synonymReclaiming land from the sea(Reclamation of land from the sea) Generally refers to reclamation of land from the sea
ReclamationIt is the oldest way for human beings to use ocean space.The purpose of the study is to use the research results of relevant mathematical models, combined with the current situation of the marine ecological environment in the project area, to analyze the impact on the ecological environment and fishery resources after the formation of the reclamation project due to the project's occupation of wetlands and the change of hydrodynamic conditions in the surrounding waters.
On April 16, 2018,Department of Land and Resources of Guangdong ProvinceThe Notice on Several Issues of Strengthening Land Use and Management of Reclamation Land (the Notice for short) was issued, and reclamation activities must be included in the overall land use planning.[1]
Chinese name
Reclamation
Interpretation
The oldest way for humans to use ocean space
Purpose
Analyze the impact of land building project on ecological environment
total area
Impact on ecological environment and fishery resources
NetherlandsThe sequelae of reclamation: the groundwater level was destroyed;Many natural plants and animals are drastically reduced.
DutchReturning farmland to the seaPlan (to transform 240000 hectares of land, 10% of the existing farmland in the country, into marshes, lakes and oceans)
Recently, there has been an upsurge of reclaiming land from the sea and asking for land from the sea in developed coastal areas. For example, the environmental impact of Tianjin Lingang Industrial Zone Phase I 20 square kilometer reclamation project has passed the assessment of experts from the National Academy of Engineering, and the Phase I reclamation project has officially started.This sea reclamation project will eventually build 50 square kilometers of land, which is the largest urban land reclamation expansion project in China.The first phase project is located in the beach area on the south side of the estuary of Tanggu Haihe River, bounded by Haiphong Road on the west side and Haihekou Nanzhi Traverse on the north side. It is 5 kilometers long from east to west, 4 kilometers wide from south to north, and has an area of 20 square kilometers, forming 6.5 square kilometers of usable land.Another example is the Pearl River Estuary and other places in Guangdong. Since the 1980s, nearly 20000 hectares of land have been reclaimed from the sea. 80% of the land in Panyu District of Guangzhou City has been reclaimed from the sea for generations.
Reclaiming land from the sea for urban construction and industrial and agricultural production has effectively alleviated the contradiction between economic development and the lack of construction land. But behind this upsurge, we should think calmly. Are we right?It is undeniable that our purpose of reclaiming land from the sea is very clear: to pursue the growth of output value and profits, and increase material wealth. If we do not recognize or recognize the value of the environment itself and adopt the mode of exchanging economic growth at the cost of damaging the environment, is our approach a bit eager for quick success and instant benefit?Are we responsible for future generations?
The Notice requires strengthening the planning and control of reclamation, strictly controlling reclamation activities, and specifying that reclamation projects need to be included in the overall land use planning and urban and rural planning.
The notice is divided into five aspects: First, the general land use planning andMarine functional zoningIt shall not exceed the indicators of the reclamation plan for construction issued by the state;Second, strictly regulate the requirements for the review and completion acceptance of reclamation projects, and clarify that reclamation projects need to be included in the overall land use planning and urban and rural planning;Third, all coastal areas are required to timely carry out zero meter line adjustment and coastline survey on reclaimed land to ensure that the zero meter line is consistent with the coastline;The fourth is to clarify the rules for the confirmation and registration of land reclamation;Fifth, all coastal areas are required to strengthen law enforcement and supervision of land reclamation.
The Notice emphasized that reclamation activities should be strictly controlled and that reclamation without actual demand should be resolutely prohibited.The first concern is that the review must be included in the overall land use planning and urban and rural planning. When reviewing reclamation projects, the marine department should seek the opinions of the land department and the urban and rural planning department, focusing on whether reclamation projects are included in the overall land use planning and urban and rural planning as required.The second concern is that whether it is included in the overall land use plan must be reviewed again during the completion acceptance, otherwise it will not pass the acceptance.[1]
Related cases
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Jisibao high-precision measurement RTK G970
The reclamation project of Donggangchi in Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone is a key project in Tianjin Binhai New Area, and the reclamation project is entering a critical moment.JisibaoHigh precision measurement RTKG970 participated in the reclamation project and completed the fine survey work of measuring the distribution points, road setting out, exploration positioning and construction survey, and route control survey in the project.After completion of the project, it will be used for the relocation of Tianjin Port Bulk Logistics Center to South Port and the investment and construction of Sinopec GroupLNG TerminalProvide construction foundation to open the South Port and build aliquified natural gasHeadstreamCircular economy industry chainLay the foundation.
Tianjin Nangang Industrial Park Channel and Basin Dredging Combined with Reclamation Land Project started construction in 2010. The total land area of the project is 8.0909 million square meters, which is about 1133 standard football fields as the reserve land for the Nangang Industrial Park project.Both projects are located in the east side of the west harbor basin of Tianjin Nangang Industrial Zone, and the construction contents include harbor basin dredging, reclamation and land reclamation, and foundation treatment.The port of Nangang Industrial Park is positioned as a "world-class heavy chemical industry and port complex", with a spatial structure of "one zone, one belt and five parks". It will be built into a comprehensive and integrated modern industrial port in the future, with the development of petrochemical and metallurgical equipment manufacturing as the leading role, the undertaking of major industrial projects as the key point, and the port logistics industry compatible with industrial development as the support.
In the reclamation project, it is indispensable to apply modern high-precision surveying technology.In short, real-time RTK (Real TimeKinematic) is composed of GPS signal receiver, data real system and data real-time processing system.In RTK working modeGPS receiverIt is placed on a point with precise coordinates, and its observation values and station coordinate information are transmitted to the mobile station in a special data format through the data link. The mobile station receives data from the reference station through the data link, collects GPS observation data, forms differential observation values in the system for real-time processing, and provides the three-dimensional positioning results of the observation station in the specified coordinate system instantaneously,The measurement accuracy is up to centimeter level.Real time display of precise geographical data can better guide staff to carry out subsequent control survey, setting out, delimitation, exploration and other work, greatly improving the project progress and accuracy.
Reclaiming land from the sea reduces the tidal range of the sea water, reduces the scouring capacity of the tide, reduces the tidal capacity in the port, and also weakens the self purification capacity of the sea water, leading to the worsening of the water quality. In addition, the land reclaimed from the sea is mainly used for urban construction and industrial and agricultural production, and there are many pollutants, especially various sewage discharged directly into the sea, which greatly increases the possibility of eutrophication of the sea water,Thus, the probability of red tide may also be greatly increased, which will bring great harm to coastal mariculture and marine fishery production.
Causing floods
In the summer of 1994, a 200 year flood occurred in South China, but meteorologists said that the precipitation was not very large, because the land reclaimed from the sea blocked part of the river channels into the sea, affecting the discharge of the flood. At the same time, the internal waterlogging caused by the flood made more surface water seep underground, and the reclamation from the sea blocked some natural outlets,As a result, local groundwater level has risen. In recent years, it has been found that many building foundations in Guangzhou and Shenzhen have been soaked by groundwater, which has even led to building cracks, basement water inflow and other phenomena related to the rise of groundwater level.
Destroy mangroves
Mangrove, known as "marine forest", is a unique woody plant community in intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical coastal areas. Its ecosystem has many functions, such as sediment deposition, acceleration of land formation, purification of the sea, prevention of red tide, fresh air, greening the environment, etc. It can also provide a habitat, feeding and breeding place for fish, invertebrates and birds,Therefore, it is also the area with the richest biodiversity, known as the paradise of fish, shrimp, crab and shellfish, and the peaceful nest of birds.In the past 40 years, the area of mangroves in China has sharply decreased from 48300 hectares to 15100 hectares, mostly due to the destruction of land reclamation. The sharp reduction of mangrove resources has resulted in the deterioration of the coastal ecological environment, the increasingly serious coastal land erosion, the increased loss of typhoon surge, the overall decline of offshore pearl breeding industry, the shrimp breeding outbreak in the beach, the reduction of forest and offshore fishery resources, and so on.
Destroy ecological balance
It has changed the natural landscape of the coastal zone and destroyed the ecological balance.Unreasonable reclamation of land from the sea has destroyed the coastal natural landscape environment, destroyed the marine biological chain, sharply reduced marine life, and caused ecological environment and socio-economic problems. Many natural environments in the bay have changed due to unreasonable reclamation of land from the sea, which has seriously damaged the ecological environment of its habitat, leading to the destruction of the original biological community structure and the reduction of species.For example, due to the reclamation of the North Sea to build a port, the reclamation of land, the shortening of the shoreline, the shrinking of the bay body, the increase of the proportion of artificial beaches, the disappearance of shoals, the reduction of the natural degree of the coast, the damage to the ecological environment of living things, the reduction of marine catches and the reduction of many species.Recently, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong vetoed the project of reclaiming land from the sea in Wanchai, on the grounds that sailboats and ferries often come and go in this area, which is a natural landscape of Hong Kong and should be protected.
harm
The consequences of unreasonable reclamation of land from the sea have shown signs in some areas of China.Zhoushan City is located at the junction of the Yangtze River, the Yongjiang River and the Qiantang River. The sea water is muddy and yellow all the year round, and the channel silts up increasingly.In recent years, during the development and construction of Zhoushan City, some major land reclamation projects such as Putuo Donggang Development Zone Project and Liuheng Xiaoguo Ju have been reportedReclaiming land from the seaThe method of shifting mountains and reclaiming sea and reclaiming land from the sea is widely used in the project, fishing wave reclamation project, etc. This method has changed the flow rate, flow direction and relevant hydrological conditions of tidal currents between islands to a certain extent, and has artificially exacerbated the siltation of sea channels.In addition, as we all know, Zhoushan Islands is one of the four largest fishing grounds in China, but in recent years, the fishery resources have declined sharply, one of the reasons is the continuous deterioration of the marine environment.Every reef and beach in Zhoushan Islands waters are important migration habitats for fish. Once the terrain and landform below sea level change or are destroyed, it will directly affect the habitat of fish and destroy the migration law of fish.The large-scale reclamation of land from the sea is just like a homing pigeon that is unable to return to its habitat when encountering magnetic field changes for marine migratory fish.
The channel of Shantou Port in Guangdong has gradually silted up due to the reclamation of land from the sea in its inner bay over the years. From the 1950s to the 1980s alone, Shantou Bay was encircled to nearly 70 square kilometers, resulting in the reduction of tidal inflow from 296 million cubic meters in 1956 to 150 million cubic meters in the 1980s, resulting in the obvious slowdown and silting of the flow in the channel outside the estuary.Later, the construction of the outer diversion dike with huge investment still had little effect. Due to the restriction of the channel depth, 10000 ton seagoing ships had to find another Guang'ao Bay outside the bay mouth as a new deep-water port in recent years.
For a long time since the Holocene transgression, Xiamen Bay has been a compound bay with excellent natural conditions. Its main body is Dongdu Bay, and the total area of Mazu Bay, Xinglin Bay, Wutong Bay, etc. exceeds 135 square kilometers. Although the main channel of Xiamen Bay has been silted up rapidly due to factors such as the increase of 3.5 times of sediment from Longjiang River into the sea and the eastward movement of estuary shoals in the past 50 years,However, the Gaoji seawall built in the early 1950s greatly weakened the tidal power of Xiamen Bay. After the reclamation of Xinglin and other bays, the sea area was reduced by nearly half, and the tidal volume was reduced by 45%, resulting in an average annual siltation of 30cm in the main channel to the north and south of Gulangyu Island from 1974 to 1993.
From the above examples, it can be seen that the unreasonable reclamation of land from the sea has accelerated the pace of economic construction, which seems to be a development path of "relying on the mountain and the sea", but it seriously ignores the safety of our environment and marine ecology.In recent years, the continuous deterioration of our terrestrial and marine ecological environment has attracted worldwide attention. However, the number of ecological destruction events around us is increasing.The reason is nothing more than being driven by economic interests. Although the relevant departments chant the slogan of protecting the ecological environment every year, they are still keen on doing those "undertakings" that damage the ecological environment.
How to treat
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There are many typical cases abroad on how to look at reclamation and how to protect our marine environment, which is worth thinking deeply.
In our neighbor South Korea, there is a huge land reclamation project - the New Wanjin Plan. This land reclamation project plans to build a 33 km long dam in the bay between the mountains and Fu'an on the west coast of South Korea. It will reject seawater outside the dam, create 28300 hectares of good farmland, store 11800 hectares of fresh water lake surface, and produce 140000 tons of food annually.This project with extraordinary benefits has been given a very attractive name, "New Wanjin Enterprise".Following its name,New Wanjin ProjectRegardless of its scale and expected benefits, it is one of the few single projects of reclaiming land from the sea in the world today.However, this project intercepts two rivers entering the sea, and its great change to nature is also obvious.
New Wanjin Project
It has been 12 years since the new Wanjin project was started. During this period, the government led by four presidents, namely Roh Tae woo, Kim Yong san, Kim Dae jung and Roh Moo hyun, has successively invested more than 10000 billion won (about 1180 won for 1 US dollar).With the completion of more than half of the total amount of works, there were political sighs, civil protests, and Nabaru, the chairman of the "Friends of the Earth" international headquarters, one of the three major environmental protection groups in the world, also rushed to Seoul to request the shutdown of the new Wanjin project. The Korean government also had different opinions on the new Wanjin project, and the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Marine Fisheries showed yellow cards,The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry insisted on green light release.
Many countries have reclamation projects from the sea.This kind of project has both advantages and disadvantages.Benefiting people can produce more fields, increase grain and millet;The disadvantage is to destroy the ecology and pollute the environment.The contradiction between the development of production and the protection of the environment is acute. It is difficult to choose which is more important.South Korea's new Wanjin reclamation project is precisely in this kind of advantages and disadvantages between the hard start, intermittent, before and after the toss for more than 10 years.Recently, the Seoul Administrative Court of South Korea accepted the petition of the environmental protection group and ruled that the Xinwanjin reclamation project was suspended.As a result, unfinished projects such as the Long Embankment, which has been invested heavily, face a new choice of developing production or protecting the environment.South Korea's Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, Jin Yongzhen, submitted his resignation because he was dissatisfied with the court's decision to stop the project. President Roh Moo hyun approved his resignation after repeatedly failing to detain him.A reclamation project forced senior government officials to resign, which not only reflected the contradiction between man and nature, but also reflected people's different ideas on the use of nature.The trade-off between production and environmental protection, immediate interests and long-term interests will be accompanied by the controversy caused by the new Wanjin project.The final verdict of the court may not necessarily represent the attribution of truth, but protecting nature while developing economy will be an eternal theme.
The most successful example of reclaiming land from the sea is the Netherlands, which has been reclaiming land from the sea for hundreds of years. A quarter of its land is "taken" from the sea, which is recognized as a feat of human beings to defeat nature.However, the Dutch government is currently pursuing such a grand plan: to restore the land reclaimed from the sea to the original wetland. The Natural Policy Plan formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1990 is a very grand plan. It takes 30 years to restore the nature of the country, which can also be called the national policy.This policy is to protect the animals and plants that have been drastically reduced due to the influence of reclamation of land from the sea, and to add a beautiful scenery to the people's life by restoring the past landscape.The "ecological corridor" in the plan is to restore the past wetlands and waterside chain, and establish a 250 km long "wetland centered ecosystem zone" from north to south.Why do we have to enclose the land belt?One of the reasons is that in recent years, the sequelae of reclamation of land from the sea continue to appear, such as polder salinization, coastal erosion, species reduction... These reasons urge the Dutch government to make a determination to restore wetlands and strive to explore a new way to coexist with water.
Development is the absolute principle
The Scientific Outlook on Development tells us that it is wrong to understand "taking economic construction as the center" as taking simple economic growth as the center, and "development is the absolute principle" as taking GDP growth as the absolute principle. It believes that as long as the economy grows, problems in ecological environment, national education, public health, social justice and other aspects can be naturally solved,Facts have proved that without the development of education, culture, politics and society, there would be no real economic growth and development;In exchange for the rapid economic development at the expense of the above development, the society will fall into disorder and crisis.To adhere to sustainable development is to promote harmony between man and nature, realize the coordination between economic development and population, resources and environment, follow the path of civilized development with production development, rich life and good ecology, and ensure that the needs of contemporary people are not met at the expense of future generations.Economic growth should consider the rational use of natural resources, and we should not oppose reclamation of land from the sea, but we must not let it go and blindly reclaim land. We must not neglect the protection of the marine and land environment. If we strive to develop and prosper the local economy at the expense of our living environment, it would be tantamount to killing the goose that lays the golden egg and drinking poison to quench thirst,Will be punished by nature.
