synonymNational innovation system(National innovation system) generally refers to the national scientific and technological innovation system
The national science and technology innovation system is mainly composed of innovation subjects, innovation infrastructure, innovation resources, innovation environment, external interaction and other elements《Outline of the National Medium and Long Term Plan for Science and Technology Development(2006-2020) pointed out that the national scientific and technological innovation system is a social system led by the government, giving full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, and all kinds of scientific and technological innovation subjects are closely linked and effectively interacted. China has basically formedgovernment、enterprise、Scientific research institutesandcolleges and universitiesThe technological innovation support service system is an innovation system with four corners. The reform of China's scientific and technological system closely focuses on promoting the integration of science and technology with the economy to strengthentechnological innovation, PromoteTransformation of scientific and technological achievementsandIndustrializationWith the goal of restructuring and transforming the mechanism as the focus, we have made important breakthroughs and substantive progress.
The national innovation system is the engine and foundation of social economy and sustainable development, the cradle of cultivating high-quality talents, realizing people's all-round development and social progress, the soul and focus of comprehensive national strength competition, and its main functions are knowledge innovation, technology innovation, knowledge dissemination and knowledge application.
The Outline of the Tenth Five Year Plan put forward for the first time: "building a national innovation system";"Establish a national knowledge innovation system to promoteKnowledge Innovation Project”；Implement the grand strategy of "leapfrog development".In October 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. In November of the same year,Chinese Academy of SciencesEstablishment.Subsequently, scientific research institutions of government departments, enterprises, universities and local scientific research institutions have been established.It can be said that the innovative development of China is synchronized with the growth of New China.Especially since the reform and opening up, China's innovation system has been evolving.On the whole, in China's modernization drive, China's national innovation system has been constantly improved and strengthened.
Strategic evolution
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National science and technology innovation system
The evolution of China's national innovation strategy can generally be divided into four stages.
1. Formation stage (1949-1977)The main characteristics of this stage are to establish various scientific research institutions, formulate national science and technology development plans, and gradually form a national innovation system.The science and technology plans in this period mainly include the "12 year science and technology development plan", etc.This stage is mainly for the needs of national defense and security. China's high-tech development tends to be militaryHigh-energy physics, chemical physicsNear Earth space marine scienceAnd other aspects have made unremitting efforts“Two bombs and one star”The success of its development is an important symbol.These scientific and technological achievements have not only greatly enhanced China's international prestige, but also promoted the establishment and development of China's new and high technologies since then.At this time, the national innovation model is mainly "government led", which is directly controlled by the government. The corresponding organizational system strictly divides labor according to the function and administrative subordination relationship;The innovation motivation comes from the government's view of the social development of the national economy and the needs of national defense and security, etc;Innovate government formulation at all levels;The government is the main body of resource input. Resources are allocated strictly according to the plan. The executors or organizers of innovation carry out innovation in order to complete government tasks. Their interests do not directly depend on their actual achievements, nor do they bear the risk and responsibility of innovation failure.
National science and technology innovation system
2. Development stage (1978-1995)The main performance of this stage is to explore the development mode and innovation policy of the national innovation system, and to introduce reform policies and measures.In this period, the innovation mode is mainly the plan oriented mode, that is, establishmentNational Science and Technology PlanAnd introduce a competition mechanism into the national science and technology plan.The formation of this model is accompanied by the process of China's reform and opening up. With the continuous expansion of the autonomy of state-owned enterprises, the market's role in regulating enterprises is growing.Through measures such as reforming the allocation system, cultivating and developing the technology market, the vitality of scientific research institutions in serving the economic construction has been continuously enhanced, and the commercialization and industrialization of scientific research achievements have been accelerated, all of which have accelerated the development of China's national innovation system.During this period, most of the national scientific research funds appeared in the form of national scientific and technological plans, and government staff managed the allocation of scientific research funds.The state has successively introduced a series of plans:National Key Science and Technology Research Program、High technology development plan（863 Program）Torch Plan、Spark Plan、Major achievements promotion planNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaClimbing planAnd other scientific and technological plans.At the same time, in order to meet the tide of the world's high-tech revolution, China, like many countries, has also set up many science and technology parks.Since the establishment of China's first high-tech park, "Shenzhen Science Industrial Park", in July 1985, China has establishedNational High tech Park52, with a total area of 676.16 square kilometers.In addition, there are more than 70 provincial and municipal high-tech parks or economic development zones.
National science and technology innovation system
3. National technological innovation system stage (1995-1998)In this period, the technological innovation mode of enterprises was highlighted. The remarkable feature of this stage is that the goal of market economy was established. Starting from the enterprise, the enterprise system and property rights system were reformed to strengthen the innovation function of enterprises.The macro management system has also undergone major changes. The government's major science and technology plans have gradually been jointly formulated by the competent science and technology and economic departments, and new participants have emerged, such as the National Engineering Center (includingNational Engineering Research Center、National Engineering Technology Research CenterEtc.),Productivity Promotion CenterAnd accelerated the commercialization and marketization of scientific and technological achievements.In 1995, the country launched the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education".In 1996, the state decided to launch the "Technology Innovation Project", focusing on improving the technological innovation capability of enterprises.
4. National innovation system stage (1998)In December 1997, the Chinese Academy of Sciences submitted a report entitled "Meeting the Knowledge Economy Era and Building a National Innovation System".The report proposes a strategy forKnowledge economy eraNational innovation system, including knowledge innovation system, technology innovation system, knowledge dissemination system and knowledge application system, and the report have been highly valued by national leaders.In June 1998, the State Council approved the outline of the report of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on carrying out the pilot work of the knowledge innovation project, and decided that the Chinese Academy of Sciences should first launch the Knowledge Innovation Project as a pilot of the national innovation system.(Source: (1) Chen Li et alReport on China's National Strategic IssuesChina Social Sciences Press, 2002. (2) Zhang Feng, He ChuanqiNational innovation system - the engine of the second modernizationHigher Education Press, 1999.)
governmental functions
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National science and technology innovation system
comprehensive national strengthIn fact, competition is the competition of scientific and technological strength, and the competition of scientific and technological innovation ability of various countries.Due to the great role of science and technology in the development of modern world economy, the focus of economic competition among countries has gone from product competition toproduction factorsThe competition has developed to the competition of science and technology, especially the competition of national scientific and technological innovation ability.The national scientific and technological innovation system is the product of modern economic development. A country's historical tradition and social culture have a very important impact on the formation and development of the national scientific and technological innovation system.Due to the great changes in the nature and form of international competition, since the 1980s, western governments have been fully involved in the production, diffusion and application of scientific and technological knowledge.From the perspective of scientific and technological innovation, the comprehensive national strength competition has brought about the functions of the governmentTwo aspectsChange of:one side,Since the main body of comprehensive national strength competition is the country, its essence is the competition of the overall national strength. The level of competition has risen from the scientific research institutions and enterprises to the national level, so it is a more comprehensive and more intense competition.In this case, although the main body of scientific and technological innovation is still scientific research institutions and enterprises, scientific and technological innovation is no longer just a matter of scientific research institutions and enterprises themselves, but a common cause of the government, scientific research institutions and enterprises.The government should generally plan and guide the production, diffusion and application of scientific and technological knowledge, and directly participate in the whole process of scientific and technological innovation.on the other hand,At the level of international economic relations, since science and technology have become the most important strategic resource, governments of all countries should strive for a balance between technological nationalism and technological globalism. They should not only control the output of science and technology to avoid its dart effect, but also maximize the input of science and technology,So as not to isolate itself from the trend of world scientific and technological development.In this case, the international exchange of science and technology and other issues traditionally decided by the scientific and technological community and enterprises are strictly controlled by the government in the name of national interests.The relationship between politics and science and technology in today's world is increasingly close. The speed of a country's scientific and technological development depends first on the degree of policy guarantee and the impact of the country's spiritual outlook on the group's innovation awareness.Contemporary science and technology have changed from a direct factor in the productivity system to a leading factor, and the constraints and interactions between resources, ecological environment and science and technology are mainly manifested in that science and technology can not only promote the effective management of the ecosystem, but also greatly change the way of resource utilization and improve the efficiency of resource utilization, thus promoting and promoting the healthy development of the economy,Ensure the promotion of comprehensive national strength for sustainable development.
National science and technology innovation system
Since entering the 21st century, scientific and technological innovation has become the leading factor in the success or failure of international competition. Scientific and technological competitiveness will determine the fate and future of a country or region in the future world competition pattern, and become the key to maintain national security and enhance national cohesion.Building a national innovation system and promoting scientific and technological innovation has become an important issue of concern to all countries in the world.As early as 1990, American News and World Report pointed out in an article that "the competition in the 1990s will focus on the following battlefields: funds for research and investment, science and technology, human resources and infrastructure, and competitiveness in foreign markets";"The most important competition will be to develop science and technology, create high value-added products and high paying jobs".President Clinton of the United States announced a technical support plan in 1993, which pointed out that "investing in technology is investing in the future of the United States".In July 1996, the Japanese government adopted a plan to invest US $155 billion in research and development in science and technology in the next five years to finance the "battle for territory".Obviously, the competition in the field of scientific and technological development has become a focus of international competition, and the construction of the national scientific and technological innovation system has become inevitable.According to the international development trend of comprehensive national strength competition and China's own development needs, China has timely put forward a plan to establish China's scientific and technological innovation system, and quickly adopted a series of positive and effective implementation steps and safeguard measures, which has achieved very valuable results and promoted the healthy development of China's economy,It has ensured the continuous improvement of China's comprehensive national strength for sustainable development.The core of building China's national innovation system is to build a system that is conducive to improving China's scientific and technological innovation ability and promoting the close integration of science and technology and economy.We should not only focus on the development of science and technology in China at this stage, but also consider the development of science and technology in the medium and long term;We should not only base ourselves on the existing domestic foundation and conditions, but also consider building the laws suitable for scientific and technological innovation and the needs of international competition as soon as possible, especially after China's accession to WTO, the international competition of scientific and technological innovation will become more intense;We should not only carry out reform and innovation in the system, system and mechanism, but also pay attention to creating an environment and conditions conducive to the emergence of scientific and technological innovation ideas, and pay attention to the construction and development of innovative culture. China is in the stage of economic transformation, and has initially established a socialist market economy system, but it is still not perfect.Only by promoting it as a whole can China build an innovation system with complete functions that meets the needs of national economic development and international competition on the basis of the existing system.In the process of overall promotion, we should also pay attention to highlighting the key points and grasping the key points.More importantly, in the process of building and developing the national innovation system, we should stand at the strategic height of development in the 21st century, start from improving the comprehensive national strength of the country's sustainable development, and constantly adjust the innovation system construction strategy according to the changing international situation and in combination with China's national conditions and characteristics,The innovation strategy research is included in the innovation system as one of the elements of the national innovation system.Although we have made good achievements in the construction of the scientific and technological innovation system, and have established a national scientific and technological innovation system with good foundation, it should be noted that we still have a certain gap compared with the developed countries in the world.Therefore, under the macro framework of the sustainable development strategy, China should further organize, manage and regulate the national scientific and technological innovation system at the national level, and further strengthen the construction of the national scientific and technological innovation system in terms of funds, systems, mechanisms, policies, etc,Promote the construction and rapid development of China's national scientific and technological innovation system, promote the continuous enhancement and rapid improvement of China's comprehensive national strength for sustainable development, ensure that China has a solid foundation and a strong position in international competition, and make greater contributions to world peace, development and progress.
National science and technology innovation system
development planning
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National science and technology innovation system
Development ideas:We will further deepen the reform of the scientific and technological system and comprehensively promote the construction of the national innovation system by taking the construction of a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body, market as the orientation, and the combination of production, learning and research as the breakthrough point, and adhering to the principle of "clarifying the positioning, optimizing the structure, improving the mechanism, and enhancing the ability".We will focus on the implementation of the "Technology Innovation Guidance Project" and take a number of major measures to encourage enterprises to become the main body of innovation.We will effectively strengthen regional and local science and technology work, effectively integrate central and local science and technology resources, and form a situation of central and local science and technology linkage and coordinated development of science and technology in all regions.
Phase objectives:Cultivate a group of innovative enterprises with independent intellectual property rights, independent brands and sustainable innovation capability;Establish a number of engineering centers and national engineering laboratories in major industrial departments and large and medium-sized enterprises;Support the formation of a number of strategic alliances between industry, university and research.Closely combine the national regional development strategy, build a regional scientific and technological innovation system with different characteristics and complementary advantages, and drive the formation of a number of industrial clusters with regional advantages and local characteristics.Further expand the establishment and improvement of modern scientific research institute system.The basic framework of a national innovation system that adapts to the market economy system and the laws of scientific and technological development and is effective and interactive has been initially formed.
(1) Building a technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body
National science and technology innovation system
Actively give play to the guiding role of economic and scientific and technological policies, and encourage and guide enterprises to truly become the main body of research and development investment, the main body of technological innovation activities, and the main body of application of innovative achievements.Adjust the implementation mechanism of the national science and technology plan, and increase the support of the national science and technology plan for technological innovation of enterprises.Establish an information communication mechanism with enterprises. Relevant national science and technology plans should fully reflect the needs of enterprises and industry development. Project review should involve more enterprise peers.Encourage enterprises to participate in the implementation of national science and technology programs. For major projects with industrialization prospects in major special projects and science and technology programs, give priority to supporting conditional enterprise groups and enterprise alliances to take the lead, or jointly undertake by enterprises, colleges and universities, and scientific research institutes, and establish a new mechanism for project implementation that takes enterprises as the main body and combines production, learning, and research.Implement the "Technology Innovation Guidance Project", support enterprises to establish and improve various research and development institutions, especially encourage large enterprises or leading enterprises in major industries to establish enterprise technology centers, build enterprise technology innovation and industrialization platforms, and strive to form a batch of large backbone enterprises with international competitiveness integrating research and development, design, and manufacturing.We will carry out pilot projects for innovative enterprises and promote the formation of a number of distinctive clusters of innovative enterprises.Attract overseas high-level talents to return home and establish high-tech enterprises.Foreign funded enterprises are encouraged to set up R&D centers in China and strengthen cooperative research.Encourage enterprises to cooperate with scientific research institutes and universities, strengthen the construction of engineering laboratories, engineering centers, enterprise technology centers, and industrial technology alliances, increase the combination of existing research and development bases with enterprises, establish a basic support platform for independent innovation of enterprises, rebuild an effective mechanism for opening and sharing the facade to enterprises, and integrate scientific and technological resources to serve technological innovation of enterprises.We will improve the technology transfer system that conforms to the characteristics of the market economy, take technology transfer as an important part of science and technology plans and the allocation of public science and technology resources, and promote knowledge flow and technology transfer between enterprises and institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions.Create an institutional environment for fair competition among all kinds of enterprises, break the industry and market monopoly, and attach importance to and give play to the role of private scientific and technological enterprises in independent innovation and the development of high-tech industries.The relevant national plans should increase the support for small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises, establish an investment and financing mechanism that meets the innovation needs of small and medium-sized enterprises, establish and improve the platform for information, technology trading and industrialization services that support technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises, and create a good environment to support technological innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises.Deepen the reform of technology development scientific research institutions into enterprises, encourage and support them to play a backbone role in the research, development, application and promotion of common key technologies in the industry, and promote the construction and development of national engineering technology innovation bases.
(2) Building a Knowledge Innovation System with the Organic Combination of Scientific Research and Higher Education
National science and technology innovation system
Deepen the reform of the scientific research system and clarify the responsibilities of different types of scientific research institutions.Focusing on the establishment of an open, mobile, competitive and cooperative operating mechanism, we will explore the implementation of the council system, improve the director responsibility system, expand the management autonomy of scientific research institutions, improve the scientific research management system and establish a modern scientific research institution system.We will promote the classified reform of social public welfare scientific research institutions, raise the per capita service fee standard after the reform acceptance, improve the management and operation mechanism, and form a batch of high-level public welfare scientific research bases that stably serve the national goals.The third phase of the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was implemented to form a group of world-class research institutes in several important fields of basic research and strategic high-tech.Deepen the reform of scientific research management system in colleges and universities, strengthen the combination of scientific and technological innovation and talent training, and build a number of high-level research universities.Guided by national goals and industrial needs, we will further promote the cooperation between scientific research institutes, colleges and enterprises in scientific and technological innovation and talent cultivation, promote resource sharing, and improve the original innovation ability and transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements.According to major national needs, fill in gaps in research fields and build a number of high-level national research bases.Explore and establish a relatively stable support mode for basic research, cutting-edge high-tech research and social welfare research.Research and establish an evaluation index system and regular evaluation mechanism for innovation performance of scientific research institutions with financial support as the main factor, and take the evaluation results as an important basis for adjusting the intensity of financial support.
(3) Build a national defense science and technology innovation system that combines military and civilian efforts and integrates military and civilian efforts
We will deepen the reform of the national defense scientific research system, focus on promoting the overall allocation and effective sharing of military and civilian scientific and technological resources, and build a national defense scientific and technological innovation system that combines military and civilian efforts and integrates military and civilian efforts.Strengthen the coordination of military and civilian science and technology development strategies and policies, take the organization and implementation of major special projects as a breakthrough, coordinate military and civilian science and technology plans, increase the participation of civilian enterprises and scientific research institutions in national defense science and technology plans, and promote the organic connection of military and civilian science and technology from basic research, applied research and development, product design and manufacturing to technology and product procurement.We will strengthen the research and development of dual-use technologies, promote the two-way transfer of military and civilian technology, and promote the industrialization of dual-use technologies.Strengthen the effective integration of military and civilian science and technology resources, and establish a mechanism for effective allocation and reasonable sharing of military and civilian science and technology infrastructure and conditions platform.Accelerate the reform of the system of national defense scientific research institutions, promote the enterprise transformation of qualified national defense scientific research institutions, explore the management mode to promote the integration of military and civilian scientific research, and promote the orderly flow and optimized combination of military and civilian innovative talents.
(4) Building a regional innovation system with different characteristics and advantages
National science and technology innovation system
According to the principles of comprehensive coordination, classified guidance, focusing on characteristics and giving full play to advantages, we should focus on promoting the organic combination of central and local scientific and technological forces, promoting regional close cooperation and interaction, and promoting the rational allocation and efficient use of scientific and technological resources in the region, and build a regional innovation system with different characteristics and advantages around the needs of regional and local economic and social development,We will comprehensively improve regional scientific and technological capabilities.We will strengthen regional science and technology planning, give full play to the guiding role of the central government in allocating resources, coordinate regional science and technology resources, and form a reasonable layout for regional science and technology development.The eastern region will strengthen high-tech research and development and base construction, vigorously promote China's independent innovation capability and industrial technology upgrading and leapfrogging, and form an industry with international competitive advantage;The central region gives full play to its comprehensive regional advantages, focusing on improving the technical level of pillar industries and emerging industries such as agriculture and energy;The western region should comprehensively apply various scientific and technological means to protect and govern the ecological environment, reasonably develop advantageous resources, develop industries with regional characteristics, and form a regional innovation and new economic growth pole;Northeast China should strengthen high-tech transformation of traditional industries, actively develop new industries, and revitalize the old industrial base in northeast China.Promote cross regional innovation cooperation and innovation alliance construction through major project guidance.Give play to the leading role of colleges and universities, scientific research institutions and national high-tech industrial development zones in regional scientific and technological innovation and the radiating role of regional knowledge diffusion;Actively promote the work of scientific and technological innovation pilot cities, and strengthen the driving role of regional central cities in regional innovation activities and the cohesive role of regional scientific and technological resources.We should strengthen the guidance of local science and technology work and strengthen the responsibilities of local science and technology management departments.Integrate central and local science and technology resources, form a mechanism for central and local linkage, and support qualified local organizations to implement major national science and technology projects.Local science and technology work should focus on improving the ability of independent innovation, strengthening the transformation and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, accelerating the popularization and application of advanced and applicable technologies, and promoting the development of local advantages and characteristic industries and social progress.Deeply implement the action plan of enriching the people and strengthening the county through science and technology, strengthen the support for the construction of county (city) science and technology information platform and other basic scientific and technological conditions, strengthen the county (city) science and technology services and support capabilities, improve the county (city) science and technology institutions, and promote the construction of grass-roots science and technology teams.
National science and technology innovation system
(5) Build a socialized and networked science and technology intermediary service system
In accordance with the principle of combining government promotion with market regulation, development with standardization, comprehensive promotion with classified guidance, and professional division of labor with networked cooperation, we will focus on promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and strengthening innovative services, and build a socialized and networked science and technology intermediary service system.Formulate and issue tax policies to support the development of science and technology intermediaries, and establish an operating mechanism and policy and regulatory environment conducive to the development of various science and technology intermediaries.Encourage diversified ownership investors to participate in science and technology intermediary services, and give full play to the important role of colleges and universities, scientific research institutions and various associations in science and technology intermediary services.Rely on intermediary agencies to improve management and services as an important part of transforming government functions, and actively entrust qualified scientific and technological intermediary agencies to organize and implement the work that can be undertaken by scientific and technological intermediary services.By means of task entrustment, we will foster key technology intermediaries and play an exemplary and leading role.Vigorously carry out training work to improve the professional level and quality of employees of science and technology intermediaries.Strengthen the construction of industry associations, and give full play to the service and coordination functions of industry associations in promoting technological innovation.Strengthen the popularization and application of advanced and applicable technologies, accelerate the reform and innovation of agricultural technology popularization system, and encourage various agricultural science and education institutions and social forces to participate in diversified agricultural technology popularization services.
Construction opinions
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On September 23, 2012, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Scientific and Technological System and Accelerating the Construction of the National Innovation System.The full text is as follows: In order to accelerate the construction of an innovative country, fully implement the Outline of the National Medium and Long term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020) (hereinafter referred to as the Outline of the Science and Technology Plan), and give full play to the role of science and technology in supporting and guiding economic and social development, the following opinions are put forward on deepening the reform of the science and technology system and accelerating the construction of the national innovation system.[1]
