The Shang capital refers to the Xia DynastyShangguoas well asShang DynastyThe capital of.Shang nationalityThe frequent relocation of the capital was mostly due to river disasters and wars.Eastern Han DynastyZhang HengOn《Xijing Fu》It said: "Yin people moved repeatedly, from the first eight to the last five".[1]The so-called "Qian" refers to the ancestor of businessDeedreachSoupsThe capital was moved in the period when Bo was preparing to destroy Xia, also known as the "pre Shang" period, which lasted for more than 400 years. The Shang State moved its capital eight times during this period.The so-called "after" is fromSoupsIt was more than 500 years since the Shang Dynasty was founded in Bo after the Xia Dynasty ended and the Shang Dynasty was destroyed in Zhou Dynasty. During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times.[2]
According to Ma Zhenglin's Map of Geographical Evolution of the Past Dynasties, the six capitals of the Shang Dynasty were: South Bo, Ao, Xiang, Geng, Xing and Yin.[43]
In the pre Shang period, the frequent migration of tribes and capitals was a remarkable phenomenon.The Shangshu, Under Pan Geng, said: "When you leave your home, there is no sense of stability."《Shang Shuxu》Said: "As for the self agreementSoupsAfter eight migrations, Tang began to live in Bo and followed the former king. "As for the location of the "Eight Movements", scholars before the Tang Dynasty had been "unknown",Kong YingdaPreface to the Book of HistoryIn the Commentary, only "Four Movements" are listed:《Commercial ode》As the saying goes, 'The emperor established his son to produce business', it is a business that lives together;Shiben says that "Zhaoming is the mainstay";《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》Scale‘Facies soilIn Shangqiu 'and now in Bo.When the story is told, there are four movements, and the rest are unknown. "
Tang dynastyLu Deming《Classic exegesis》It is the same with this saying: "The book of eight migrations, history can only see four." By the Qing Dynasty,Liang YushengIn its《Historical records and doubts》The specific location of "Eight Movements" is clearly proposed in.Wang GuoweiOn the basis of Liang Yusheng, he made a new textual research. In his book "Eight Movements from the Contract to Chengtang", he pointed out that the order of the eight moves of the Shang Dynasty is: the contract to live in the Shang Dynasty（Shangqiu, Henan）, Zhaoming JudashiZhaomingAnd moved to Shangqiu (Henan Shangqiu)Facies soilRelocate to the eastern capital, return to Shangqiu in XiangtuSupraonychial microMove to Yin（Anyang, Henan）Shangjia Micro returned to Shangqiu, Tang Jubo (now southeast of Shangqiu, Henan).
Commercial capital
The above commercial area is now Shangqiu, Henan Province.stayFacies soilRetailer toSupraonychial microThere was no record of moving the capital when they moved to Yin, just《shanhaiching》And《Bamboo Chronicle》Mentioned inWang HaiOnce "entrusted by the Yi" or "supported by the Yi", this means thatChangruo、Cao Yu, Ming, Wang Hai（Wang Heng）During this period, Shang Xiangong still lived in Shangqiu.Through the investigation of the "Eight Movements", we can see that the scope of the activities of Shang Xiangong was mainly in the area where Henan and Shandong provinces meet today;Moreover, although the pre Shang ethnic groups experienced eight migrations, four of them were related to Shangqiu and returned to Shangqiu after each migration.thus it can be seen,Shang nationalityFrom Qi to Tang 14, Shangqiu was the base or main business area, and then gradually developed by expanding outward. Shangqiu was the birthplace of the Shang people.
Shang DynastyAfter establishment, there were several migrations, namelyZhongdingFrom Bo (today's Zhengzhou, Henan) to Ao (today's northwest Zhengzhou, Henan), Hedanjia moved to Xiang (today's Puyang North, Henan, Inner Huangnan)ZuyiMoved to Geng (today's ShanxiHejin）, Zu Yi moved from Geng to Xing (now east of Wenxian County in Henan Province), Zu Yi moved from Xing to Pi (now north of Yuncheng and southeast of Fanxian County in Shandong Province), and Nan Geng moved from Pi to Yan (now Shandong ProvinceQufu）、Pan GengSince Yan (today's Qufu, Shandong), he crossed the river to the south and moved to Bo (today's southeast of Shangqiu, Henan), and in the 14th year of Pan Geng, he moved to Yin (today'sAnyang, Henan）。It can be seen that Zuyi alone moved the capital three times during his reign.The scope of several migrations after the establishment of the Shang DynastyAlso inIn Henan and Shandong today, Shanxi is involved once, but it is not outsideYellow RiverNorth and south, not too far from the Yellow River.[3]
《Bamboo Chronicle》"In the 15th year of the reign of Emperor Xiang, the minister of the Shang Dynasty moved to Shangqiu as a horse rider."[8]
Shang Hou Moved to Yin
"Bamboo Chronicle": "In the 33rd year of Emperor Mang, Shang marquis moved to Yin."[9]
Return to Shangqiu
Bamboo Chronicle:“Emperor Kong armourIn nine years, the reply of Shang Hou returned to Shangqiu. "[10]
Shangqiu moved to Bo
Bo is todayShangqiu, HenanForty five miles southeast of Shangqiu Ancient CityShang TangIn the 15th year of Xia JieZhongdingIn the first year of the Shang Dynasty, there were ten monarchs who became the capital of the Shang Dynasty.
Gu Zuyu's "History Reading and Fang Yu's Summary" goes to Defu: "Yu Gong" is the place of Yuzhou. In ancient times, it was called Shangqiu's "Zuo Zhuan": the son of Gao Xin, an argot, lives in Shangqiu. Shangtang is the place of Bo. "[40]
The History of the Establishment of Guide Mansion in Volume 154 of the Annals of the Unification of the Qing Dynasty: "Yu contributed to Yuzhou, the Shang Dynasty was the capital of Bo, the Zhou Dynasty was the capital of the Song Dynasty, the Warring States Period belonged to the Wei Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty set Dang Prefecture, and the Han Dynasty changed Liang Kingdom in the fifth year of Emperor Gao..."[41]
Zuo Zhuan, Fourteen Years of Duke Ai of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: "There was a town of Bo in the Song Dynasty." It also says that the King of the Song Dynasty said, "Bo is the ancestral town."[37]
Preface to the Book of History:SoupsAfter eight migrations, Tang began to live in Bo and followed the former king. "[31]
According to the Third Chronicle of Yin in Records of the Historian, "Tang lived in Bo from the contract to Tang Baqian, and then lived in the former king's residence. As an emperor's edict, Tang levied on princes, and Ge Bo did not sacrifice, and Tang began to fight." ◇ It is understood that Mencius said, "Tang lived in Bo, and was adjacent to Ge Bo. The geographical record said that Ge Town in Ningling County of the State of Ge Jinliang."[32]
Seven capitals of the Shang Dynasty
Announce
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Go back to Bo after the summer
The capital of the Shang Dynasty is located in Shangqiu
Bo is located forty-five miles southeast of the ancient city of Shangqiu in Shangqiu, Henan Province. According to the Records of the Historian and other documents, the Shang Dynasty returned to Bo to establish the Shang Dynasty after the destruction of the Xia DynastyShang TangIn summerJie15 years toZhongdingIn the first year of the Shang Dynasty, there were ten monarchs who became the capital of the Shang Dynasty.Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty denied that Yan Shi was Bo.
Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty, in his Records of the Historian, Yin Benji, said: "Tang was returned to the Tai rolled pottery, and Zhong Zhi (Yan) made Tang Gao. It was short of the life of summer, but also Bo, making Tang Gao."[35]
Guoyu Zhouyu (Part 2): "After the end of the Xia Dynasty, Tang returned to the capital of Boyi and met with the princes, officially establishing the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Boyi."[36]
According to the Collection of Historical Records and Interpretation of Yin's Chronicle No. 3 by Song Pei Yin of the Southern Dynasty, "Tang moved from the contract to Tang Ba, and Tang first lived in Bo, and then lived in the former king's residence. As an imperial edict, Tang levied on princes, and Ge Bo did not sacrifice, and Tang first attacked them." ◇ The Mencius said, "Tang lived in Bo, and was adjacent to Ge Bo. The geographical record said that Ge Township in Ningling County of the Gejin Liang State."[34]
Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, "Water Sutra Note: Water": "As Mencius said," Tang lives in Bo and neighbors Ge, that is, Bo and Ge are in the same place. Tang is 70 miles away, and Ge and Bo are in the same place. The territory is limited, while Ningling is eight hundred miles away from Yanshi, and children are not allowed to pay for farming. Todayliang There are two Bos. The southern Bois in Gushu, the northern Bois in Mongolia, and not Yanshi. "[33]
Eastern Zhou Dynasty《Bamboo Chronicle》It is recorded that "Woding buried Yi Yin in Bo, and blamed Shan for training Yi Yin and wrote Woding."[38]There is Yi Yin's tomb in Shangqiu.
Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty recorded in the Records of the Historian · The Family of Song Weizi that in the autumn of the eleventh year of Duke Min of the Song Dynasty, after Nangong Wan and Duke Min mistakenly killed Duke Min with a chessboard due to a quarrel, they killed the Taizai Huadu, set up a new ruler to travel, and the Song Dynasty was in civil strife[39]
Location of Bocheng in Shangqiu County Records
Song Louyao's "Journey to the North": "Six days of Ding Hai, frost and sunshine, 45 miles of driving, 35 miles of changing donkeys in the sand mountainGushu CountyArrive early.The county is the southern Bo of the Shang Dynasty and the capital of Tangsuo.Outside the county, there is a Hongqiao Bridge across Bian, which is built in a harmonious way. Today, small earth walls are built beside the bridge, and it is not feasible to damage the bridge. The river is cut off.Twenty two miles to the Golden Orchard, there are many fruit trees.After a horse journey of 18 miles, the city of Nanjing becomes more and more crowded, and many visitors close their homes to have a look.There are more than 100 Jiadao armour riders. Infantry are stationed outside the city and in front of the post.The building is called Suiyang. It is made of magnificent ancient materials. It has fallen into ruin. The post house is called Suiyang.Gu Shujia said to himself, "The westerners are asking for 500 short coins a month." He sighed when he heard about the abundance of troops in this dynasty.There is a pavilion on the side of the Nanjing Tower, which is called "Jiechi".If the receiver has his own surname, Zhao, he doesn't want to ask.As the saying goes, "There are also great houses in the city, such as Xu Taizai, Lu Shuxuan and Zheng Xuanhui, which are mostly occupied by officials, but also by descendants".According to this place, where the son of Gao Xin's argot lives,ShangqiuAlso, King Wu granted Weizi Qi for the State of Song.Later in the Tang Dynasty, the government thought it was the German army's virtue, and based on Wang Ye, it was promoted to Tianfu in the fourth year of Jingde, and Nanjing in the seventh year of Xiangfu. The Jin Dynasty changed its name to Guide Mansion, and the Han and Liang Dynasties became the capital of Xiao Wang.The rabbit garden, the platform, the wild goose and duck pond, and the polygonum bank are all here.Five meteorites still exist in spring and autumn.Seven days, Wuzi, fine.A car ride of 60 miles is an early stop in Ningling County.In the ancient Gebo State, Tang also levied. "[42]
Ao Youzuo Xiao, the 10th monarch of the Shang DynastyZhongdingThe built capital.It is located in the northwest of Zhengzhou City, and is suspected to be Xiaoshuangqiao Site.
ZhongdingMoved from Bo to Xiao, and established its capital here for 9 years;Zhongding's younger brotherOuter unionThe capital was established here for 10 years.Zhongding and Wairen were buried in the uproar.[11]
《Bamboo Chronicle》: "Zhongding, a famous village. The first yearXin Chou, Wang ascended the throne and moved from Bo to Xiao and on the river. "[12]
The Bamboo Chronicle: "In the sixth year of ZhongdingBlue magnolia。Nine years, Zhi. "[13]
Zhengzhou Shangcheng Site Wall Protection Project
Bamboo Chronicle: "Wairen, famous hair. The first yearGeng Chen, Wang ascended the throne, Juxiao.Pi people and Yi people rebel.Ten years, Zhi. "[14]
Bamboo Chronicle:“Hedanjia, full name.The first yearGeng ShenThe king ascended the throne and moved to the prime minister. "[15]
mutually
Zhongding's Third BrotherHedanjiaIn the first year of his accession to the throne, he moved to Xiang (now the northern part of Henan Province) and established his capital in Xiang for 9 years.Buried in the phase.[16]
"The Bamboo Chronicle": "Hedanjia, whose name is complete. In the first year of Gengshen, the king ascended the throne and moved to the prime minister. In three years,Peng BoKepi.In four years, we attacked the blue barbarians.In five years, I joined the class.Peng Bo and Weber attacked the party, and they were all guests.Nine years, Zhi. "[16]
Geng
Six Capital Cities of the Shang Dynasty Recorded in Documents
In the first year of Zuyi, he moved to Geng;ZuyiIn the second year after moving to Geng, Geng City was destroyed due to river disasters, and the capital was moved to Kinabalu.Geng was the capital of the Shang Dynasty for only one year.[17]
Bamboo Chronicle:“Zuyi, Ming Teng.The first yearJi SiThe king ascended the throne and moved to Geng.Peng Bo and Weber (see above).In the second year, he moved from Geng to Pi.[17]
Shelter
Zuyi moved his capital to Pi (now north of Yuncheng and southeast of Fan County, Shandong Province) because Geng City was destroyed.Zuyi was the capital here for 18 years;ZuxinIt was founded 14 years ago, and the Shang Dynasty began to revive. After death, the temple name was“Zhongzong”。[18]Later, Kaijia was the capital here for 5 years[19]；ZudingIt has been the capital for 9 years[20]；NangengThe capital was moved to Yam in the third year of its establishment.[21]
《Bamboo Chronicle》"Zuyi was a famous Teng. In two years, he was defeated by Geng and moved from Geng to Pei. In three years, he appointed Qing Shi Wu Xian. In eight years, he took shelter in the city. In fifteen years, he appointed Bin Hou Gao Yu. In nineteen years, he was Zhi. In the era of Zuyi, the business road was revived and the temple was the middle school."[18]
The Bamboo Chronicle: "Zu Xin, a famous actress. The first yearWu Zi, the king ascended the throne and took shelter.Fourteen years, Zhi. "[22]
The Bamboo Chronicle: "The first year of Kaijia's reign is the first year of the reignRen Yin, the king ascended the throne and took shelter.Five years, Zhi. "[19]
The Bamboo Chronicle: "Zuding, a new name. The first yearDing Wei, the king ascended the throne and took shelter.Nine years, Zhi. "[20]
The Bamboo Chronicle: "Nangeng was named Geng. The first yearBing Chen, the king ascended the throne and took shelter.Three years, moved to Yan.Six years, Zhi. "[21]
Dying
YesNangeng、Yang armourandPan GengThe capital of.In the third year of the Southern Geng Dynasty, the capital was moved to Yuyan from Pei and died in the sixth year of the Southern Geng Dynasty.Yangjia died four years after its founding.Pan Geng moved his capital to Bo since his death.[23-24]
"The Bamboo Chronicle": "Yang Jia, the name is He. In the first year, Wang ascended the throne and lived in Yan. In three years, he marched westward to Danshan Rong. In four years, he was Zhi."[23]
The Bamboo Chronicle: "Pan Geng, a famous ten year old, was born in the first yearBing Yin, the king ascended the throne and became a resident. "[24]
Bo
Pan Geng crossed the river to the south and moved toSoupsThe former capital of Bo (now 45 miles southeast of Shangqiu Ancient City in Henan Province) was ruled by Tang. After that, the people became peaceful and the Shang Dynasty began to revive.[25]
"Records of the Historian, Volume III, Yin Chronicle": Pan Geng told the vassals and ministers to say: "In the past, after Gao, the soup was made and our ancestors were determined to the world, and the rules can be revised. How can we become virtuous if we give up our efforts to encourage others?" So he came to Henan, governed Bo, and carried out the policy of soup, and then the people became peaceful, and Yin Dao revived.[25]
Yin
Yin Xu
In the 14th year of Pan Geng, the capital of Bodu (now the southeast of Shangqiu, Henan) was moved to North Mongolia, and the name of "North Mongolia" was changed to "Yin".In the 15th year of Pan Geng, Yin Capital was built.Since then, it has lasted more than 200 years for 8 generations and 12 kings.[26-27]
《Bamboo Chronicle》：“Pan Geng, ten days old.In fourteen years, he moved from Bo to Northern Mongolia, called Yin.Fifteen years ago, Yin Yi was settled.In the 19th year, he ordered Bin Hou Yayu.Twenty eight years, Zhi. "[26]
Records of the Historian, WeiUncle KangAristocratic Family: "Wu GengYin Yumin appointed Uncle Kang as the king of Wei, and he lived in Heqi, so he was in the Shang Ruins. "[28]
