state-owned property

The sum of all property and property rights owned by the state
Collection
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State owned assets refer to those belonging to State owned The sum of all property and property rights of State ownership The object of. Specifically, state-owned assets include property acquired and recognized by the state according to law or power, National capital And the property formed by its income government-affiliated institutions Appropriated funds Formed property Tax reduction and exemption And tax rebates, and Accept donations international aid Property formed by, etc. [1]
State owned assets are legally owned by the state and can provide economic and social results Of economic resources The sum of. It is the general term for all property and property rights owned by the state. The country belongs to Historical category Therefore, state-owned assets are also formed and developed with the emergence of the country. In real economic life, the concept of "state-owned assets" has two different understandings in broad and narrow sense.
Chinese name
state-owned property
Foreign name
State-owned property
Nature
State ownership Object of
Interpretation
The general term of property and property rights belonging to the state. The state is the only subject of ownership of state-owned assets, which can be divided into broad and narrow senses
Category
Property acquired and recognized by the state according to law or power, property formed by international assistance, etc
Classification
Operational state-owned assets, administrative state-owned assets, resource state-owned assets

generalized

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I.e State-owned property Refers to various properties, materials, claims and other rights and interests owned by the state, including:
1. Property that should be owned by the state acquired in accordance with national laws;
2. Country based administrative power Property that should be owned by the state acquired through exercise;
3. Various assets formed by the state's investment in various ways;
4. Property that should belong to the state as a result of receiving various gifts;
state-owned property
5. Because the country has Income from assets The property formed shall belong to the state.

narrow sense

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Legally determined to be owned by the country and able to provide future benefits for the country economic resources The sum of. Operational state-owned assets Refers to the capital and its rights and interests legally owned by the state as a contributor in the enterprise. Operating assets include: State owned assets of enterprises Administrative institutions Occupied and used Non operating assets Assets converted into operation for profit through various forms; Investment in state-owned resources Production and operation Part of the process.

Other concepts

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State owned assets refer to the funds actually invested by the state in the enterprise to undertake obligations and enjoy rights, that is, invested in the enterprise to form Paid in capital equity )Funds. state-owned Corporate capital It refers to state-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises government-affiliated institutions And actually invest the assets it occupies into the enterprise to undertake obligations and enjoy rights, that is, invest in the enterprise to form corporate capital( Corporate Stock )Funds. Total state-owned assets It refers to national capital, state-owned legal person capital Capital reserve Surplus reserve Undistributed profits In other projects, the ultimate ownership belongs to the state Share of assets The sum of.

classification

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Operational state-owned assets
Operational state-owned assets It refers to the capital and its rights and interests legally owned by the state as a contributor in the enterprise. Specifically, operational state-owned assets refer to all properties owned by the state that are engaged in production, circulation, business services and other fields, and are operated or used according to law with the main purpose of making profits.
Characteristics of operational state-owned assets:
Sportiness, Value added Operation mode Diversity.
Administrative state-owned assets
administration State owned assets of public institutions It refers to those possessed and used by administrative institutions, legally recognized as state owned Monetary measurement Of economic resources The sum of. Including: assets allocated by the state to administrative institutions Administrative unit according to national policy It stipulates the assets formed by using the income of state-owned assets organizations, as well as receiving donations and other assets recognized as state owned by law.
Resource state-owned assets refer to the land, forest, mineral resources and other resources owned by the state.

Operational

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state-owned property
Operational state-owned assets refer to the capital and its rights and interests legally owned by the state as a contributor in the enterprise. Specifically, the state-owned assets for business, which are engaged in the production, circulation, business services and other fields of products, and whose main purpose is to make profits, are operated or used according to law, and their property rights belong to all property owned by the state.
Operational state-owned assets Features of: Sportiness Value added Operation mode Diversity. Classification of operational state-owned assets:
1. Depending on the location Industrial sector
one
Assets basically engaged in the production and operation of the primary industry
two
Assets basically engaged in the production and operation of the secondary industry
three
Assets engaged in production and business activities in major sectors of the tertiary industry
four
Other operational state-owned assets
2. According to the nature of business activities of enterprise assets:
one
Assets of financial state-owned enterprises
two
Assets of non-financial state-owned enterprises
3. By whether directly invested by the state: state direct investment Formed Operational state-owned assets , Country Indirect investment The operational state-owned assets formed.
4. According to different fields: Domestic operational state-owned assets Overseas operational state-owned assets.
5. Depending on the proportion of capital owned by the country in the enterprise:
one
Assets of wholly state-owned enterprises
two
Assets of state holding enterprises
three
Assets of state-owned enterprises
6. According to different administrative levels: central government Operational assets under management, and operational assets under the management of local governments.

Administrative undertaking

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The state-owned assets of administrative institutions refer to the sum of various economic resources that are possessed and used by administrative institutions, legally recognized as owned by the state and can be measured in monetary terms. Including: assets allocated by the state to administrative institutions Administrative unit Assets generated from the use of the income of state-owned asset organizations, as well as donations and other assets recognized as state owned by law in accordance with national policies and regulations.
Configuration domain unproductive The service of use purpose, the indirect nature of fund compensation and expansion, and the free nature of possession and use.
Classification of administrative state-owned assets:
according to Administrative level Different, it can be divided into central administrative state-owned assets and local administrative state-owned assets.
According to different forms of existence, it can be divided into current assets fixed assets , materials and Low value consumables long-term investment intangible assets and other assets

Resource

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Resource state-owned assets It refers to the development of certain resources that can bring a certain amount of economic value State owned resources.
In terms of physical form, the characteristics of China's state-owned resources: variety Scarcity , the limitation of quantity, the complexity of varieties, and the imbalance of distribution.
from Value form Seen from the above, the characteristics of China's state-owned resources: the ownership of state-owned resources Monopoly , state-owned resources Relativity , the property and value of state-owned resources.
Classification of resource state-owned assets:
According to resource conditions and biosphere layer: hidden resources Surface resources; Consisting of light, heat, wind, vessels, rain, etc climatic resources or Space resources
By resource location spatial location : Land resources; ocean resources Atmospheric resources Space resources.
By whether the resource has life: Biological resources Abiotic resources
According to the regeneration nature of elimination: renewable resource Non renewable resources can Sustainable utilization Resources.
According to its economic use: mainly formed Means of subsistence Resources and main formation of Means of production Resources.

definition

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The scope of state-owned assets is very wide. According to our country《 constitution 》According to relevant laws, state-owned assets include the following: (1) state-owned land, mineral resources, water flows, forests, grasslands, wasteland, fishing grounds, etc natural resources (2) Property of state organs and affiliated institutions; (3) Military property, such as military installation Etc; (4) Enterprises owned by the whole people; (5) State owned communal facilities cultural relics and historic sites , Scenery Tourist area , nature reserves, etc; (6) State property abroad; (7) State to Africa State owned unit Investment and other property rights such as creditor's rights; (8) Can't prove to belong to the collective or Individually owned Property, etc. The following are the details of the Definition of property rights Explain. [2]
(1) State organs, public institutions, political parties and people 's organization Definition of the ownership of state-owned assets
1. All assets occupied and used by state organs are state-owned assets. According to《 constitution 》As well as the provisions of relevant laws and regulations, the state organs include: (1) the permanent working institutions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress; (2) The standing working bodies of the standing committees of the local people's congresses at various levels; (3) Departments under the State Council; (4) Local people's governments at all levels And its subordinate departments; (5) the Chinese People's Liberation Army All subordinate organs; (6) Judicial organs at all levels. The assets possessed and used by the above state organs are state-owned assets, excluding the property owned by others such as borrowing and renting.
2. Definition of state-owned property of public institutions. Public institutions may be founded by state organs, state-owned enterprises, or non-state-owned units such as collectives. All state organs and state-owned enterprises Enterprise unit All the assets owned and used by the public institutions established or affiliated to are state-owned assets. All assets invested by the state in public institutions established by non-state organs and non-state-owned enterprises shall be owned by the state.
3. The assets of political parties and people's organizations formed by state allocations are state-owned assets. The so-called political parties include the Party organizations at all levels of the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties. All assets formed by the state appropriation are state-owned assets. In the property of a political party, in addition to the assets formed by state appropriations, there may also be members of the party party membership dues Assets formed in the form of donation by others shall be owned by the party.
The so-called people's organizations include CPPCC organizations at all levels, trade union organizations at all levels, Communist Youth League organizations at all levels woman Federation organizations and others Social groups These organizations are people's organizations, that is, they are legally National recognition It should not be illegal or reactionary. The assets of these groups come from a wide range of sources, among which the assets formed by state allocations should be defined as state-owned assets.
(2) Definition of property rights in enterprises owned by the whole people
Enterprises owned by the whole people are state-owned enterprises. Whether its assets are directly invested by the state or through enterprises Production and operation activities All obtained assets belong to the state. Specific definition methods include:
1. The departments and institutions that have the right to invest on behalf of the state belong to the state in currency, in kind and ownership land use right , intellectual property and other intangible assets Enterprise investment , formed National capital , defined as state-owned assets.
2. Enterprises owned by the whole people use national capital and borrowed funds in operation Profit after tax , which is approved by the state to be reserved for enterprises as part of increased investment, and which is withdrawn from after tax profits Surplus reserve , public welfare fund and Undistributed profits And so on, defined as state-owned assets.
3. Use Ownership by the whole people Enterprises and administrative institutions are guaranteed by domestic and foreign Borrowed funds Gains accumulated from enterprises owned by the whole people that have been invested and founded or wholly financed by other units Net assets , defined as state-owned assets.
4. The assets formed by enterprises owned by the whole people by accepting gifts are defined as state-owned assets.
5. In implementation《 General Rules on Financial Affairs of Enterprises 》、《 Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises 》Previously, enterprises owned by the whole people drew from retained profits Employee welfare fund workers and staff bonus fund And "two rules" after implementation Public welfare fund Purchased and constructed Collective welfare Facilities Owner's equity , defined as state-owned assets.
6. The party, league, trade union and other organizations in enterprises owned by the whole people occupy the property of the enterprise (excluding paying party dues by individuals Tour fee , membership dues, activity funds allocated by enterprises according to national regulations and other surplus assets purchased and constructed) are defined as state-owned assets.
(III) Collectively owned enterprises Definition of the ownership of state-owned assets in
The property of collectively owned enterprises belongs to the collective ownership of the working people. It is a socialist economic organization that implements common labor and takes distribution according to work as the main form of distribution. Collective ownership Internal Property relations It is quite complicated. Some are funded by the government, some are funded by state-owned enterprises, and some are funded by the working people themselves. In practice“ a type of socialist collective ownership system ”And“ Small group ”The so-called "big collective" refers to collectively owned enterprises with state investment (all or mainly state investment); The so-called "small collective" refers to an enterprise established on the basis of the property owned collectively by the working people. In the construction of our socialist market economy, we should clarify collective ownership Enterprise property Ownership is a very important and urgent task.
The definition of ownership of state-owned assets in collectively owned enterprises is as follows:
1. National Collective enterprise Investment and its income Owner's equity And its property rights are owned by the state. Supported by the government, state-owned enterprises and institutions collective economy Assets transferred, allocated or invested in collective enterprises for the development or placement of unemployed youth, surplus employees of state-owned enterprises and other urban employees Gratuitous transfer Or if the transfer fee (including physical objects) collected for paid transfer has reached the original value of the asset, the property right of the asset and the owner's equity formed by its income shall belong to the collective workers of the collective enterprise.
2. Ownership by the whole people Enterprises and administrative institutions established with money, material objects, land use rights and intellectual property rights owned by the state (including joint ventures of several units owned by the whole people) Collective ownership name Registration Of a business unit whose Asset ownership The definition shall be in accordance with the aforesaid definition method of property rights of enterprises owned by the whole people.
3. Enterprises and administrative institutions owned by the whole people, which are solely funded by state-owned assets in non owned by the whole people Collective enterprise Investment in, and what should be obtained according to the investment share Asset income Reserved for collective enterprises to develop production Capital fund And its rights and interests are defined as state-owned assets.
4. Preferences enjoyed by collective enterprises in accordance with national laws, regulations and other relevant policies, including Repayment of loan with tax pretax loan repayment And various tax exemptions Owner's equity The property rights of those formed before June 30, 1993 shall be owned by the workers collectively; If it is formed after July 1, 1993 and the state has specified a special purpose for it, its provisions shall prevail; If there is no regulation, the assets (including Labor accumulation )To determine the ownership of property rights. Of which, it belongs to national tax receivable and uncollected Taxes Part, defined as state-owned assets; The assets formed by collective enterprises enjoying tax exemption and reduction according to the national regulations, of which the investment tax exemption and reduction listed as "national support fund" is defined as state-owned assets. through Management of state-owned assets After the department approves the amount together with relevant departments, it will continue to leave Collective enterprise For use, the state shall charge asset occupancy fees. If the value-added part of the above-mentioned state-owned assets cannot be verified due to historical reasons, the property rights can no longer be traced.
Reorganization of collective enterprises into Joint stock enterprise Before reorganization pretax loan repayment Among the formed assets, the part of tax receivable but not collected by the state tax and the part of investment tax reduction and exemption listed as "national support fund" in the assets formed by various tax reductions and exemptions are defined as state share Other tax exemptions and reductions are defined as enterprises Capital reserve
5. Use by collective enterprises bank loans National borrowings The assets formed by borrowing funds such as credit funds, which are only guaranteed by units of the whole people, are not defined as state-owned assets, but have fulfilled joint responsibility The whole people unit shall make recourse for repayment or negotiate for conversion into investment.
6. Supply and marketing handicraft industry The capital funds (including funds or physical objects) allocated by the state in cooperatives such as credit cooperatives are defined as state-owned assets. After the amount is approved by the state-owned assets management department in conjunction with relevant departments, it will continue to be reserved for the use of cooperatives, and the state will collect the asset occupancy fee. If the value-added part of the above-mentioned state-owned assets cannot be verified due to historical reasons, the property rights can no longer be traced.
7. Collective enterprise And cooperatives State owned land The state-owned assets management department shall jointly land administration The department approves the area and Value And collect land occupation fees according to law. When collective enterprises and cooperatives are reorganized into joint-stock enterprises, the state-owned shares or other shares formed by the discount of state-owned land Owner's equity , defined as state-owned assets.
(IV) Sino foreign joint venture Cooperative enterprise Definition of ownership of assets in China
A part of the assets of a Chinese foreign equity joint venture or contractual joint venture must belong to the Chinese joint venture or cooperator. Some of the assets belonging to China are state-owned assets, which should be defined. However, this definition is only the internal asset definition of the Chinese side, and the changes in property relations are only internal changes in the Chinese side Cooperative enterprise None, nor will it involve any interests of foreign investors.
1. Right Sino foreign joint venture (The Chinese side is Ownership by the whole people The method for defining the ownership of Chinese assets is as follows: (1) China's investment in state-owned assets includes cash, factory buildings machinery equipment Site use right Assets formed by intangible assets are defined as state-owned assets; (2) Enterprise registered capital Increase. According to the agreement of both parties, the Chinese side will share profits with the enterprise Reinvestment , or assets formed by preemptive purchase of the other party's shares, defined as state-owned assets; (3) In the distributable profits and various funds withdrawn from the after tax profits, the Chinese side shall Investment proportion The corresponding share (excluding the allocation allocated for employee bonus and welfare) personal consumption ), defined as state-owned assets; (4) The wage difference of Chinese employees is defined as state-owned assets; (5) According to Chinese laws and relevant regulations Total payroll A certain proportion of Chinese employees Housing subsidies Fund, defined as state-owned assets; (6) Enterprise liquidation In case of complete dissolution, the assets that are presented or left to the Chinese party for continuous use without compensation are defined as state-owned assets.
2. Sino foreign cooperative enterprises The definition of Chinese ownership of assets shall be handled in accordance with the principles of the above measures.
(5) Joint stock system Associated enterprise Definition of ownership of assets in China
In joint-stock and joint ventures, there are state organs or their authorized departments direct investment , also Ownership by the whole people The investment of enterprises and the rights and interests formed by these investments are state-owned assets in nature. However, this definition is only an internal definition of the economy owned by the whole people, which is only to clarify the state ownership, and has no impact on the joint-stock system and joint ventures, nor does it involve any interests of other shareholders and joint ventures.
1. The definition of Chinese ownership of assets of joint-stock enterprises is as follows: (1) the shares formed by the state organs or their authorized units investing in joint-stock enterprises, including the shares converted from the state-owned assets of the existing invested enterprises, constitute the national shares in joint-stock enterprises, and are defined as state-owned assets; (2) The shares formed by the investment of enterprises owned by the whole people in joint-stock enterprises constitute State owned legal person shares , defined as state-owned assets; (3) Joint stock enterprise accumulation fund In the public welfare fund, the units of the whole people are defined as state-owned assets according to their share of investment; (4) Joint stock enterprise Undistributed profits According to the corresponding share of the investment proportion, units owned by the whole people are defined as state-owned assets.
2. The definition of the ownership of Chinese assets of associated enterprises shall be handled in accordance with the principles of the above measures.

Formation and development

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state-owned property
The People's Republic of China The formation of the state-owned assets of, Construction of revolutionary base areas Accumulation of. In October 1927, Mao Zedong led Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army establish Jinggangshan Base Area Start small business at armorer shop And bedding, printing, military, weaving, papermaking, lime and other factories. The large-scale Public enterprises It has reached 33, with more than 2000 employees. By 1949, there were 307 public enterprises in the Northeast Liberated Area alone, with 240000 employees. The Liberated Areas have also established their own independent businesses, transportation, posts and telecommunications, and banks.
② Confiscation and Taking Over old China bureaucratic Monopoly capital By the end of 1949, the people's government had only taken over Imperialism And bureaucrats Monopoly capitalism There are 2858 industrial enterprises with 1.29 million employees. In addition, the Ministry of Transport of the Kuomintang Government China Merchants Group All belonging to Transportation Enterprises, as well as Renaissance, Fuhua, China Tea PetroChina China Salt Industry, China Silk, China vegetable oil , China's import and export and other monopolies Commercial trade Companies, so that the state has China Power 58% of production, Raw coal output 68% of, pig iron 92% of output, 97% of steel output, 68% of cement output, Cotton yarn 53% of the output. State owned industrial output value accounts for China Total industrial output value 26.2%, accounting for large industrial enterprises in China total output value 41.3%. ③ Assets acquired in accordance with national laws and regulations. The Common Programme adopted by the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference on September 25, 1949 stipulates that all countries concerned Economic lifeline And the cause that can control the national economy and the people's livelihood, Should be By the State Unified operation All state-owned resources and enterprises are owned by all the people public property
④ Nationalities redeemed in the process of socialist transformation capitalism Capital of industry and commerce. Since 1950, China has provided private industrial enterprises with raw materials Processing order And unified purchase and marketing Management Measures In 1954, China further planned to use Public private partnership The mode has transformed a large number of capitalism Industrial and commercial enterprises In 1956, China basically completed the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce by paying capitalists fixed interest And gradually make its assets owned by the state.
⑤ National enterprises that are planned to be invested and built by the state. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, after the period of national economic recovery, from 1953 on a large scale planned economy Construction mainly depends on the self-reliance and hard work of the Chinese people to gradually build a strong Socialist material and technological foundation During the period from 1953 to 1989 transportation Posts and telecommunications , commerce, foreign trade, city public utility Fixed assets in such fields as Total investment 2394.4 billion yuan RMB In 1988, China Enterprises owned by the whole people only Original value of fixed assets That's 1178.7 billion yuan, Fixed working capital 601.5 billion yuan.
Status and role
① The state-owned assets of the People's Republic of China are Socialist economic system Based on state-owned assets state-owned economy It's China national economy The leading force of The operation of state-owned assets and their benefits are revenue The main source of State owned economy is implemented by the state Macroeconomic policy And regulating the market. ④ State owned enterprises arrange the society Labor employment Important channels. ⑤ Engaged with state-owned assets Production and operation activities The state-owned large and medium-sized enterprises of Socialist public ownership China's participation is also a strong foundation for the development of the national economy and a major force in the operation of the national economy international market Competitive Main force

Regulators

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It is a Chinese tradition to operate state-owned assets under the leadership of the government economic system And has not fundamentally changed since the reform management model Reform of state-owned enterprises Most of the difficulties encountered are related to government led operation, including reform measures and arrangements. Press Socialist market economy Of Specification requirements The operation of state-owned assets must be dominated by legislation, and the state of replacing law with politics should be completely changed.
Legislative prevention of state-owned assets Loss of state-owned assets
in China People's representatives The Standing Committee of the Congress has always had a Finance and Economics Committee, which is the highest in China Legislature An organization set up in China to handle national economic affairs. The work of the Finance and Economic Commission is very important. It is exercised by the people National economic management The specific embodiment of the supervisory power is that the people's representatives Government economy Basic aspects of special review of work implementation. However, the Finance and Economic Commission cannot State owned assets management It does not involve any specific business problems, whether for state-owned assets or non-state-owned assets, but only for the sum of all economic components of the country Macroeconomy The operation makes supreme supervision. The leading role of legislation in the overall operation of state-owned assets must be assumed by the specially established state-owned assets committee. That is to say, when it comes to the operation of assets, another committee should be set up in addition to the finance and economics committee. The operation of state-owned assets is a major event that concerns the fundamental interests of the Chinese people. Therefore, It is also necessary to establish a special state-owned assets committee in the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Congress. The State owned Assets Committee is different from the Finance and Economics Committee. Although it is located in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, as an institution that has not yet been established, the State owned Assets Committee has new functions that cannot be replaced by the Finance and Economics Committee.
1. Financial Committee Scope of work As the whole society, the work scope of the State owned Assets Commission is limited to state-owned economy The state-owned economy is an important part of the whole social economy, but the operation of the whole social economy is different from that of the state-owned economy. This difference in operation caused by different scopes is rooted in the difference in composition within the scope. First, the state-owned economy is mainly distributed in Business community , rarely agricultural production And agricultural economy As the foundation of the whole social economy, it is related to and operates outside the state-owned economy. Social economical operation It is complete, and the operation of the relatively small state-owned economy can only be seen as the operation based on agriculture. Therefore, due to the inconsistent scope of work, the State owned Assets Commission and the Finance and Economics Commission have formed their respective responsibilities, which are connected but more different. Secondly, the whole society includes both the state-owned economy and Non-state-owned economy , the state-owned economy is Public economy Therefore, the State owned Assets Commission must highlight Public ownership The nature of the business requirements, while the work of the Finance and Economic Commission is not differentiated Ownership Only operation control problems are considered. Again, state-owned economy yes State ownership The economy in power and the whole society also include the economy in which the state does not have ownership. This difference in scope has led to the specific nature of ownership of the work of the State owned Assets Commission, while the Finance and Economics Commission does not. The difference in the scope of work directly determines the two Nature of work Although the scope of work of the Finance and Economic Commission is extensive, the nature of the work cannot be determined by the nature of the state-owned economy.
2. The Finance and Economic Commission only implements external monitoring on the state-owned economy, and the work of the State owned Assets Commission is an internal part of the state-owned assets management. The state-owned economy, including the determination of the state-owned economy within the scope of the national economy, is also an important object of the work of the Finance and Economic Commission. However, like other economic sectors, the Finance and Economic Commission controls or restricts the economic sector from the outside, never entering the inside of the economic sector. Even if the ownership of the state-owned economy is controlled by the state, it is not reflected in the work of the Finance and Economic Commission, The committee only External control Power and responsibility. On the contrary, the State owned Assets Commission is directly responsible for the overall operation of state-owned assets state-owned economy All of Control work Both Internality Of. The State owned Assets Commission is not responsible for non-state-owned enterprises economic problem At any point, it only determines the object of work in the state-owned economy where the state holds ownership.
3. Finance Committee Job function Mainly review the management work arrangement of the national economy and implement the monitoring responsibility; The State owned Assets Committee must study the operation of the overall state-owned assets, bear the responsibility of legislation, and play a leading role in the operation Working level It is directly related to the overall effect of state-owned assets management. The review is generally based on Established principles It does not have to be based on detailed research. The review conclusion can be basically reached when there is a clear principle and an accurate measurement against the principle. The overall management of state-owned assets requires legislators to do a lot of detailed scientific research, and only on the basis of research can they do a good job in leading the management. Therefore, the review work of the Finance and Economic Commission is different from the research work of the State owned Assets Commission in the way of work except for the difference in the scope of work.