Uighur Khanate

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synonym Huihe Khanate (Ancient countries) generally refers to the Uighur Khanate

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Uighur Khanate (744^[2] - 840 years^[1] ）, also known as the Huihe Khanate. It was established by Yaoluoge Department of Huihe Tribe. Huihe people Mainly nomadic, living by water and grass. The Huihe people (also known as Weihe) mainly lived in Orhun River and Tula River The river basin, at the beginning of the 7th century Selenge River Watershed. 646 AD (Tang Dynasty Zhenguan 20 years), Huihe cooperation Tang Jun Attack and destroy Xue Yantuo , the power became stronger, the leader Yao Luoge Emetic coma Calling itself Khan, it was soon destroyed, and generally did not take it as the symbol of the establishment of the Huihe Khanate. From the end of the 7th century to the beginning of the 8th century, East Turkic Of Silent sipping of sweat Qiangsheng seized the original hometown of Tiele. Under its pressure, some Uighurs crossed desert get into Hexi Corridor 。 Later, when the East Turks became weak, the chief medicine Luoge Gu Li Pei Luo In 744, he defeated the Turks and took possession of North of the Gobi desert ， establish The Khanate once helped Tang Ping“ An Shi Rebellion ”And recover the two capitals. When the territory is the largest, the territory is connected to the east Murakami , west to Jinshan (Today Altai Mountains ）, span south desert , north to the north sea (Today Lake Baikal ）Defeat in 840 Xiegas 。 It was founded 97 years ago.

Chinese name: Uighur Khanate
Foreign name: Uyghur Khaganate
Abbreviation: Huihe
State: Asia
official language: Turkic (Uighur)

Political system: monarchy
National leaders: Medicine Luoge Guli Peiluo
Major ethnic groups: Huihe
Major religions: Shamanism 、 Manichaeism 、 Buddhism 、 Islamism
Establishment time: 744
Time of extinction: 840 years

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five Huairen Khan
six Uighur monarch list

Ethnic Introduction

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The Huihe Khanate, an ancient northern and northwestern ethnic group in China. Original name Huihe sweat ， Tang Dezong Renamed when Uighur 。 In the early Tang Dynasty, North of the Gobi desert There are nine surname Tiele, and the Uighur is one of them.

The Uighur tribal alliance was led by Yaoluoge, and the later Uighur khans mostly came from this clan. Pasturing in Xian'e River (also known as Whirling water , Seleng River in Mongolia today) and Wenkun River in Mongolia today Orhun River ）Watershed. Huihe people use Turkic Luni, faith primitive religion Shamanism 。

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the Uighurs were ruled by the Turkic regime. 605 AD (Sui Dynasty The first year of Daye ）, Uighur Union Bokor When the tribes revolted, they finally got rid of the rule of Turks and became stronger. In 646 AD (the 20th year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty), the Uighurs cooperated Tang Jun Attack and destroy Xue Yantuo Regime Emetic coma He called himself Khan and accepted the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty, where the Tang Dynasty divided six prefectures and seven states.

Uighur women's clothing in the middle and late Tang Dynasty

In 744 AD (the third year of Tianbao), Uighur chief Gu Li Pei Luo He established himself as a khan and established the Uighur regime. At that time, the area controlled by the Uighurs was from the east to today Erguna River , West to present Altai Mountains , the power is becoming stronger and stronger. In 840 AD, the Uighur regime was Xiegas After the overthrow, most Uighurs migrated westward. Move to Congling To the west, one branch moved to the Hexi Corridor and established Ganzhou Uighur Khanate , one group moved to Xizhou (today's Turpan, Xinjiang). Xizhou Uighur And develop westward to Gaochang (today's Turpan, Xinjiang) as the center, established the Gaochang Uighur regime, another branch Uighur People in Kashgar Established Karahan Dynasty 。

Turkic and Uighur languages Altaic Turkic language subfamily 。 Turks created their own characters, using animal names as symbols to calculate the year. Before the Tang Dynasty Mongolian Plateau Most belong to Turki The world. Both Turkic and Uighur grassland nobles tried to strengthen their influence on eastern Inner Mongolia Cathayan 、 Murakami one Daheng Under the rule of man, there were officials in Khitan and Shiwei.

Post Turkic He also seems to have migrated to the Xing'an Mountains. When the Turkic and Uighur forces entered the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, they opened the door to the north and south of the desert to the Shiwei and Dalat tribes. Both Turks and Uighurs had an impact on the economy and culture of the Shiwei Tata people.

Development history

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Before the founding of the country

The Uighur Khanate in the 7-8th Century

The predecessor of the Huihe Khanate Chile It was first distributed in the third century BC Lake Baikal The tribal consortium to the south. The tribe group includes Dili, Chile, Tiele Ding Ling And other names are transliterations of the same pronunciation. Due to the use of a cart with "high wheels and maximum spokes", it is also called High car 。 These tribes share Yuan He 、 Xue Yantuo 、 Titular Wait for 15.

In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yuan He in the East Tiele was nomadic Orhun River And the Selenge River basin, and under the rule of the Turkic khanate. It was called Weihe in the Sui Dynasty The first year of Daye , Yuan He Department, because of resisting the oppression of Turks Sedentary 、 Tongluo 、 Baikal And so on to form an alliance, collectively known as Huihe.

Founding the country

In the third year of Tang Tianbao (744 AD) Gu Li Pei Luo With the cooperation of the army of the Tang Dynasty, the Uighur League, the leader, overthrew the Turkic khanate and established the Uighur khanate in Mobei Orhun River In the basin, the residents are still nomadic. In the Tang Dynasty, the Uighur people took the meaning of "as fast as the Uighur" and changed it into Uighur 。

Prosperity

After the Huihe Khan became a state, the Huihe people had a good relationship with the Tang Dynasty because of their historical relationship, unlike other people nomadic people Most of the established regimes harassed and plundered the agricultural countries. Huihe once helped Tang Pingding An Shi Rebellion 。 When the territory was the largest, it bordered Shiwei in the east, Jinshan (now Altay Mountain) in the west, and across the desert in the south.

Exterminate the country

During the hundred years when the Tang Dynasty united with the Uighurs to fight against Tubo, the Uighur Khan accepted the title conferred by the Tang Dynasty emperor in the name of the Khan. In fact, he often acted with arrogance and disrespect. The Uighurs used Manichaeism as their religion, so they forced the Tang Dynasty to set up Manichaeism temples in the central plains, allowing Manichaeism mages to preach freely. In the long-term silk horse trade between the two countries, the Uighurs often used inferior horses as good horses in exchange for superior Tang silk. In 840 AD, the Uighur khanate was defeated by its northern Xiajiasi people, and 100000 elite troops died in battle. The Uighur Wujie Khan asked to go south to the Central Plains and take Hetao Tiande Army at the southern foot of Yinshan Mountain as the place for its troops to live in, which was resolutely rejected by the Tang Dynasty. Wujie Khan then led 300000 people to invade south, while the Tang Dynasty faced the Uighurs who were no longer powerful, and it was just the old and new hatred that settled together! In 842 AD, Li Deyu, the famous prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, mobilized troops from Youzhou, Zhenwu and Hedong in the north, and took the opportunity to rebel against the Khitan, Xi and other tribes of the Uighurs, forming a coalition army to fight against the Uighurs. The battle of Yuyang, Youzhou Festival Envoy Zhang Zhongwu sent his younger brother Zhang Zhongzhi to lead 30000 elite troops to wipe out the Lenajesi tribe, the Uighur general, killed and captured 90000 Uighur troops, surrendered 30000, captured more than 1000 Uighur princes and nobles, and captured countless cattle, horses, camels; In the battle to kill Hushan, Shi Xiong, the governor of Linzhou in Hedong Town, led his troops out at night to break through Wujie Khan's tooth tent, defeat 200000 of his Khan's pro army, behead 10000 people and reduce more than 20000 people of his tribe. After the two wars, all the Uighur tribes were afraid. More than 30000 people from seven Uighur tribes, including the Princess Mijiekedun, surrendered to Youzhou Town, and five Uighur tribes, including the Uighur Prime Minister and Shangshu, surrendered to Zhenwu Town. At this time, the 100000 remaining soldiers of Wujie Khan had become frightened birds. When he heard of the Tang army's horseshoes, he was afraid. When Liu Mian, the governor of Hedong, sent an army to attack, they dared not answer the battle and fled to the northeast. They had been wandering, hungry and frozen for more than a year, and the people kept dispersing. At last, Wujie Khan was killed because of internal strife. It was said that Chang'an was the head of the army. When the rest of the people begged for surrender to Youzhou Town, Only three thousand people remained. The Uighur khanate, which had ruled the Mobei grassland for a hundred years, was destroyed.

Westward migration

Moving westward in three ways: one move Turpan Basin , called Gaochang Uighur or Xizhou Uighur 。 The Uighurs in Xizhou moved westward in the 9th century A.D Uighur One branch. Also called Gaochang Uighur , Beiting Uighurs, Hezhou Uighurs, and Asaran Uighurs. Its jurisdiction extends eastward Hami , West to Kuqa , Nanda khotan , North Vietnam Tianshan Mountain 。 The capital is located in Gaochang (Today Xinjiang Turpan East). The king called Asaran Khan, which means Disney's The Lion King (renamed later Iduq-qut )。 Living in Gaochang in winter and Beiting in summer (today's Xinjiang Jimsar Broken city). Mainly engaged in agriculture and planting Grains , cotton, melons and fruits (especially grapes).

It also engages in animal husbandry. Irrigation is unique to Kaner well famous. implement feudal serfdom , between tenancy 。 He believes in Buddhism and also serves Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism. Text usage Uighur , Good song and dance , proficient in woodcut printing and Mural art 。 From the 10th century to eleventh century It was closely related to the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. twelfth century Initial subordination Western Liao Dynasty 。 Attached at the beginning of the 13th century Great Mongolia 。 fourteenth century Since the 1920s Chagatai Khanate 。 In the late 17th century Junggar Ministry Occupation. eighteenth century Angelica mesophylla Qing Dynasty have jurisdiction over.

One shift Congling The Xichu River area is called Western Uighur in Congling 。 One shift Hexi Corridor , said Hexi Uighur Later, he became a native of Hexi, which is now Yugur 。 Among them, the first two Uighurs who settled in Xinjiang and Central Asia have developed into today's Uygur ethnic group People. Yugur You call yourself yughur in your own language, Uighurs Call yourself uyghur 。 It was in the 1950s and 1960s that they were separate Being of two nationalities.

historical background

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According to the records in the New Book of the Tang Dynasty - Biography of the Uighurs, the person who first unified the Uighur clans was called Shi Jian Irkin 。 Shi Jian waits for Jin's son bodhisattva He is an important figure in the history of the Huihe nationality. When Shi Jian died, the whole clan jointly recommended him as Khan. In the Bodhisattva and his mother Wuluohun Under the leadership of Huihe, Huihe became stronger rapidly. In 629 AD, Huihe and the Tang Dynasty for the first time Politics 、 Economics Contact occurs in the aspects. In 630, Huihe established their ruling center on the bank of Tula River. Later, the leader of Huihe Emetic coma Inherited the cause of Bodhisattva. And assisted the Tang Dynasty in its attack in June 646 Xue Yantuo 。 Leader Xue Yantuo Domi Khan He was defeated and killed by vomit. Vomity calls itself Khan. In August of the same year, Tumidu led 13 troops in Tiele, South Vietnam Helan Mountain, reaching the north bank of the Yellow River, expressed willingness to serve in the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, he was granted the title of Huaihua Grand General , concurrently the governor of Hanhai; The Tang government set up“ Hanhai Dudu Mansion ”The government has 6 prefectures and 7 prefectures, and the government has governors and prefectures Assassin ； It also built trunk roads from Huihe to the Tang Dynasty inland. In October 648, the Uighur Khanate was in turmoil. Tang Yanran City House Guard Vice- Patronage Yuan Lichen calmed down the Uighur Rebellion and established Ye Midu's son Po Run It is Huihe Khan. As a result, the Huihe Khanate returned to stability.

Uighur script

In 651 AD, 50000 Huihe cavalries helped the Tang army break through West Turkic 。 In 661 AD, Poran, the leader of Huihe, led the people to participate in the battle of the Tang Dynasty Korea The war. Po Run After his death, his descendants Bilberry 、 Monopolytic branch 、 Fudi Crouching 、 Inheritance , Huyun, etc. have successively become the leaders of Huihe. In the second half of the 7th century, Huihe and some Turkic The tribe grew stronger in the war and became one of the powerful ethnic groups in the Mongolian grassland. In the second half of the seventh century, East Turkic offspring Restoration , construction Post Turkic Country. Its jurisdiction is located in the north of present-day Shanxi and the south of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Yellow River To Hebei Yuxian County After the belt, it attacks northward Huihe people Activity Center of Orhun River Wudejian Mountain. Huihe people were defeated, some moved to Tula River Most of the river basins belong to Turks.

Build ups and downs

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The Huihe Khanate was attached to the Tang Dynasty and later Turkic combat. At the beginning of the 8th century, the struggle of the Huihe nationality against the Turkic ruling group reached a climax. In 734 AD, Huihe and Basmyl 、 Qarluq Take advantage of the chaos within the Turkic ruling group to become independent. In 742 AD, Huihe, Bazimi and Geluolu jointly attacked and killed Turks Bone Dulu Yabgu , and appointed Sheikh Zimi Khan. In 744 AD, Huihe leader Gu Li Pei Luo Ye Hupo pulls out the Khan of the secret department and stands on his own Guchulu Pilga Khan. Tang calls Guli Pero Khan. In 745, the Huihe River disappeared Post Turkic Khanate The Huihe Khanate was established. The capital is Ouerbali, and the other "East Polar Shi Wei, West Jinshan Mountain, South Desert, Ancient Hun Land" (New Book of Tang · Biography of Uighurs). In 756, Huihe sent troops to help Tang Ping An History Rebellion , recover Chang'an And Luoyang. In 759, the Tang Dynasty granted the Huihe Gelekhan (the son of Guli Peluo) the title of "the heroic and powerful Pijiaque Khan", Suzong As a young girl Princess Ning Marry. Gorkhan made the princess Kerdun 。 In 762, Mou Yu Khan (son of Geler Khan) sent troops to help Tang Ping Shi Chaoyi In the chaos, Luoyang and Hebei were recovered. In 763, the Tang Dynasty granted Mouyu Khan the title of the Pilga Khan (also known as the Dengli Khan), who had made meritorious contributions to the Tang Dynasty. 780, Tang Dynasty Dunmohe by Wuyi Success Khan. In 788, Tang Dezong To marry the Daughter of Wei'an to Dunmohe Khan. In the same year, please change "Huihe" to“ Uighur ”, which means "whirling as fast as the Uighurs" (New Tang Book, Uighur Biography). In 812 A.D., the Uighurs Baoyi Khan The pro unification army passed Beiting qiuci , Big Break Tubo 、 Qarluq and Xiegas Alliance, occupy the Seven River Basin Zhenzhu River (Today Syr River ）, Bahe River (today Fergana ）Etc. Control the whole Junggar Basin and Congling Chu River Basin in the west. Moreover, it controlled the "Silk Road", an important transportation route for trade between the East and the West, and conducted silk horse trade with the Tang Dynasty. In 840 AD (the fifth year of the Kaicheng period of the Tang Dynasty), the Uighur canal chief (Biejiang) recorded that Mohe introduced Xiegas 10 Wanqi Attack the Uighurs, kill the khans, and burn the capital Harabalahassen. from Gu Li Pei Luo The Huihe khanate that was founded existed for about a century (AD 744-840).

Huairen Khan

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Ancestors of Huairen Khan

Huairen Khan (A.D. - 747) Gu Li Pei Luo He was the founder and founder of the Huihe Khanate, and played an important role in the history of the development of Huihe. Post Turkic When rising, some Huihe people In the Tang Dynasty in Nantou, he was placed in the Hexi Corridor. Hulu, the father of Guli Peiluo, was the leader of this Huihe descendant. As he once encouraged the people to kill the ministers of the Tang Dynasty who framed the Huihe people, Hu Shu defected to the post Turks.

Guli Perot counterbalances post Turkic

In 742, Gu Li Pei Luo Led the Huihe Department, united Qarluq 、 Basmyl Defeat of other departments Post Turkic The army. The next year, Guli Perot defeated the Turks again, captured and killed the Turks Usumish Khan 。 The Tang Dynasty made him King Fengyi. Shortly afterwards, Gu Li Pei Luo joined forces with the Geluolu Department to attack and kill Batumi Khan, and became a Khan on his own. 745（ Trimble Four years), the last leader of post Turks White browed Khan cover Gu Li Pei Luo Attack and kill, and then the Turks completely perished.

Honored Huairen Khan

Gu Li Pei Luo After independence as a khan, Huihe became the strongest tribe in Mobei. In order to make some big tribes like Qarluq 、 Basmyl After obeying, he immediately sent an envoy Chang'an Request to be canonized. 745 AD (the fourth year of Tianbao) tang xunzong Canonize him as Huairen Khan 。 After receiving the support and recognition of the Tang Dynasty government, Huihe became the overlord of Mobei, and the status of the Huihe khanate was officially established.

Uighur monarch list

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Tikin Arkin bodhisattva Emetic coma 　 Po Run 　 Bilberry (Blistering Chestnut Poison) Dujie Youfudi Crawler Inheritance 　 Subdue the Emperor Huairen Sweat Drug Luoge Gu Li Pei Luo Ge Le Khan Drug Luo Ge Mo Yan Sipping Mou Yu Khan Medicinal Luoge Earthmoving key 　 Wuyi Successful Sweating Drug Luoge Dunmohe 　 Loyal Khan Medicine Luogeduoluo Fengcheng Khan Medicine Luoge Axi 　 Huaixin Khan Medicinal Luoge Bone Dulu Tengli Yehe Gulu Pilga Khan Baoyi Khan 　 Chongde Khan 　 Zhaoli Khan Yaoluoge Satler Zhangxin Khan Medicated Rogge Hutler Don't recommend the public Don't introduce the khanate Rogge Wuhitler Curl Khan 　 Hexi Uighur ( Ganzhou Uighur ）Heroic khanates, Luoge Ren, Yujing, Qiong, Ye Luo, and Mi Li, are loyal to Baode khanates, Luoge, Ye Luo, and Huai, a pacifying khanates, Luoge, Ye Luo, and Ge Ge, Ye Luo, and Ge Ge, Ye Luo, and Ge Ge, Ye Luo, and Ge Ge, Ye Luo, and Ge Ge, Ye Luo, and Ge Ge, are home-made to Baozhong and Shun khanates, and smooth Baoguo, Ye Luo, Ye Luo, Ye Luo, and Ye Luo, Yi Lugle, Yasu Kucha Uighur Lu wins Zhihai (son of Zhihai) Allenzaro Lala Khan（ Congling Uighur 、 Black sweat Hakaniya) Anterior Lara Khan Pigaque, Kadirkhanbazil Sudan Shatuk Bagrahan Bayitash Kerim Arim Saahmad Mansur Akhmakadeer Khan (Yusuf) Suleiman 　 Sirrah Khan 　 Mohammed Ibrahim Nasser Buzil Ahmad Yagubo Ahmad Masoud Sulaiman bin Dawtima Heimu Hasan Ter Mohammed bin Sulaiman Ahmad Ibrahim II Mahmu Ibrahim III Chagrehan (Ali) Masoud II Bone Dulu Vijahan Mohamed Ibrahim Ben Hussein Ben Hassan Osman Donglala Khan Suleiman Mohammed Ibrahim Mahmoud Omar Hasan 　 Arid Ibrahim II Xizhou Uighur (Gaochang Uighur) 　 Fu Gujun 　 Bilco

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