Fountain refers to the spring water ejected from the ground;It refers to artificial water spraying equipment.Fountain is a combination that sprays water or other liquids with a specific shape through a nozzle under a certain pressure. The water pump generally provides water pressure.Generally speaking, the fountain landscape can be divided into two categories: one is to adapt to local conditions, imitate the natural waterscape according to the terrain structure of the site, and the other is to completely rely on the fountain equipment for artificial landscaping.Fountain is a man-made plastic or natural spring pool that sprays beautiful water for people to watch.Fountain is an important landscape, which is a kind of waterscape art, reflecting the combination of dynamic and static, forming a bright and lively atmosphere, giving people a beautiful enjoyment.
《Expounding》Volume IV II Citation of Song DynastyHan ZhuoThe Complete Works of Mountains and Rivers on Water: "Those who wash stones with torrents are called fountains, while those who pour water between rocks are called fountains."
2. It refers to the spring hole where water is sprayed.
Lu XunOnly Collection Revolutionary Literature: "All that comes out of the fountain is water, and all that comes out of the blood vessels is blood."
3. It refers to the artificial water spraying equipment used to beautify the environment.
Ice core《Send it to young readers again》4： "(Rome) The streets are full of twists and turns, and you can also see the gurgling fountains everywhere. There are statues of gods, people, fish and animals on the fountain seats, which are lifelike in the light and shadow." Prose, 1983, Issue 5: "The fountain, like a pearl in a jade plate, is embedded in the middle of the lawn.The splashing water is as crystal as dew on the grass tip and as round as a childdimple。”
Basic meaning
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definition
fountainIs a way towaterOr other liquids are sprayed out of the combination with specific shape through the nozzle under a certain pressure to providehydraulic pressureGenerallyWater pump。
type
The fountain landscape can be generally divided into two categories:
First, it is made according to local conditions and the terrain structure of the site, imitating the natural waterscape, such as:Biquan、Fountain, fog spring, pipe flow, streamwaterfall, water curtain, water fall, water wave, vortex, etc.
Fountain in front of Tiananmen Square
Second, relying entirely on fountain equipment and manpowerLandscaping。This kind of waterscape is widely used in the construction field. It has a rapid development speed and a wide range of typesmusical fountain、Programmed fountainSwing fountain, running fountain, bright fountain, fun fountain, super-high fountainLaser water screen filmEtc.
Classification form
Classification of fountains
Fountains are artificially constructed plastic ornaturalIn the spring pool, people can enjoy the waterscape by spraying beautiful water.Fountain is an important part of gardens.In the modern garden, besides the plant landscape, the fountain is also an important landscape. It is not only a kind of waterscape art, which reflects the combination of dynamic and static, forming a bright and lively atmosphere, giving people a beautiful enjoyment;At the same time, the fountain can also increase theanionThe content can purify the air, increase the air humidity and reduce the ambient temperature, so it is very popular.There are many kinds of fountains, which can be roughly divided into the following categories.
(1) Ordinary decorative fountains consist of fixed fountains with various flower patterns.
(2) The fountains combined with sculptures form the landscape together with sculptures.
(3) Water sculpture shapes various large water column postures manually and mechanically to form a landscape.
(4) The automatic control fountain uses electronic technology to control water, light, sound, color, etc. according to the design procedure, forming a strange and changeable landscape.
fountain
(5) Other types include high fountainDry fountain, Diequanmusical fountain、Running Spring, Tiaoquan, Floating Fountain, Xiaopin Spring, Yidong Spring, Music Running Spring, etc., can also form unique waterscape through spray.
The water supply forms of fountains mainly include: direct flow water supply, pump circulating water supply, submersible pump circulating water supply.
fountainNozzleIt is the main working part to complete the artistic modeling of the fountain. Its function is to spray the water with certain pressure over the water surface through the modeling nozzle to form a beautiful spray.The combination and configuration of various nozzles can create a variety of waterscape landscapes, which are exciting, exciting and produce wonderful artistic effects.There are many kinds of fountain heads, which can be divided into direct, rotating, water film, suction, atomization and other types according to the different structural forms;It can be divided into dandelionMorning glory、Morning glory, Mushroomsserac, screen opening, spray nozzle and other types.
With lightelectric, sound andAutomatic control deviceThe application on fountain, the appearance of music fountain, geyser, laser fountain, etc., has enriched the content of fountain and people'svisionThe double sense of hearing.Famous fountains in Chinese history, such as BeijingOld Summer PalaceDashuifa fountain group, modernBeijing TiananmenFountains on both sides andNational Daytian'anmen squareThe temporary fountains on theChinese and foreign touristsAnd applaud.
purpose
Xi'an Big Wild Goose Pagoda Music Fountain
fountainIt was originally a natural landscapeArtesian waterThe ground outcrop.The fountain in the garden is generally a decorative artificial sprinkler for the needs of landscaping.Fountains can wet the surrounding air, reduce dust and lower the temperature.The small water droplets of the fountain collide with the air molecules, which can produce a large amount ofNegative oxygen ion。Therefore, fountains are beneficial to improving the urban appearance and improving the physical and mental health of residents.
principle
The principle of the fountain is momentum conservation. From a large radius pipe to a small radius pipe, there is a change in speed and it rushes away from the ground.The speed in the large radius is driven by the pump, and the speed in the small radius is the original speed and momentum conversion speed.It is necessary to select a infinitesimal element to calculate the conservation of momentum, so that we can find a speed, which is the exit speed, and then an upward motion. This is an ideal situation, no friction, no wind.
Famous scenic spot
London, UKThe Nomjiapu fountain, 2.7 meters high, is composed of a beautiful and irregular metal shell, and two curved shapes of water are sprayed at the edge of the shell.The bottom of the shell can rotate, and the pressure of water spraying can be adjusted to form a variety of water shapes.
A fountain in Seattle, USA, is composed of two large stainless steel bends. The water is ejected from many small nozzles installed along the pipe wall, creating a solid water column.The amount of water sprayed is controlled manually, which can form a sculptural water shape.The application of modern technology has produced various automatic control fountains.
The "Dancing Fountain" in Japan and the "Waltz Fountain" in the United States can dance with the melody of music under the illumination of colored lights.
There is a famous "Agam" music fountain on the square of Defance in Paris, France. It was built in 1980. 66 sprinklers are arranged in "S" shape, spouting 1-15m high water columns, which can perform Gershwin's Rhapsody in BlueTchaikovsky"Pathetique Symphony", "Water Ballet" by Pepan and Alenard, and more than 10 other wonderful programs.With the change of music, the water column is sometimes singing and dancing, and sometimes it is tall and straight. There are also bright sparks between the colorful water columns.Sparks are emitted from a special spark jet pipe, intertwined with water spray, and the landscape is wonderful.In Japan's Water Jet Zoo, 6036 rotating sprinklers are installed in a pool with a diameter of 10 meters.They can spray wonderful scenes such as tigers fighting with lions, eagles fighting with antelopes.Most of these fountains use computers to control water, light, sound and color, making the fountain art enter a new era.
The largest fountain in the world isDubai Fountain It was designed by WET, the manufacturer of the first Bellagio fountain in the United States, with a total investment of 218 million US dollars, 25% larger than the Bellagio fountain in the United States, and became the world's largest music fountain.It has a total length of 275 meters and can be sprayed up to 150 meters, which is equivalent to the height of a 50 story building.The fountain will spray 22000 gallons of water, and is equipped with 6600 lights and 50 color projectors.The spouted water column has more than 1000 changes, which can be said to be truly ever-changing.With several Arab songs and songs from all over the world, the sprinkling water column seems to dance gracefully in front of people. Each scene uses different music and choreographs different dance postures, one moment like a group of slim girls dancing gracefully and elegantly;It will be like a line of warriors in order, loud and powerful;In a moment, all the water spouts will be magnificent and magnificent.Especially when playing Arab music, rows of thin columns of water follow the happy and slow rhythm of Arab music.It has music, dance and fireworks.It is reported that the light of Dubai Fountain can be seen anywhere within 20 miles, making itMiddle EastThe brightest focus.
Qingdao International Horticultural Exposition Music Fountain is the largest music fountain in China,[1]Located in Tianshui Lake in Baiguo Mountain Forest Park, Licang District, the large-scale water dance show is one of the core park landscapes of the whole Expo. The secret of the water dance show lies in hundreds of fountains under the lake.These fountains are installed in a 120m long and 90m wideSteel structure platformThe platform can float up and down to form a stage for water dance performance.The water dance show is an art combining water and technology. With exciting or soothing music, the water column weaves a variety of beautiful patterns, up to 80 meters.
No. 1 in the world
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fountain
On the beautiful Griffin Lake in Canberra, the capital of Australia.There is one of the highest artificial fountains in the world.This fountain was established by the Australian federal government in 1970 to commemorate the 200 years since Captain Cook discovered Australia.It was named "Captain Cook Memorial Fountain".The spout of the fountain has 750 horsepower power and is equipped with a two-layer pumping system.The fountain has a spray speed of 200 kilometers per hour.The maximum injection limit is 150 meters.Seen from afar, a column of water on the lake bursts into the sky, and the spray splashes all over the lake. It is so spectacular that it is known as the world's first fountain.
First in Asia
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GuangdongHeyuan Xinfengjiang Music FountainThe main spray of 169 meters of water is soaring into the sky, which is majestic and spectacular, showing the grandeur of competing with the skyThe highest fountain in Asia；The auxiliary spray consists of 1068 nozzles and 618 underwater colored lights. In the joyful music, through 8 types of water, such as direct spray, water curtain, water wave, water pine, inward throw, swing, and netting, it is constantly combined into dozens of unpredictable and colorful fountain landscapes, like flowing gold, fire trees and silver flowers, like peacocks opening their screens, rainbow drinking streams;It is a painting of water and a poem of light, which gives people a beautiful enjoyment.
classical garden
Chinaclassical garden Advocate nature, strive to be elegant and quiet, rich in wild interest.Pay attention to water management in gardensnatural waterThe artistic representation of state.The application of artificial dynamic water fountain is less.《The History of the Han Dynasty·According to Dianzhi, in the Han DynastyShanglin GardenThere are facilities for "exciting the river, copper dragon spitting water, copper immortal holding cup and receiving water injection".
《A Tale of Jia Shi》It is recorded that "in the imperial soup pool of Huaqing Palace in the Tang Dynasty," there were double white stone lotus, and the spring hole gushed out from the mouth of the urn and sprayed on the white lotus ".
《Luoyang Famous Garden》It is recorded that water gushed out from the flowers in Dong's West Garden.Some waterscapes have been preserved to this day, such as the Huanglong Spitting Water at Huanglong Cave in Hangzhou built during the Chunyou period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1241-1252).
Western style structure
Western style fountain
Fountains originated very early in the 6th century BChanging gardens of babylon A fountain has been built in China.ancient GreekThe age has gradually developed from a drinking water spring to a decorative spring.It is said that fountains originated fromIslamNationalFasting and bathingWater supply method.stayIslamic gardenThe fountain is either arranged along the axis or as the center of local composition.RenaissanceFountain technologyThere was great development. In this period, fountains were mostly combined with statues, pillars, pools, etc.Well known fountains, such as the famous Villa Este in Italy“Baiquan Footpath”And the fountain canals of Rainter.At that time, he was also engaged in water interesting sound design.Such as the famousOwl FountainThere was a group of copper birds chirping. After the owl screamed, it suddenly became silent. After a short pause, the copper birds became noisy again.Some fountains combine with statues and cascades to create landscapes, such asEsther Villa"Water Organ" in.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, fountains flourished in European cities.Famous like FrancePalais de VersaillesOfHelios Fountain, RussiaPeter's PalaceA waterfall fountain with statues.RomeThere are more than 3000 fountains, calledFountain City。There are also some meaningful fountain pieces, such asBrusselsYulian Fountain.It depicts a child who is urinating attentively. It is said that the enemy will blow up the treasure house in the city after occupying BrusselsYu LianWhen he found the burning fuse, he threw a bubble of urine towards it;The treasure house was saved, but the little hero died bravely.In recognition of his achievements, the fountain was built in 1619.
In the 20th century, fountains developed into a large water sculpture, with water columns forming various forms.asGenevaLemon LakeThe fountain, built in 1958, is towering above the clouds. It uses two 1360 horsepower pumps to spray water 145 meters high.At night, the huge searchlight shines the silver water column into the night sky, and the scenery is spectacular.
China
In the 18th century, western style fountains were introduced into China.
1747Emperor Qianlong of the Qing DynastystayOld Summer PalaceWestern PavilionConstruction“Humorous interest”, "Haiyan Hall"“Flood law”Three fountains.There are ten copper dogs in the central pool of the "Dashuifa". They shoot at the torrent and point directly at the copper deer, which is called "hunting dogs chasing deer".In the "Haiyan Hall", there are "Twelve Zodiac" figures wearing Arhat robes. Each zodiac can spray water to tell the time.This is a manually operated water lifting machine -- the dragon tail car rotates and rotates to form high level water, which is controlled by the machine. Every other hour (equivalent to two hours)Chinese ZodiacSpray water in turn, and at noon, the twelve zodiac animals spray water at the same time.
With the development of urban modernization, China has successively built Shuangxiu GardenTemple of Heaven ParkTime controlled fountains, color voice controlled fountains, movable fountains and microcomputer controlledmusical fountain。
