State power means masteringnational sovereigntyOfpolitical organization And what they have masteredPoliticsPower to safeguard the socialruleAnd management.The state power iscountryThe incarnation of the state is usually understood through the state power.
The state power has relative autonomy.In different historical periods, their degree of autonomy is also different.The impact on autonomy includessocial crisis ，social structure，administrative power。
The discussion of the nature of political power is a classical problem in politics.Early political scholars such asPlato，AristotleThey believe that the essence of political power is the supreme good.In the Middle Ages,AugustineThe government is regarded as a "secular city" and there is no good in the secular world.This concept has been influencingNiccolo Machiavelli From Locke toPaineThe state power has degenerated into "necessary evil".MarxismFrom the perspective of class, the essence of political power isclassIn essence, state power is an irreconcilable product of class interest conflicts.
The ancient Greeks believed that people could not be managed by others, but only by the gods believed in by the city states.Adult men with certain property have citizenship and can participate in the political life of the city-state.The public life of the city-state is an obligation, and there is no reward.Only by participating in the management of city-state affairs can we become real people.
The political activities of the city-state are to discuss affairs in the public meeting in the square, and every citizen has an equal right to speak.This assembly is also the legislature of the city-state.At the assembly, citizens complete the operation of power through persuasion.But this way may be manipulated by politicians to form the tyranny of the majority.The emergence of city-state public office, or throughDirect electionsOr by drawing lots.The distribution of public office is realized by taking turns in power.
sovereign state
Most ancient societiesAbsolute monarchyCountry, generally acceptedDivine Right However, the nature and scope of its power are different in different times and places.
authoritarianismcountryImperium RomanumIt is the representative of an authoritative country. The central concept of its political power is authority, which emphasizes that the interests of the city-state are higher than personal interests.Any decision on political affairs should trace back to the source of authority.SenateIt represents this authority and is used to give legitimacy to the regime.
The authority of an authoritative country is eternal, while the power system is constantly changing.
After the collapse of the Roman Empire, a large number of feudal countries appeared in EuropeFeudalismThe kingdom of.These feudal countries closely combined private interests with public interests, and public power fully served the demands of private interests.As a result of years of war, the royal power declined, and the power of the lord increased significantly, forming the feudal system in medieval Europe.
The main feature of the feudal country is that the king, nobles and knights took military service as the main condition, and divided land and administrative jurisdiction layer by layer in the form of a contract, forming the relationship between lord and vassal.
To some extent, the countries of ancient Japan and India, and China in the pre Qin period, were also often regarded as feudal countries.
Integration of politics and religionThe country is based on religious authority in Persia in the Middle East and Egypt in North AfricaregimeThe monarch is regarded as the incarnation of God, not just the messenger of God, but also has the power to unify politics.Its theocracy is generally regarded as another origin of the country, and the early indigenous countries that later appeared in America and Africa are also similar to it.
Despotic statepolitical systemIt's the emperordictatorial system。This kind of national form adoptsCentralized system, the distribution of state power institutions is in the form of pyramids;The monarch has supreme power most of the time, and throughHereditary systemTo maintain;BureaucracyClear division of labor;Subjects generally have little or no private sphere. East Asian countries are educated in Confucianism and generally agree with the idea of "loyalty to the monarch".
The monarch of an autocratic country has absolute power in form, but will be restricted by the traditional ritual system in thought, and the power operation will be restricted by the bureaucracy.
AbsolutismIn the late Medieval Europe, the influence of the church in secular affairs was declining day by day, and the monarchical power was constantly strengthened.Louis XIII of France, BritainHenry VIIBoth have established a centralized administrative system.At the same time, the power of the nobility declined, and the status of citizens and intellectuals rose.Citizen classInfluence public policy directly or indirectly through bureaucracy and hierarchical councils.The concept of sovereignty came into being.Monarchs rule society with absolute authority, FranceLouis XIVMore pronounced“I am the country”。 Specifically, the so-called absolutist countries mean that among these countries, the monarchy has absolute power. The monarch has exclusive power, concentrating legislative, administrative, judicial, military and other powers, and the monarch, as the embodiment of sovereignty, is superior toAbove the lawAnd become the source of legitimacy of all laws.In this way, the monarchy is basically free from any constraints and acts on its own;At the same time, the monarch relies on rationalBureaucracyAnd military institutions to implement their own unification of civil societyautocraticRule.
SudanAfter the rise of Islam in ChinaCaliphA country derived from the system, inheriting the ancientTheocratic system, withIslamic ShariahMany Sudanese countries were established.
capitalist country
From the perspective of economics,capitalismThe state pursuesmarket economy。The production and sales of products and services are completely free marketFree price mechanismIt is guided by the state rather than the planned economy.fromCold WarFrom the perspective of the camp, capitalist countries refer to the western camp countries led by the United States and hostile to the Soviet Union.
Early capitalist countriesautocraticThe monarch gradually became a virtual monarch or was replaced by the revolutionrepresentative systemandSeparation of powersTo ensure the realization of people's democracy in countries with a large population, and at the same time, combine people's democracy with elite rule to avoid tyranny by the majority.This formed an early capitalist country, which was regarded as the ideal form of capitalist state power.
The early capitalist countries were clear in constitution and lawPrivate sectorandPublic sphereDifferentiation of.At the same time, the political party gradually became mature, becoming a parliamentary struggle andelectionAnd further become the political force controlling the whole state power.People realizePolitical participation。
After 1870,capitalismThe foundation of a countryClassical liberalismsuffernationalismThe early capitalist countries also faced the challenge ofConstitutional crisis 。The outbreak of world war and GermanyTotalitarianismThe rise of the early capitalist countries completely destroyed the ideal of liberalism.
State power aims at the welfare of the people.Citizenship has expanded.Separation of powersDue to the complexity of social management andAdministrative functionsThe deepening and generalization of the reform has been weakened, and the administrative power is expanding day by day. The power structure has changed from a parliamentary centered power structure to an administrative centered power structure, which is also known as administrative centralism democracy.
The interaction between the state power and the society resulted in the adoption ofCitizenshipTo limit state power.It also influences government decision-making through political parties and interest groups.The complexity and specialization of social management have formedElite groupControl of government decision-making;Citizens passmass mediaetc.Public opinionFree and open discussion of government policies to monitor the legitimacy of state power and make government policies fit with public opinion.
There are many models in politics to explain state power.
Liberal country
Liberals insistLimited countriespattern.He believes that citizens' rights are determined by the Constitution, and opposes the expansion of the functions and powers of national government departments, as well as interference in social and economic matters.Its ideal model is earlycapitalismThe state adheres to a free and spontaneous free market order, which is considered to be the most reasonable system, the least likely to be suppressed, and the easiest to be accepted by people.FriedmanIt is described as "the government with the least management is the best government".
Buchanan proposed in the public choice theory“Government failure”According to the opinion of, because the government lacks competition and pressure, government officials pursue personal influence rather than public interests, so excessive government intervention in economic activities will reduce the efficiency of market resource allocation.
Pluralist state
PluralismAccording to the authornational sovereigntyIt is pluralistic, and the state cannot monopolize sovereignty.A country is just a group composed of human beings, which is not substantially different from other groups.Most decisions of the country are the result of consultation between the country and various interest groups.Pluralists advocate that parliamentary politics and multi-party politics should be used to realizelong positionControl, so as to realize democracy.
Charles Edward Lindblom thinkindustrialistThey actually control the political decision-making power, and the industrialistsMultihead politicsAs the main leader, government officials are more obedient to industrialists.Therefore, multi investment politics consists of industry andProperty relationsControl in an undemocratic way, economicPrivatizationIt cannot necessarily lead to democracy.
Elitist country
ElitismThey believe that there are rulers and ruled people in any society.A few rulers monopolized political power and enjoyed the benefits brought by power.This type of country opposes democracy as a means to limit power to a few powerful people, or to give it a limited amountDemocratic forms, but takeBipartisan systemRuling the country by turns.The United States is an elitist country.
Elitists believe that various trade unions, industry associationsMass movementAll are ruled by a minority.Because few people have time to work actively, control will fall into the hands of a few activists, and those who are not active will accept their authority as agents.This is called“Iron law of oligarchy”。Therefore, elitists believe thatRepresentative democracyIt is just a modern copy of the autocratic system.Therefore, they believe that democracy is not an end but a means. Democracy is achieved by citizens through electionPolitical decision-makingRight system.
