Extremophiles, or extremophiles, are organisms that can (or need to) grow and reproduce in "extreme" environments, usuallyUnicellular organism。The definition of "extreme" environment is anthropocentric, but for these creatures themselves, these environments are very common.In other words, strictly speaking, these "extreme environments" are places where some creatures can live, regardless of whether humans think these places are ordinary or extreme.For example, humans can be classified as thermophilic aerobic organisms.
When we describe these creatures living in extreme environments from the human perspective, most of them belong to archaea, although sometimes the term includes some bacteria and eukaryotes.Not all extremophiles are unicellular.For example, psychrotrophicGrylloblattodea (Insects) andEuphausia superba (Crustaceans) belong to extreme metazoans.
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There are many classification methods for extremophiles, all of which are classified according to their characteristics different from the "normal" environment of other organisms.These classifications are not mutually exclusive.For example, creatures living in high-temperature rocks deep underground areThermophiles, is also a barophile.
Eosinophils: the optimal growth pH value is less than or equal to 3.
Alkaliphilic organisms: the optimal growth pH value is greater than or equal to 9.[1]
Halophilic organisms: organisms that need at least 0.2M salt concentration to live.
Metal resistant organisms: organisms that can tolerate high concentrations of heavy metals, such as copper, cadmium, arsenic and zinc.
Oligotroph: A creature living in an environment with low nutrient concentration.
Aerobic organisms: they need oxygen to maintain life.
Microaerobic organisms: organisms that need lower oxygen partial pressure to live.
Anaerobic organism: It needs anoxic environment to maintain its life.
Intralithic organisms: living organisms inside rocks.
Under rock creatures: creatures living in desert areas or under polar rocks.
Hydrophilic organisms: organisms that are most suitable for growing in high-pressure environment.
Psychrophilic organisms: organisms living at 15 ℃ or lower.
Thermophilic organisms: organisms that can live at 60~80 ℃.
Drought tolerant organisms: organisms that can live with only a small amount of water.
Radiation tolerant organism: A creature that can tolerate high intensity radiation.
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Scientists find signs of life 100000 years ago in Antarctic subglacial lakes
According to the Huffington Post and Wired magazine online, British scientists found signs of life of a 100000 year old polophile in the mud of the Antarctic subglacial lake in September 2013.
The scientific community once thought that the Antarctic ice sheet was dark and extremely bad several kilometers below, which was not suitable for life survival. However, it was still a piece of cake for polar predators here.[1]
