Legislative YuanChen GongboPresident of the Judicial YuanWen ZongyaoPresident of the Supervision InstituteLiang HongzhiPresident of the Examination InstituteWang YitangWang Kemin, Chairman of the North China Administrative Committee, Ren Yuandao, Commander in Chief of the Pacification Army of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces, and Commander in Chief of the North China Pacification ArmyQi XieyuanZhou Fohai, Minister of Finance and Secretary General of the Political Committee of the Central Committee, etc.
National government buildings
The jurisdiction of the Wang puppet government included most of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other provinces, Shanghai and Nanjing, and a small part of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shandong, Henan and other provinces.Politically, they incorporated the Japanese troops of the Kuomintang and bribed hooligans to establish the "Peace Building Army" and secret service organizations. They exercised fascist rule in their areas of jurisdiction and killed anti Japanese patriots.Cooperate with Japan in inducing the Chongqing National Government to surrender, in an attempt to disrupt the anti Japanese national united front.In March 1941, a committee for clearing up the countryside was set up to gather a large number of puppet troops together with the Japanese army to carry out anti Communist and clearing up the countryside in an attempt to wipe out the New Fourth Army and guerrillas who persisted in the war of resistance behind the enemy lines.Economically, they issue paper money indiscriminately, occupy land, "entrust" certain industrial and mining enterprises, impose grain and cotton, implement material control, collect numerous exorbitant taxes and levies, and openly levy opium donations.In terms of culture and education“New National Movement”And implement enslavement education.In terms of diplomacy, in November 1941, he followed Japan to participate in the International Anti Communist Agreement. In January 1943, he declared war on Britain and the United States, calling for loyalty to Japan's allies.In November of the same yearPuppet ManchukuoandThailand﹑Myanmar﹑the PhilippinesSigned by the puppet governments of other countries《Greater East Asia Common Declaration》, established for Japan“Greater East Asia Co prosperity Circle”Waving flags and shouting.In November 1944, Wang Jingwei died of illness in Japan, and Chen Gongbo succeeded him.
On August 15, 1945, after the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan, the Japanese government announced unconditional surrender.On the 16thWang Puppet National GovernmentDeclare dissolution.A group led by Chen GongbotraitorThe leaders were executed successively.
Returning the Capital to Nanjing National Government
After the Anti Japanese War, the Provisional National Government of Chongqing issued the "Order of Returning the Capital" on May 5, 1946, announcing that it would "triumph in Nanjing" on May 5.Promulgated in 1946《Constitution of the Republic of China》, the official constitution was established, and the period of one party political training of the Chinese Kuomintang ended and enteredConstitutional period。
In April 1947, according to the resolution of the Political Consultative Conference, the National Government, as a caretaker government, was reorganized to accommodate other parties, the Youth Party and the Democratic Socialist Party, into the National Government.During the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the Communist Party did not participate in the government.
On May 20, 1948, after the National Assembly elected Chiang Kai shek as the first President of the Republic of China, the government of the Republic of China (including one government and five chambers) was formed.The post of President of the National Government was also changed to President, and the National Government was transformed into the Presidential Palace,The National Government has entered history since then。
