The commodity price difference refers to the special and new price position of the same commodity formed by different aspects of purchase and sales links, purchase and sales regions, purchase and sales seasons and commodity quality in the circulation process.The essence of price difference is the monetary performance of part of the commodity value realized in the circulation process.The basic elements of commodity price difference are circulation costs, commercial profits and the specific forms of national tax commodity price difference, which generally include: purchase and sales price difference, wholesale and retail price difference, and regional funds.[1]
Commodity price differenceReferred to as "price difference", it refers to the qualitypurchase and saleRegion, purchase and salesseasonandcirculationPrice difference caused by different factors such as links.Generallycommodity productionandmanagementDifference of social necessary labor consumed incurrencyPerformance.Commodity price differenceThe relative quantity of is the price difference rate, that is, the percentage of the price difference in the calculated base price.Where, inEx factory priceThe price difference rate formed on the basis of the purchase price is the markup rate;At the sales price andtrade priceThe price difference rate based on the above is the discount rate.stayChina's planPrice systemMedium,countryThe price difference and its relatedprice level 。
Chinese name
Commodity price difference
Content
Difference in value between products and commodities
alsoThe difference between purchase and sales refers toCommercial enterprises(includingMaterial management enterprise）At the same time and in the same areapurchase and saleThe price difference of the same commodity.It is composed ofmanagementCirculation expenses incurred in the process of purchasing, transporting, storing and selling commoditiesTaxesAnd profit composition, yesmanagementThe monetary expression of necessary labor consumed by commodities is the monetary expression of reasonable distribution of surplus labor between industry and commerce or between agriculture and commerce.commodityPurchase and sales price differenceThe percentage in the purchase price is called the purchase and sales margin, which isChinaCurrent planPrice systemCalculation and control inSales priceLevel of important tools.Correct verificationPurchase and sales price differenceIs to correctly handle industrial and commercial, agricultural and commercialcountryAn important link in the relationship with consumers.
ChinaOfPurchase and sales price differenceGenerally, it can be divided into two categories: the purchase and sale price difference of industrial products and the purchase and sale price difference of agricultural products.The former is the same industrial product at the same timeEx factory price(Seeex-factory price of manufactured goods）And place of originwholesale priceThe difference betweenbusinessWholesale enterprisesCirculation costAnd reasonable profit composition;The latter is the difference between the purchase price of the same agricultural product at the same time and the sales price at the same timemanagementCirculation fees, profits andTaxesComposition.However, due to the different characteristics of agricultural productsPurchase and sales price differenceThere are also the following differences in the form of: ① zero purchase price difference.Acquire and usewholesale priceAgricultural products soldPurchase and sales price difference。②Purchase batch price difference.Presstrade priceAgricultural products supplied to local industrial enterprises as raw materialsPurchase and sales price difference。③Original price difference.Locally produced, locally processed, and its processed productsretail priceAgricultural products sold locallyPurchase and sales price difference, i.e. raw material purchase price and finished productwholesale priceThe price difference between.
Regional price difference
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The price difference of the same commodity due to different regions at the same time.ChinaThe main reasons for the formation of regional price difference of commodities are: ① The production of the same commodity in different regions consumes different amounts of social necessary labor due to different natural conditions, economic conditions, production conditions, etc. ②The same kind of goods are transported from the place of origin to the place of sale,managementThe department needs to pay certain transportation costs;In addition, the distance from the place of origin to the place of sale is different, and the transportation conditions are differentFreight and miscellaneous chargesNot even.These expenses should be compensated in price.
Regional price differenceDifferent social systems reflect differenteconomic relations。The People's Republic of ChinaBefore establishmentPurchase of agricultural productsImplement the policy of "progressive decline" centered on big cities, that is, the farther away from big cities, the lower the purchase price of agricultural and sideline products;For the sales of industrial products, the policy of "increasing by far" centered on big cities is implemented, that is, the farther away from big cities, the higher the sales price of industrial products, and all of them greatly exceed the reasonable limit.This policy reflects the bourgeois exploitation of the working peopleeconomic relations。After the founding of the People's Republic of China,countryAccording to the economic development situation andProduction and construction, respectively formulated“Advantages of production, transportation and marketing”、“Small profits in the city”、“Reasonable urban and rural areas”And other principlesRegional price differenceA nationwide uniform price has also been implemented for a few commodities.reasonableRegional price differenceWhich is conducive to the normal circulation of commodities, the rational distribution of productive forces, the expansion of material exchanges between regions, and the improvement and consolidation of people's livesWorker peasant alliance。
Seasonal price difference
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The same commodity is different in the same marketseasonThe difference between prices.The main reasons for the formation of seasonal price difference are: seasonal production and perennial consumption of goods need to pay a certain storage cost;Or the production cost of producing the same commodity in different seasons is different, such as planting in greenhouses in winterVegetablesThe production cost is much higher than that in spring and summer.This part of the excessive production costs or storage costs should be compensated in price.
The People's Republic of ChinaBefore establishment,Seasonal price differenceIt is a tool for the bourgeoisie to exploit the working people,capitalistBuy at a discount;In the spring when there is no supply, farmers are short of rations and capitalists sell them at high prices.After the founding of the People's Republic of China,countryFirst canceledSeasonal price differenceThe most unreasonable part was cancelled in a planned wayindustrial productsAnd seasonal price difference of main agricultural and sideline products.However, for fresh and live commodities that are seasonal, easy to rot and deteriorate, and have high storage costs and losses, such asVegetables、Fruits、Fresh egg、aquatic productIt is still stipulated thatSeasonal price differenceTo facilitate the adjustment of production andconsumption。
Wholesale retail price difference
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The retail price of a commodity is higher than itswholesale priceThe difference.It isCommodity circulation processThe last price difference link ofCirculation cost, tax and profit composition.OnChinaIn the planned price system, in order to facilitate the calculation of wholesale and retail prices, price management departments at all levels often convert the wholesale and retail price differences into the batch zero price differences, that is, the percentage of the wholesale and retail price differences in the calculated base price.Of which, wholesale retail price difference accounts forwholesale priceThe percentage of, which is called the sequential zero margin;Proportion of wholesale and retail price differenceretail priceThe percentage of is called the reverse zero margin.In practice,countryPrice control departments often adopt the method of stipulating a base price and a difference rate between wholesale and retail prices to strengthen the management of wholesale and retail prices and control their level.
At the same time, in order to promotesocialistCirculation, so that goods flow smoothly,countryThe price control department also stipulates different wholesale and retail margins for different commodities under different circumstances.The general principle is: where the unit commodity price is low or inconvenientmanagementThe difference between wholesale and retail sales of small commodities is large;For large commodities or valuable commodities with high unit commodity prices, the difference between wholesale and retail is small, which enables retail enterprises operating various commodities to obtain roughly the same profit level.Reasonable goodsWholesale retail price differenceLevel plays a role in coordinating the interests of wholesale enterprises and retail enterprisesleverAnd is conducive to promoting the development ofeconomic accounting, improveNational economic benefits。
Quality price difference
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Also called quality price difference.The price difference of the same kind of goods due to different quality.The percentage of quality difference in standard price is called quality difference.Commodity quality price difference mainly includes: quality price difference, variety price difference, grade price difference, pattern price difference, specification price difference, etc.It reflects the different durability and applicability of the same kind of goods in use.The main factors that cause the quality difference of the same kind of goods are: different production techniques, proficiency, cultivation or breeding methods of workers, production equipmenttechnical level, technological level and raw materials, mineral resources and natural conditions.Generally speaking, in the production process, different enterprises produce the same kind of products, and the raw materials and labor consumed are different, which is proportional to the quality of the products.The production process of products consumes a large amount of socially necessary labor,ValueLarge, the quality of goods is good;On the contrary, the quantity of labor is small, the quantity of value is small, and the quality of goods is poor.according toLaw of valueRequirements,ValueThe price of large and high-quality goods should be higher;The price of commodities with small value and poor quality should be lower.But someCommodity qualityIn many cases, the difference between the two is not due to the different amount of social necessary labor consumed, but is determined by the difference in the use value of goods.
Price based on qualityyessocialistPrice policyAn important part of.Pricing the same kind of goods according to their quality, and implementing high quality and good price, low quality and low price, can encourage enterprises to produce high-quality products to meet social needs;It is beneficial for enterprises to actively adopt new technologies and processes and increase new products;Promote enterprise strengtheningeconomic accounting, improveeconomic performance。If the quality is not superior to the price, or the price difference is too small, it will make the enterprises producing high-quality products consume more physical and living labor due to improving the quality of products, and will not be compensated, affecting the enthusiasm of enterprises to produce high-quality products.Similarly, if low prices are not applied to inferior products, backward prices will be protected and enterprises will not care about improvementmanagementManagement may even encouragecrudely made。
PrescriptiveQuality price differenceThe quality standards of commodities must be formulated correctly.The quality standard shall be based oncountryBased on officially issued standards;countryThe commodities whose quality standards have not been formally promulgated shall be determined by industrial and commercial enterprises through consultation.
