synonymTang Dezong(Emperor of the Tang Dynasty) generally refers to Li Shi (the tenth emperor of the Tang Dynasty)
Li Shi [ku ò] (May 27, 742 to February 25, 805), nickname岧Lang[138], whose ancestral home is Longxi Chengji (todayGansu ProvinceTianshui CityQin'an County）, the tenth emperor of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Zong of the Tang DynastyLi YuThe eldest son and the mother areEmpress RuizhenShen Shi.[130]
Li Shi was originally named the Prince of Fengjie.BaoyingServed in the first year (762)World Army Marshal, was renamed King LuKing YongIn name of unifying the armyAn Shi Rebellion。Worship the next yearShangshu Decree。GuangdeIn the second year (764), it was established asCrown Prince。DaliIn the 14th year (779), Li Shi ascended the throne.In the early days of Li Shi's reignQiangmingSelf appointed, adhere to credit, civil and military officials, strictly prohibiteunuchBe responsible for politicsYang YanPhase, wasteRenyong modulation, change the line“Two tax laws”, quite a lot of Zhongxing weather.Later, he appointed XingchenLuqiAnd increase income nationwideShelf, tea and other miscellaneous taxes, resulting in growing public resentment.JianzhongIn the second year (781), Li Shi launched the war of reducing vassal states, but due to the immature social and political conditionsFour Towns RebellionAndJingyuan MutinyOne after another, he was forced to fleeFengtian、LiangzhouWait for places, and finally rely on the prime ministerLi MiAnd senior generalLi Sheng、Hun FuAnd others worked together to calm the chaos.Later in his reign, he appointed eunuchs as commander-in-chief of the imperial army, andVassal townDon't worry.[171]ZhenyuanIn 805, Li Shi died in Huining Hall at the age of 64 and had been in power for 27 years.Posthumous titleEmperor Xiaowen,Temple nameDezong, buried inChongling。[2]
During the reign of Li ShiAncient prose movement；In foreign relations, he unitedHuihe、Nanzhao、A gluttonous diet, strikeTubo, for“Yuanhe ZTE”It has created a more favorable external environment.[12]The east-west land transportation that was cut off by Tubo after the An Shi Rebellion was reopened.[170]Li ShishanGenuine, especially in poetry.《Complete Poetry of the Tang》His poems are recorded[108]。
（Overview Chart Source[1]）
Full Name
Li Shi
Alias
Yulang[138](nickname)
Posthumous title
Emperor Shenwu Xiaowen
Seal number
Prince Fengjie, King Lu, King Yong, Crown Prince[4-5][8](before enthronement)
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao (755), Li Shi was 14 years old,An Shi RebellionBurst.The next year (756) Chang'an fell, his great grandfathertang xunzongEscape to Sichuan, and the world is in turmoil.Li Shi and other members of the royal family experienced the war and family pain, and also experienced the baptism and test of war.
Prince Marshal
BaoyingIn April of the first year (762), Daizong ascended the throne.In May, Li Shiwei was appointedWorld Army Marshal, was renamed the King of Lu, shouldering the mission of the final battle with An Shi rebels.In August of the same year, he was renamed King Yong.[5]October, out of townShanzhou。[6]
GuangdeIn the first month of the second year (764), Li Shi was established as the eldest sonCrown Prince, and held a book ceremony in February.[8]
Te lost her government
Side portrait of Li Shi[1]
In May of the 14th year of Dali (779), Dai Zong died of illness in Chang'an Palace.Li Shi ascended the throne at the age of 38, that is, Tang Dezong.Li Shizaibe in mourningDuring this period, all behaviors shall comply with the rules of etiquette and law.He once called King HanLi JiongEat only horse teeth soup without salt and cheese.[9]
JianzhongIn the first month of the first year (780), officials honored Li Shi with the title of "Holy God, Wen Wu Emperor".[10]
At the beginning of Li Shi's accession to the throne, he appointed Cui Youfu as the prime minister and made a clean and simple administration.[146]Cui Youfu also recommended Yang Yan as the prime minister. Soon after, Cui Youfu died of illness,[153]Another prime minister, Qiao Lin, was also removed from office, and Yang Yan was able to take over the power.[152]Yang Yan, in view of the destruction of the foundation of the Rent Yong Modulation after Xuanzong, advocated the implementation of the two tax laws, and suggested that "the income is the income" instead of "the income is the income";Substitute "tax for capital" for "tax for expenses";Expropriation of money rather than material objects;Consolidated corvee items, centralized tax payment period, etc.The officials in charge of taxation objected to Yang Yan's proposal. They believed that the old system could not be lightly changed after the Rent Yong modulation had been implemented for more than 400 years.Li Shi expressed support for the implementation.[161]
But Yang Yansheng is narrow-minded and harms the public for his own sake.Cui Youfu once recommended Yang Yan as the same prime minister as himself, but Yang Yan destroyed Cui Youfu's actions after he became autocratic.[160]Yang Yan attached himself to the Prime Minister in his early yearsYuan zaiHe was grateful to Yuanzai, especially hostile to those who had participated in the handling of the case of Yuanzai, thus causing himself to be implicated and demoted to the state, which framed himDuan Xiushi, renounce their military power,[158]Tectonic subsidenceLiu YanDeath.[159]
In the second year of Jianzhong (781), Lu Qi was appointed as the prime minister.When Lu Qi was an official, he pandered to the holy will, envied the talents, fought against the dissidents with the same party, and framed successivelyYang Yan、learned scholar、Yan Ying、Zhang Yi、Li Kui、Du Youwait forsomeone.[139]In order to raise military pay, we implemented inclusive rates, increased the housing rent, and set up a tax to remove the street tax. After the implementation, market traders monopolized the right to buy and sell, and the national income was halved, which caused widespread public anger.[140]In the same year, Li Shi decided to cut down the vassals by force in order to get rid of the drawbacks of father son inheritance and disobedience to the imperial court. At the initial stage, he won the victory. Chongyi of Shannan Liang and Li Weiyue of Chengde were the leaders to conquer the two towns.When Wei Botian Yue was severely wounded, his troops would surrender one after another.The imperial court also divided Chengde's jurisdiction into three areas to weaken its power.[157]
However, in the process of vassal cutting, Li Shi used vassals to fight against vassals, which led to the dissatisfaction of many officials who participated in the imperial court's vassal cutting campaign.At the end of the third year of central China (782), Lu Long was the envoyZhu TaoCalling himself King Ji and ChengdeWang WujunCalled Zhao Wang, ZiqingLinaThey are called King Qi and Wei BoTian YueKnown as the King of Wei, "Four Towns"Zhu TaoAs the leader of the alliance, he joined forces to fight against the imperial court. At the same time, Huaixi envoyLi XilieHe also claimed to be the Marshal, Taiwei and Jianxing King (later also called the Emperor of Chu) of Tiantiandu, colluding with the four towns to rebel.[25]
In October of the fourth year of Central China (783)“Jingyuan Mutiny”When the rebellion broke out, the Jingyuan Army occupied Chang'an, and Yongli, once the commander of the Jingyuan ArmyTaiweiZhu 泚It was called Qin (later renamed Han) Emperor.[25]Li Shi fled to Fengtian (today's Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province) and Liangzhou（Li Mi, Senior GeneralLi Sheng、Hun FuPeople were in turmoil.XingyuanIn the first month of the first year (784), Li Shi issued an edict to punish himself,[163]In July, Li Shi returned to Chang'an.In the same year, the governor in the riverLi HuaiguangAnd parteunuch、Vassal townThe conflict between the generals intensified, and the soldiers rebelled. Li Shi sent Hun Zhi and the Hedong envoyHorse flint, Zhenguo Festival EnvoyLuo YuanguangThe army led a crusade and put down the rebellion in August the next year.[11]
Inside and outside Suining
After several upheavals, Li Shi began to appoint a trusted eunuch as the commander of the imperial guard. He tolerated many troubles in the vassal town. In his later years, he failed to use troops in Huaixi Town, which led to the growing influence of the vassal town.
During the Zhenyuan period, the war between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo became increasingly fierce.[151]The financial expenditure of the imperial court is also increasingly difficult.Li Shi amassed wealth by means of "Jinfeng", "Xuansuo", "Miyagi", etc.[136]On the other hand, when natural disasters occurred frequently in the Tang Dynasty, Li Shi, while collecting wealth, also made many relief and tax exemptions to reassure the people.[147]And sent troops to recover Qiongzhou[148]Yaozhou[149]巂 State[150]Huizhou[154]Yuanzhou[155]Yizhou[156]Etc.
Dali, ZhenyuanJia Zhi、Liang Su、Quan Deyu、Han Yu、Bai JuyiThe trend of thought represented by the trend of thought of revivalism has developed into a broad social ideological movement, which is precisely from the field of consciousness to save this serious crisis, promote the emergence of the situation of Zhongxing, and consolidate the Tang Empire.It reflects the realistic requirements of the broad class people.The empty and beautiful parallel prose has become a shackle to express ideas.Therefore, it is naturally necessary to oppose parallel prose, carry out a stylistic innovation movement, and advocate ancient prose.Ancient Chinese is not only free in language length, free in expression, but also easy to express ideas.Under this influence“Legend of the Tang Dynasty”Fiction creation has also entered its heyday.Li Shishan belongs to literature and works in poetry.Therefore, the "Ancient Chinese Movement" was strongly supported by the emperor, who attached importance to the imperial examination, constantly recruited talents, and promoted cultural governance.[162]
In addition, during the reign of Li ShiLi MiIt is suggested that the north and Huihe, the south and Nanzhao, and the west should fight against Tubo, and successfully reverse its strategic disadvantage to TuboTang XianzongOf“Yuanhe ZTE”It has created a more favorable external environment.[12]In addition, the "Uighur Road" was used to reopen the east-west land transportation cut off by the Tubo after the Anshi Rebellion.[170]
Die of a serious illness
On the first day of the first month of the 21st year of the Zhenyuan era (805), all the imperial families and relatives came to the palace to congratulate Li Shi. Only the princeLi SongLi Shi was unable to come because of illness, so he wept and lamented. Since then, he has been ill. For more than 20 days, the internal palace and the external court have been interrupted[13]。On the 23rd day of the first lunar month (February 25), Li Shi died at the Hall of Tranquillity in Chang'an at the age of 64[14]。On September 1, the officials were therePosthumous titleEmperor Xiaowen,Temple nameDezong.On October 14th, he was buriedChongling[15]。
Measures for politics
Announce
edit
Politics
early stage
In the early period of Li Shi's reign, he assumed his own duties with strong vision, adhered to the principle of credibility, and strictly prohibited all civil and military officialseunuchIt is quite popular to be involved in politics.
Withdraw the military power
After Li Shi ascended the throneGuo ZiyibyVenerable father, plusTaiweiConcurrentMiddle order, remove his deputy marshal and let his generalsLi Huaiguang, Chang QianguangHun FuDivide equally to lead the envoy.[16]At the same time, Li Shizhao "relied on the dangerous land and powerful troops to indulge in extravagance"Xichuangovernor of one or more provincesCui NingHe entered the DPRK and stayed in Beijing.[17]
Qingming frugality
Li Shi was appointed at the beginning of his accession to the throneCui YoufuTwo days after he became the prime minister, he told the whole world to stop the prefecturesSilla, Bohai Sea Old Tribute Eagle Harrier.Another day, Li Shi ordered Shannan loquat and Jiangnan citrus to pay tribute only once a year to enjoy the temple, and the rest of the tribute was stopped.A few days later, he issued successive edicts, announcing that some places in the south would abolish the annual tribute to slaves and spring wineBronze mirror、muskEtc;It is forbidden to pay tribute to rare birds and animals, and even stipulates that silver cannot be decorated with gold.In order to show his determination, he orderedDocument listThe thirty-two dancing elephants (now Laos) were released to the sun of Jingshan Mountain;For those who specialize in hunting for the emperorWufangHawk dogs are all released.At the same time, 300 redundant eaters of the Pear Garden Envoy and Lingguan were abolished, and those who needed to be preserved belonged to Taichang Temple.In order to show the royal grace, he ordered the release of more than 100 palace maids.On his birthday, he refused contributions from all over the country, andLi Zhengji、Tian YueAll the 30000 horses presented belong toestimate expenditures, in lieu of rent.[18]Li Shi's actions really show the new atmosphere after the new monarch ascended the throne.
To censure eunuchs
Li Shi
When Li Shichu ascended the throne, the general situation was that he "dismissed eunuchs" and approached court officials.
Li Shi's father Dai Zong, because he was supported by eunuchs, favored eunuchs very much, especially the eunuchs who were sent to other places to ask for bribes and plunder them.When Li Shi was the crown prince, he was very clear about the drawbacks, so he decided to rectify them at the beginning of his accession to the throne.[19]
In the leap May of the year when he ascended the throne, Li Shi sent eunuchs to Huaixi to give them to the provincial envoysLi XilieAwardenvoy's credentials。After the man returned to Beijing, Li Shi learned that,Li XilieHe not only gave him 700 horses and 200 jin of yellow tea, but also gave him horses and servants.Li Shi was so angry that he was sentenced to exile after 60 years of punishment.The matter spread to the capital. Those who had been sent out of the capital but had not returned quietly threw their gifts into the valley. Those who had not received the gifts dared not come again.[19]
Not only that, in the month of his accession to the throne, Li Shi will also secretly conceive of eunuchs with strange intentionsLiu ZhongyiGive death.[169]
later stage
After the "difficulties of Fengtian", Li Shi appointed the eunuch as the commander-in-chief of the Forbidden Army, and increased the income of shelves, tea, etc. nationwideMiscellaneous tax, leading to growing public resentment.yesVassal townTheir influence is growing day by day.
Suspicious ministers
The frequent personnel changes above the imperial court, especially the frequent replacement of prime ministers, show the incomplete trust in senior officials.[20]Even if the government of Li Shi's reign occasionally presented an encouraging new atmosphere, it was just a flash in the pan and could not be maintained.The dispute over personnel made Li Shi have no ambition but to save the country and prosper the country.
Appease the vassal town
After Li Shi suffered the setback of cutting the vassal state, especially due to the“The Difficulty of Fengtian”He turned from tough force to appeasement.It is said that when Li Shi left the capital, he planned to flee to Chengdu, which shows that he was desperate to return to the capital after Zhu Gui's rebellion, and felt that the prospect of eliminating the rebellious vassal town and Chang'an's Zhu Gui was dim.If it wasn't for Li Sheng and Shannan Xidao envoysSevere earthquakeHe may really flee to Sichuan[21]。Li Shi's attitude towards the vassal town can be seen from the fact that his morale is severely damaged once he suffers setbacks.The change of Li Shi's attitude towards the vassal town has made the great situation and good opportunities to solve the vassal town problems since he ascended the throne fleeting.Vassal separatist regimeBeing overbearing, it is hard to return.
Appoint eunuchs
Li Shi gradually changed his attitude towards eunuchs in the process of escaping from the "change of Jing Shi".The reason is that his trusted general could not gather a single soldier to defend the palace when the rebels entered the city. When he fled hurriedly, he could rely on his eunuch when he was in the Eastern PalaceDou Wenchang、Huo XianmingAnd more than 100 eunuchs.The loyalty of the eunuch and the difficulty of relying on the court generals deeply stimulated Li Shi.Slowly, Li Shi began to hand over the matter of commanding the Forbidden Army to Dou Wenchang, Huo Xianming and others, which showed that he had begun to change his attitude of dismissing eunuchs at the beginning of his accession.In the first year of Xingyuan (784), just three months after Li Shi returned to Beijing, he wouldShence ArmyIt is divided into the left and right sides. At the same time, Dou Wenchang and Huo Xianming (who started as another eunuch, Wang Xiqian) are the military envoys of the left and right sides of the Jianshence Army, opening the precedent for eunuchs to divide the imperial army.Since Li Shi returned to Chang'an, the Shence Army has been stationed around the capital and in the palace, becoming a leader in the warFeather Forest Army、Long WujunMore important are the Central Forbidden Army and the elite mobile armed forces.In the second year of Zhenyuan (786), Li Shi expanded the left and right sides of the Shence Army to the left and right Shence Army, and Dou Wenchang and other eunuchs still served as supervisors, known as "the left and right Shence Army overseeing activities", reflecting their trust and favor for eunuchs.In the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796), Li Shi set up the left and right Shence armiesEscort LieutenantDou Wenchang and Huo Xianming held the post respectively. This post was directly delegated by the emperor and became the actual commander above the Shence general.Since then, the command of the Shence Army has been in the hands of eunuchs.[22]In the eleventh year of Zhenyuan (795), Li Shi also fixed the way for eunuchs to serve as overseers of local vassals, and made seals for eunuchs who served as overseers[23]It not only improves the position of the supervisor, but also institutionalizes it.
Li ShiyieunuchThe change of attitude made the eunuch speak constitutionally from those who were left behind, which became an important force in Li Shi's political center.Two of the Tang emperors after Li Shi died at the hands of eunuchs.Historians oftenEunuch dictatorshipIt was called one of the manifestations of political corruption and darkness in the late Tang Dynasty.The final formation of this situation is directly related to the change of Li Shi's attitude towards eunuchs.[24]
Favour and trust treacherous ministers
Li Shi believed in traitors when he was in the middle of construction (780-783)Luqi, not only makelearned scholarSuch loyal officials suffered and aggravated the unrest during the Jianzhong period.Until the reign of Zhenyuan, he was also a spoiled ministerPei YanlingIn charge of finance, Pei Yanling is a treacherous man who deceives the emperor. In order to cater to Li Shi's greed, he disregards the poverty of the people and accumulates property wantonly.Prime MinisterLu ZhiThe last book tries to expose Pei Yanling's treachery and deceit, which is untrustworthy. His words are extremely profound, which will lead to trouble if he "invades the Zhaomin people and takes blame for the Son of Heaven".However, Li Shi did not listen to the advice and instead criticized Lu Zhi and others.[12]
After Li Shi ascended the throne, he has been trying to cut down the place where soldiers are proudVassal townThe power of a thrifty envoy.For this reason, he did not hesitate to use force.In the first month of the second year of Jianzhong (781), he was the provincial envoy of Chengde Town, Hebei (stationed in Hengzhou, now Zhengding, Hebei)Li BaochenDeath from illness.According to the rule that the vassal governor passed his position and land to his descendants after his death, his sonLi WeiyueThe above table requests to inherit the parent.Li Shi had long wanted to get rid of the malpractice of father son inheritance and disobedience to the imperial court, and resolutely refused this request.Wei Bogovernor of one or more provincesTian Yue, Ziqing Festival Envoy Li Zhengji, Shannan Festival EnvoyLiang ChongyiConspiracy with Li Weiyue to resist the imperial court by force.Li Shi recruited more than ten thousand soldiers from the west of Beijing to defend the eastern part of the Shanhaiguan Pass, and held a banquet in Chang'an to reward the soldiers and horses, which started the battle of cutting down the vassals by force, and made great achievements in the initial stage: after Li Zhengji died of illness in Ziqing, his sonLinaDefeated, Li Weiyue is defeated by his generalWang WujunKill, only Tian Yue stands firm.Zhang Zhonghe, the senior general of Chengdezhen, surrendered and was appointed as the envoy of Chengde.However, Li Shi used vassals to fight against vassals in the process of vassal cutting, which led to the dissatisfaction of Zhu Tao, the Youzhou provincial envoy who participated in the imperial court's vassal cutting campaign.At the end of the third year of central China (782), Lu Long was the envoyZhu TaoWu Jun, who called himself the King of Ji and the King of Chengde, called himself the King of Zhao, Li Na, Ziqing, the King of Qi, Wei Botian, Yue, the King of Wei, and Zhu Tao, the leader of the four towns, united against the imperial court.[25]
At the same time, Huaixi (Huaining) provincial envoyLi XilieAlso called itself the capital of the worldmarshal、Taiwei, King Jianxing (soon to be called the Emperor of Chu), colluded with the four towns to rebel.The war spread from Hebei to Henan, and the East Capital was in urgent need.In October of the fourth year of Jianzhong (783), Li Shi planned to transfer toHuaixiWhen the soldiers of Jingyuan, who fought against the rebels on the front line, passed through Chang'an, they did not get the coveted reward. In addition, the meals they served were all brown rice and vegetable dishes. The soldiers mutinied, which was known as the "Change of Jingyuan Division" in history.Emperor Li Shicang fled to Fengtian (today's Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province).The disorderly army had Zhu Gui, Zhu Tao's elder brother and former commander in chief of the Jingyuan army, who was called Emperor Qin (later changed to Han) and whose year title was Ying Tian.Zhu Xuan enters Fengtian, the front lineLi Sheng, Shuofang Festival EnvoyLi HuaiguangLi Shi's war of cutting vassals was forced to end when the troops of Qin Wang and others withdrew from Hebei.[25]
In the first month of the first year of Xingyuan (784), Li Shi was in pain“imperial decree in which the emperor blamed himself for the suffering of the people”, declared that "I am really not a monarch", publicly assumed the responsibility for causing chaos in the world, and said that this was caused by his "failure to follow his own principles".Li Shi announced in the edict that the rebellion of Li Xilie, Tian Yue, Wang Wujun, Li Na and others was due to their own mistakes, and the so-called "I pacify the obedient party and make them suspicious", so he pardoned these rebellious vassals, saying that "everything will be treated as before" in the future.In addition to Zhu Xuan, even Zhu Tao was lenient and allowed to surrender successfully.From then on, we began to adjust the military policy for the vassal towns.When Wang Wujun, Li Na and Tian Yue saw the amnesty order, they cancelled the Wang Hao and apologized.In February, Li Huaiguang, the envoy of the Shuofang Festival, contacted Zhu Xuan to rebel, so Li Shi had to flee againLiangzhou(Now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) Avoid chaos.It was not until July that Li Shicai was able to return to Chang'an and end his life of exile because Li Sheng defeated Zhu Xuan and recovered the capital in May.[25]
In the autumn of the first year of Zhenyuan (785),Horse flintIn the recovery of the river, Li Huaiguang killed himself after being defeated.In April of the next year, Huaixi willChen XianqiAfter killing Li Xilie and surrendering, Li Shi appointed Chen Xianqi as the envoy.In July, Huaixi Military EnvoyWu ShaochengAfter killing Chen Xianqi, Li Shi appoints Wu Shaocheng as the envoy of the festival to stay behind.[26]
Settle down in the west
In October of the 14th year of Dali (779), Tubo and Nanzhao formed a coalition army called 200000 to invade Shu.Li Shi sent the Right Shence GeneralLi ShengRate: 4000Shence Army、 General Jin WuCurved ringHe led 5000 soldiers from Bining, Longyou, and Fanyang towns to Sichuan and joined forces with the Tang army in Shannandong and Xidao to defeat the Fanzhao allied army.Fan Yang's army pursued to the seventh plate, defeated the Fanzhao allied forces again, and captured Xincheng, Weizhou, and Maozhou;Li Sheng led the army to pursue and attack beyond the Dadu River, and once again broke the Tibetan Imperial Alliance.Eighty to ninety thousand people died of hunger and cold in the allied forces.Nanzhao KingDifferent Mou XunIn great fear, he moved his capital to Jubaa City (now Dali, Yunnan) to avoid the Tang army.[27-29]
In the second year of Zhenyuan (786), the Tibetan Prime MinisterStill likeLead the army to invade.Li Sheng sent a generalWang XuanThe troops were ambushed in Quecheng, defeated Tubo, and almost captured alive.In October, Li Sheng sent a powerful generalA good complement to a wild poemWang Xuan led 5000 foot cavalries to attack, defeated the Tibetan army of 20000, captured the Shabu Castle, and killed its general Qu Lv Zimeng.[30]Hedong Festival EnvoyHorse flintHe led the army to surrender Hequ Liuhuzhou.[31]
In the fourth year of Zhenyuan (788), the Tibetan army invaded Qingxi Pass with 20000 troops and attacked Dongman with 10000 troops.Jiannan Xichuan Festival EnvoyWei GaoWei Jinzhen was ordered to charge the city and supervise the armies to defend.Liu Chaocai, the governor of Youzhou, and other officials left the Shanhaiguan Pass for a series of battles to defeat Tubo.[32-33]
In the summer of the fifth year of Zhenyuan (789), the Tibetan army committed 30000 crimesNingzhouGeneral Jin Wu (now Ningxian County, Gansu Province)Gao ChongwenHe led three thousand Jiashi to save the Tibetan army, and destroyed the Tibetan army in the Fotangyuan, which killed more than half of the Tibetan army.[34]In October, Wei Gao sent General Wang Youdao to lead the army to break through the two envoys of Dongman, Lianglinman and Tubo Qinghai and Lacheng. The Tubo army threw into the cliff and drowned countless people, and the valiant general begged for Tibet and was killed.Several years later, Wei Gao recovered the prefecture.[35]
In the eighth year of Zhenyuan era (792), he was a provincial envoy of Shannan XidaoSevere earthquakeYu Fangzhou defeated Tubo and captured Blackwater Castle.[36]
In the ninth year of Zhenyuan era (793), Li Shiling ordered Deputy Marshal Bin Ningqing to work with Lingyan Festival envoyDu XiquanYanzhou (now the north of Yanchi County, Ningxia) was rebuilt and completed in two years.The history said that "Lingwu, Yinxia and Hexi were at ease, but the prisoners did not dare to go deep".[37]
In September of the 11th year of Zhenyuan era (795), the Tang Dynasty set up Yunnan pacification envoy in order to stabilize the southwestJiannan Xichuan Festival EnvoyWei Gaopart-time,[164]And garrison troops in the territory of Nanzhao.[165]
Binning envoy in the 13th year of Zhenyuan (797)Yang ChaoshengThree cities, namely, Fangqu, Hedao and Mubo, were built in the border area, and a city was built in Maling (today's Huanxian County in Gansu Province), with a land of 300 li.[38]
In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800 years), Tubo attacked Lingzhou and defeated Wulan Bridge.Wei Gao attacked and occupied the two cities of Mogong and Yong in Tubo.[39]
From August of the 17th year of Zhenyuan (801) to the first month of the 18th year of Zhenyuan (802)Battle of Victoria、The Battle of Crossing Lu, defeated 100000 Tibetan troops, captured Mang Re of the Tibetan Daxianglun alive, and subdued someBig Food in BlackandKang StateThe army.[40-41]
In order to get rid of the drawbacks of taxation, increase the national financial revenue, and solve the problem ofVassal townOf military expenses, Li ShiJianzhongThe prime minister was adopted in the first year (780)Yang YanThe "two tax laws" should be implemented.[12][42]The "two tax laws" made the tax revenue of the Tang Dynasty have clear provisions, and changed the messy tax to be collected in summer and autumn.
The implementation of the two tax laws had certain advantages at that time, and achieved certain results.《Old Tang Script·According to the Biography of Yang Yan, the implementation of the two tax laws "makes it easier for the world to follow, people write without breaking the land, taxes are added without increasing the convergence, editions are not created, and the truth and falseness of the books are obtained, corrupt officials do not warn, but they do not take anything from the traitors, and the power of gravity begins to belong to the imperial court".Two tax laws andRent Yong TuneDifferent from that, it "takes assets as its primary concern, not the individual as its foundation. Those with less assets will have less tax, while those with more assets will have more tax." This has somewhat changed the unreasonable phenomenon of the rich and the poor bearing taxes.At the same time, aristocratic bureaucrats and businessmen also had to pay taxes according to their property, expanding the scope of tax payment and increasing the country's financial revenue.The two tax laws are significant reforms in the history of China's tax system, which have far-reaching impact on later generations.[43-44]
multifarious taxes
During the reign of Li Shi, many exorbitant taxes and levies were added, mainly including:
one
Discuss wine: In the first year of Jianzhong (780), shortly after the implementation of the Two Tax Law, the imperial court began to discuss wine (the imperial court patented wine selling), stipulating that except for Chang'an, Kyoto, only official brewing is allowed in the country, and private brewing is not allowed.Due to the different prices of grain in different regions, the official brew costs 2000 or 3000 yuan per bottle.In the second year of Zhenyuan era (786), it was stipulated that it was forbidden to brew wine privately in the capital city and Ji County, and other places were allowed to set up stores to sell wine, but 150 wen was required for each bucket of wine sold. At that time, the price of a bucket of wine was 300 wen, which was 50% of the sales tax.Wine making needsDistiller's yeastIn the second year of the Zhenyuan era, the Tang court conducted liquor discussion in Huainan, Zhongwu, Xuanwu and Hedong.From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the style of debating music was prevailing.
two
Tea tax: In the early Tang Dynasty, tea, like salt and wine, was not taxed.Monopoly tea (tea bought and sold by imperial court patent) or tax tea appeared in the middle of Tang Dynasty.Shortly after the implementation of the two tax laws, in the fourth year of Jianzhong (783), Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, according to the minister of household affairsZhao ZanWe will pay a very high tax on tea, lacquer, bamboo and wood.In the ninth year of the Zhenyuan era (793), according to the proposal of Zhang Pang, a salt and iron envoy, officials were set up in the mountain fields and commercial transportation arteries of Chazhou County to collect one of ten taxes. In that year, the tax was 400000 min, equal to the salt tax of Liu Yanchu.Since then, the tea tax collection in the Tang Dynasty has never been interrupted.
three
Mineral tax: From the Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, the imperial court did not attach importance to the mining and smelting industry, and the mining, smelting and casting of mineral resources were not taxed.In the 15th year of the Kaiyuan era (722), the court initially taxed silver and tin in Wuchongshan in Yiyang (Ruyang, Henan), which was the beginning of the mining tax collection in the Tang Dynasty.During the Dezong period of the Tang Dynasty (780-805), the minister of householdHan HuiIt is proposed that the benefits of mountains and rivers such as copper and iron should be owned by the stateSalt Iron EnvoyTo manage, Dezong adopted his suggestion.
four
Shelf taxandRemove money from strangers: Both Jiejia Tax and Chumo Qian are miscellaneous taxes created in the Tang Dynasty.In the fourth year of Jianzhong (783), due to the military use of the imperial court, the regular taxes could not be supplied. Zhao Zan, the minister of the Ministry of Household, proposed to implement the "shelf tax" and the "money removal method".Shelving tax is a real estate tax levied on houses.The two houses are divided into one room, which is divided into three grades according to the quality of the house. The upper house tax is 2000 yuan, the middle house tax is 1000 yuan, and the lower house tax is 500 yuan. The tax collectors often break into the households to calculate the amount.People with more real estate often pay hundreds of thousands of dollars.If he conceals a room and does not report it, he will be rewarded with fifty yuan for his staff of sixty.This very strict tax was strongly opposed by the people, and Dezong was forced to abolish it.Except Moqian, it belongs to the nature of transaction tax.All income from transactions and payments must be taxed to the government.In the ninth year of Tianbao (750) of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it was stipulated that "every 20 wen except for money from strangers", which was the tax rate of 2%.In the fourth year of Jianzhong (783), Zhao Zan proposed to levy again, and the official would charge 50 yuan for every 1000 yuan, with the tax rate of 5%.If we barter, we should convert the goods into money, and then extract the equivalent goods as tax according to the tax rate.In the Tang Dynasty, in addition to direct transactions between buyers and sellers, market transactions were also often conducted through dental traders (i.e. market brokers). Dental traders held printing paper issued by the government, and registered whenever there was a transaction. The dental traders were responsible for accounting and paying taxes.Those who do not trade on their own through dentists should have account books for business transactions, that is, private books. If there is no private book, and the amount of tax evasion reaches 100 wen, the staff should be 60, the fine should be 2000, and the informer should be rewarded 10 guan, which should be borne by the offender.In addition to the high tax rate of Moqian, the dental merchants had to deal with it. Most of them had hidden capital. "The public could not enter the country half way", while the people "complained loudly".In the second year of Xingyuan era, it was abolished together with the shelf tax.[135]
Convergence policy
Since the causeZhu 泚After the incident, Li Shi realized the importance of money and began to change his attitude.From then on, he not only began to like money, but also actively asked the local government to pay tribute to him.In addition, Li Shi often sent Chinese eunuchs to ask for it directly from the government and local governments, which was called "Xuansuo".
In order to satisfy Li Shi's greed, the Jiedu envoy, in the name of Jinfeng, skillfully set up various names to exploit the people.Some of the festival commissioners presented their gifts every month, called "Monthly Promotion", and some presented their gifts every day, called "Daily Promotion". The amount of money presented each year was about 500000 min, which caused a heavy burden to the people.[12]
The old system, the daily necessities needed in the palace, were undertaken by the government and purchased from the people.In the late Zhengyuan era of Dezong, it was directly handled by eunuchs, who often sent hundreds of people all over the busy neighborhoods, called“overrated reputation”。They do not carry any documents and vouchers, and when they see what they need, they call it“Miyagi”They pay a small price at will, and ask the consignor to deliver it to the palace, and extort "portal money" and "foot price" from them.There was a farmer who sold firewood to the city with his donkey. When the eunuch took it away in the name of "Gong Shi", he gave him a few feet of silk, asked for "portal money" and sent his donkey to the palace.The farmer wept and was willing to pay the silk. The farmer refused to accept it. The eunuch said, "You must send the firewood to the house." The farmer said, "I have parents and wives, and I will eat after this. Now I use the firewood with you instead of going straight home. If you still refuse, I will die!" So he beat the eunuch.Li Shi deposed the eunuch and gave the farmer ten silks after he got the news, but "Miyagi" remained unchanged.[136]
During the period between Dali and Zhenyuan, the movement of stylistic innovation against parallel prose and advocating ancient prose gradually arose.Under this influence“Legend of the Tang Dynasty”Fiction creation has also entered its heyday.Li Shishan belongs to literature and works in poetry.Therefore, the "Ancient Chinese Movement" was strongly supported by the emperor.[162]
In the second year of Zhenyuan era (786), the imperial examination set up a new section called "Kaiyuan Rites". The examination was conducted in the form of asking questions and trying strategies.[166]
During the Zhenyuan period, Li Shi would organize representatives of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to "balance the three religions" on each birthday.Advocate debate and discussion, seek common ground while reserving differences, and promote the reconciliation of the three religions.[168]
DaliIn July of the 14th year (779), Li Shi issued an imperial edictHonglu Temple：Fan Ke(Generally referring to foreign business travel) When entering Beijing, they wear their own clothes.[45]In August, Pai Taichang ShaoqingWellenHe sent an envoy to Tibet and returned 500 Tibetan prisoners to show his intention of repair.[46]
JianzhongIn May of the first year (780), Li Shi sent Wei Lun as an envoy to Tubo.In the winter of the same year, the Prime Minister of Tubo, Tan Chin Mingsi, and others followed Wei Lun to the imperial court and offered gifts.[47-48]In March of the next year, Li Shi sent a young prison to the palaceCui HanhengAn envoy to Tubo.[49]
In the second year of Jianzhong (781), Li Shi took the initiative to send envoys to seek peace with Tibet. The edict changed "offer" to "advance", "gift" to "send", and "receive" to "receive".To express the equal status of the two countries.[50]
Fengxiang Festival Envoy in the first month of the fourth year of Jianzhong (783)Zhang YiTo praise Qingshui (today's Qingshui County, Gansu Province) with the Tibetan Prime MinisterAllianceAnd define the border between the two countries.[51]
In May of the third year of Zhenyuan (787), Shang Jiezan sent envoys many times to seek peace, and courteously sought peace inHedong Festival EnvoyHorse flint。Li Shiming, Senior GeneralHun FuHe was the envoy of the Tibetan Qingshui Alliance, and later set the alliance in Pingliangchuan (today's Pingliang City, Gansu Province).In October, Tang and Tibet joined forces, and Shang Jiezan ambushed a large number of soldiers, plotting to seize Hun Xuan.Eventually Hun Gan escaped, and many of the vice envoys of Huimeng and Tang Dynasty soldiers were captured.[52-54]For more than ten years after that, Li Shi did not talk about alliance with Tubo, did not see the Tibetan envoys, and did not accept the credentials of the state.[167]
In May of the 19th year of Zhenyuan era (803), Tubo sent its officials to pay tribute on Jiare.[141]
In June of the third year of Jianzhong (782), Li Shi appointedLi HanTo pay tribute to the Huihe people.[55]
In the third year of Zhenyuan era (787), Huihe began to claim allegiance to the Tang Dynasty again.[56]
In November of the fourth year of Zhenyuan era (788), the Tang Dynasty and the Uighurs made peacePrincess Xian'an(Li Shi's 8th Daughter) Married to HuiheLongevity Day Pro Khan。Li Shi Ceming Khan was the long-lived pro Pilga Khan in Milu, and was allowed to change his clan name to "Uighur".[57-58]In December of the next year, Kunga Khan, a longtime pro in Milu, died.In the following year, Li Shi ordered Guo Feng, the minister of Honglu, to hold a festival and worship his son for Aidengli, Luomumi, Gulu, and Vija, the faithful khan（Loyal Khan）。[59]The Uighurs sent General Dabei Lemailu to inform them of the death of the former Khan.[60]
In December of the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796), the Uighur Khan came to make a pilgrimage.[61]
In the seventh year of Zhenyuan (791), the Tang Dynasty sent Duan Yizhong, an old minister of Nanzhao, back to Nanzhao to negotiate.The next year, Wei Gao wrote to NanzhaoDifferent Mou XunWe are willing to drive Tubo out of Yunling Mountain with Nanzhao, defend each other and be a family forever.Different Mou Seeking andQingping Officer, The army generals and other conspirators are all bent on going back to the Tang Dynasty.In the following year, Nanzhao sent envoys from Rongzhou, Qianzhou, and Annan to offer their gifts to the Tang Dynasty.Li Shi sent Yimou an imperial edict and ordered Wei Gao to send envoys to Nanzhao to pacify him.
In the tenth year of Zhenyuan (794), the Tang Dynasty and NanzhaoDiancang MountainThe shrine alliance ended the war between the two countries for more than 40 years.In the Tang Dynasty, Yi Mouxun was granted the title of king, and the "Zhenyuan Book Nanzhao Seal" was granted.[62]
In December of the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796), Yi Mouxun came to make a pilgrimage.[61]
In December of the 14th year of Zhenyuan (798), Yi Mouxun sent envoys to congratulate himZhengdan(New Year's Day).[63]
In the first month of the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800 years), Nanzhao presented "Sacrifice Music and Dance", and Li ShiLinde HallFront view.[64]
In December of the 20th year of Zhenyuan era (804), Nanzhao sent envoys to pay tribute.[65]
In April of the first year of Zhenyuan (785), Dezong carried out Li Bi's plan and appointed eunuch Yang Liangyao as the national envoy. He sent envoys by sea in black clothes to have a good alliance.In July of the fourth year of Zhenyuan (788), Yang Liangyao was granted the title of founding man of Hongnong County and 300 households of food town after returning home.[142]
In the first month of the seventh year of the Zhenyuan era (791), Black Clothed Food sent envoys to the court.[143]
In September of the 14th year of the Zhenyuan era (798), Heiyi Dashi sent envoys Hancuo, Yanji, and Shabei to the court. All of them were granted the title of Zhonglang General and sent back to the country.[144-145]
other
February of the first year of Jianzhong (780),Japandispatch an envoypay tribute。[66]In August, Dongbo and Wuman sent envoys to pay tribute.[67]
In December of the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792),Zangke、Murakami、MoheThey sent envoys to pay tribute.[68]
In July of the ninth year of Zhenyuan era (793), Tang Lizhi, the female king of the Qiang people in the Xishan Mountains in Jiannan, Dong Woting, the king of neighboring brother, Luo Tuochong, the king of white dog, Dong Buhe, the king of weak water, Deng Zhiming, the younger brother of the king Buzu, and the nephew of the king of Nanshui who had heard of the past came to pay tribute in person.Li Shi granted them official salaries and sent them home.[69]
In December of the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796), the female king of the Xishan State in Jiannan came to pay homage.[61]
In April of the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), Li Shi appointed the right to know the state affairs of SillaJin JunyongHe was appointed as the chief inspector of Kaifu, the governor of Jilin Prefecture, and the king of Silla.[70]
In the first month of the 18th year of Zhenyuan (802),Pyu The king sent envoy Zili to pay tribute and offerPiao National MusicTwelve tunes and thirty-five musicians.[71]
In December of the 20th year of Zhenyuan (804), Japan sent envoys to pay tribute.[65]
Historical evaluation
Announce
edit
The portrait of Li Shi is taken from Wang Qiji of the Ming Dynasty, and Wan Li carved "Sancai Tuhui".[1]
Jia YinlinHowever, your majesty is too impatient to tolerate. If the old nature is not changed, though the thief runs away, the officials will be worried.[72]
Lu ZhiAt the beginning of His Majesty's succession, he always followed the principles of reason, practiced frugality, and refused to be greedy for food.Although the internal treasury was old and not returned to the Tai Mansion, the songs and offerings of various parties were not allowed to enter the forbidden area. The breeze was solemn and the sea was changing.In recent times, the bandits rebelled against the chaos and were lucky outside. This is the fate of worrying about danger, so we should be more vigilant.Yesterday, I was sent to the military camp by the envoy and went out of the Jingxing Hall. Suddenly, I saw the name of the second treasury listed under the right side of the hall. I was shocked and didn't know why.Who?Tianqu still sticks to the ground, and the teachers and tourists are in the air. The sound of sad moaning is still breathing;The effect of loyalty and diligence in fighting and defending was that the reward was not done.Who can bear the feelings of those who have paid tribute to the treasures and suddenly left the treasury?Stealing the military situation, or looking at it, or blaspheming in anger, or eulogizing in ugliness, which is full of confusion and repentance.It is to know the vulgar and vulgar, to know the lofty and humble, not to respect the extreme, but to feel honest and righteous.[73]
Cui Ning: The Holy One is smart and heroic, and changes from good to good, but he isLuqiSo confused.[74]
Du Huang Clothes: Dezong, who had been suffering from hardships, was responsible for appeasement, and did not give birth to chastity.If there is a material event, the advance envoy will investigate the military situation and grant it.The middle envoy or the senior general who privately received a bribe and came back to be praised, that is, he lowered his yak axe, which did not mean anything to the imperial court.[75]
Li Jifu: Dezong is the sage himself. He doesn't believe in the prime minister, but believes in others. This is to make the treacherous minister gain prestige.[76]
Liu Xu: ① The Emperor Dezong first took charge of all kinds of opportunities and strived for excellence.Think politics like thirst, and treat people like hurt.The imperial edict was deferred to the Communist Party, and the side seat thought was sought from many scholars.At the beginning, he went to the nameless expense and dismissed the officials who were not in a hurry;Qiang, the concubine of Yongxiang, releases the tame image of the document sheet;Reduce the diet of Taiguan, and command the extravagance of clothing and play;Understand the hawk dog and let it go. Stop debating and offer sacrifices.The hundred gods are in the rank of Xianzhi, and the five codes are used to control the obedience. The imperial palace is used to guide the virtuous and virtuous, and the court officials are stopped to govern the Jidian.This is all the power of the former king. He has the great power of the country. How dare you argue with him when he leads the way.To show the talent and carve out the culture.Sa Han Jin Luan is worthy of the work of Huainan;It is a book written by He Hui and Longdi.Elegant Zhongxing, the former generation of Xigao《Ernan》The Third Ancestor was not born here.However, Wang Ba had a different track, and Chunju changed from generation to generation. Coyett was always reasonable, considering the difficulties.Gou, in the autumn of mourning, easily took the argument of despicable husband. He had a good view of the modern world and was invincible.Dezong used to be commander in chief when he was in the public arena;And the earthquake bearing dry day, quite negative.Therefore, Guo Lingrong was dismissed from the beginning, which is not the second timeYang YanThis is a fallacious plan, so I want to mix with Chinese Americans, restrain the traitors, go south to Xianghan to kill them, and go north to Hengyang.There are so many soldiers and stars out of the country that it is not enough to feed the army, and people have never heard of breaking the thieves.Once Deyin sweeps the floor and sighs at Lianmeng, the Five Thieves will arrogate to the King of Heaven, and the two Zhus will rely on the mausoleum in the clan. The embarrassment of Fengtian can be reduced to tears, and the words of guilt will not help.If you rely on the strength of loyal officials, you will be lucky again.Although he knew that he was not chased by Yang Yan, he did not forget to be seducedLuqi。Take away the reward with the private resentmentLi ShengMilitary symbol;Take the treachery of prolonging one's life.GoLu ZhiThe phase of knowing people is philosophic, if so!At the time of Zhenyuan, I am poor.[77]② Wise and thoughtful, but sage.Protect the evil and harm the good, and refuse to obey.It's lucky to have an imperial calendar.On the occasion of giving a banquet, I will sing in a solemn way.[77]③ Dezong's ousting of a virtuous minister and a treacherous minister, which led to the chaos of Zhu Xuan and Huaiguang, was a loss of his people. How could it be especially timely![78]
Sun HeIn the early days of Dezong, the first imperial edict was issued and the ancient system was followed. All the money and grain under the heaven belonged to Wenchang.But the day did not regret the disaster, the rebel minister remained, the funds were insufficient, and the amount was built again. So Pei Yanling lured the king with profit, even more than before.[79]
Ouyang Xiu: Dezong is jealous and unkind, and assumes responsibility by being strong. He is ashamed to see that he is condescending to the truth, but forgets to be bullied and flattered.Therefore, it is doubtfulXiao FuTo be light of oneself is to sayJiang GongfuTo sell straight, but cannot tolerate;Use luqiZhao ZanAs for defeat and chaos, we will never regret it.As for the difficulties of Fengtian, we should punish ourselves deeply and carry out the policy of appeasement.Therefore, the imperial court became weaker, while Fang Zhen became stronger. As for the demise of the Tang Dynasty, it suffered from this.[80]
Song Qi: It is unfortunate that Dezong will not die!In times of danger, listen to Zhimou, and have calmed down, and pursue all the words of revenge. If you are angry, you will chase away with slander and luck, but you will still abandon the stem.To the seniors, they will be pampered and appointed as the king. They will not move like a mountain, and they will help the weak and the weak.[73]
Wu Kui: Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty distrusted ministers and trusted a small group. Lu Zhi boasted in a straight way, but he was repulsed;Pei Yanling, Wei Qumou, and Li Qiyun are cunning with their shreds, and rely on them as their hearts. The world still calls Dezong the Lord of the Dark.[81]
author of the history Zizhi Tongjian: Dezong was indignant about the shortcomings of the world, pitied the inferiority of the Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the south, he had a strong ambition to dispel chaos. He had a low level of knowledge, and a high level of confidence. Many people were not his own. His actions were not guided by his own ways, and he was burdened with taxes. As a result of the killing, the bandits outside the Shanhaiguan Pass were not even and the thieves in the capital rose first, so he was trapped and humiliated in Xingyuan and spread to the south of the mountain. The public ministers were worshipped by the thieves and gathered in the yellow houses. Lu Zhi was still committed to the inside,Li Sheng lost all his power to the outside world, so he could kill the culprits of the barbarians and return to the clan.[82]
Wang Anshi: Your Majesty（Song Shenzong）If Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen and Wu can do anything for them, that is to say, their ministers should be one heart and one mind. If they share the same path with Emperor Hanyuan and Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, they don't have to blame their ministers for being surly and faithless.[83]
Su Zhe: At the beginning of the emperor's accession to the throne, he was famous and greedy for merit.He Shuo rebelled three times. He and his son have been following each other for thirty years. The emperor will win with the power of the world.Tian Yue was surprised and Zhu Tao and Wang Wujun joined him.The emperor's envoys Ma Sui, Li Baozhen and Li Peng went to meet him, and the victory was still in the balance.The emperor was eager to succeed, so he sent Li Sheng out of the guard again. Li Huaiguang selected Shuofang as a group, and five generals were selected from Wei Jiao.However, Li Xilie in the west of Huaihe River rose in the midst of a series of wars, which Chang Fu could not support.So he took a temporary loan to the merchants, which was not known by the emperor, but was in chaos in GuanzhongThe emperor still thought that the western teacher could overcome it, but suddenly he said nothing.A few days later, the rebel soldiers of Jingyuan turned up and fled from the invaders in a hurry. After half a year, the emperor was old and tired of fighting.Therefore, all policies were carried out to appease the vassal town.All those who died of modesty and helped to win the hearts of scholars were destined to stay behind.Even those who ask for orders by usurping are like thisFrom this point of view, the emperor always has a mind of impermanence, so he is brave before and timid after;Zhi Chang has a constant heart, so courage and timidity deserve their due.[84]
Fan Zuyu: ① Dezong was in danger and chaos, so he had to pay attention to his needsPei YanlingAs for Zen, it is like taking off one's shoes. As thick as it is, it should be thin.[85]② Dezong was too observant to know, which led to chaos without knowing what was wrong.[85]
Where to go: As for Lingyi, between Dali and Zhenyuan, the towns along the two rivers are becoming more and more powerful.At that time, the monarch was timid and subdued, often like holding a tiger in his arms and covering his shame. He was insincere and charming, so he had nothing to do at dusk.However, Ling Gui Yizhi, though he had a forbidden army inside to castrate Yin, was not enough to wait for the change of the world.Therefore, in the chaos of the Jing division, the six armies were chosen by God, and none of them was called. Four hundred people were lucky enough to be called.[86]
Ren Boyu: Talents should not be separated from the Party. However, since ancient times, there has never been a gentleman or a villain who can be treated by mixing together.It is easy for a gentleman to retreat while a villain is hard to retreat. The two are used together. Finally, the gentleman is gone and the villain is left alone.Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty took this opportunity to spread and relocate. Jianzhong was his official title, and he had to give up.[87]
Luo Congyan: If Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, it is unclear.[88]
《Xuanhe Bookscript》: At the beginning, I was in Zongfan, and my reputation has been well received.Strong sense of nature, once in the eyes, often without learning.The same is true for those who assume their own responsibilities.He became commander in chief in the year of his teeth.Since the total number is more than ten thousand, we should encourage the way of vigorous governance, think about the former king's ability to do things, and strengthen you.Therefore, the officials came here to give their comments and answers without hesitation.[89]
Hong Mai: Zhu Xuan, according to the capital, Dezong moved to Fengtian, Li Huaiguang followed the rebellion, and Li Sheng was alone in the battle against the wall. But Dezong used Zhang Yanshang's master to stop his army, and he was suspicious, so Yang Yang died.Since ancient times, the faint master has been unknown. It's really amazing that he abandoned his hero so lightly![90]
Money Hour: Dezong is the master of suspicion.[91]
Sun Chengen: Diligence is the essence of advice, and ambition is also sharp.Every ounce is worth its weight.Stop at the beginning and appease at the end.This is the source of the disadvantages.[92]
Wang Jiaping: How can you make up for it even if you listen carefully, such as Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty?[93]
Liu Zongzhou: The saying goes that the decline of the Han Dynasty was due to filial piety and propaganda, and the punishment was a sin.Tang Dezong used Jiang Gongfu to sell for his own use.Disgraced by public opinion, but willing to be bullied by others.As for Lu Qi's traitors, they have no doubt of their trust. If there is a disaster of Fengtian, they are suspicious of the danger of blocking them.Three generations later, there will be no number of heroes. If you exercise your skills like this and defeat like that, I pray that your majesty will resolutely act with sincerity... Emperor Xuandi of the Han Dynasty will comprehensively review and scrutinize, Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty will indulge in suspicion, and Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty will be more determined. If you have both of them, you will never fail![94]
Wang Fuzhi: Dezong of Tang Dynasty took the chaos since Tianbao as an example in his early administration. He quickly changed it in the middle of ten days. He dismissed Yuanhuan Temple, made free warriors, and carefully simplified the positions of talents. It was also a good thing. It was like a lack of daysChang GunTake the private part quickly to give the rebukeCui YoufuBecause of the shock at home and abroad, the vassal town has wise and heroic words, and Tubo has a reputation of virtue in China;But within a year or two, he lost his old heart greatly, so as to shield the treacherous officials and listen to the slanderers, and the country was seething and almost destroyed.People only know that their good fortune at the beginning and chaos at the end is not long, but they do not know that their good fortune at the beginning is not inherent, and the Tao will seize it after listening to it;As things change, it is hard to know, and the expected effect is urgent but not as expected, so we are eager to change the plan, and the inevitable trend is also... Those who want to go against each other are two or three people who believe that they are hesitant to be good or not, and there is no evidence to hide it. The rise of treachery and sycophanty is not confused by the suspicion of the poor, and the internal demagogues are also separated from the outside.Xiang Lingde Zong, at the beginning of practicing music, had few gains or losses in the form of music, but had little power over his interests;Deeply investigate the feelings and talents of heaven and human beings, and the similarities and differences between their names and reality;Analyze the reason in the mind, be poor in the reason, study carefully, and do not pay attention to the beautiful name, so as to meet the needs of the years.If one thing is lost, do not count all things;One man's fault should not be doubted by others.Its loss is also its gain;It is also suspicious, and it is all believable... The impetuous man admires your name, Xi Zu and this?Therefore, at the beginning of Dezong's administration, it can be decided that there is no end to itDezong first called the rebellion against his officials, and in the midst of favoring the evils of vassals, he finally granted the right to set up officials, and set up a party of villains. If he was not a monarch, he would be able to die, but if he did not die, he would be lucky.It is not because there are signs and sounds to follow the color and drown in, or vice versa. It is not because there are crimes of wanton killing and outrage, or it is because people don't know what is good and don't know what is wrong;If you doubt that he can enter the Middle Lord and go up, you can protect his good fortune with success;However, those who died as a lesson for future generations in danger think that they are ready to doubt their mistakes.[95]
Gu Yingtai: Dezong likes Lu Qi and Pei Yanling very much, but dislikes Lu Zhi and Yan Zhenqing very much.The jealous master likes to use soft and charming ministers. It is natural that there is nothing strange about them.[96]
Aixin Jueluo Hongli: People who talk about Dezong in the world think that there are three things missing: first, appeasement, second, eunuch appointment, and third, convergence.But if we don't know the cause of the chaos, we should use villains instead of gentlemen.At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Cui Youfu was used as the prime minister, and the world was tranquil, with good governance.However, Li Zhengji's money was given to his own army, and it was not necessary to appease him.Shao Guangchao, the envoy in the staff, is not a eunuch.It is not good to pay tribute and collect.Therefore, Xiran is called governance and guarding against Zhenguan.When Lu Qi was used, all three were on the contrary. How could it be a clear experience to tame the chaos of Jingyuan!When he was in Fengtian, Zhu Xuan besieged the city, but no rescuers arrived.So I trusted Lu Zhi, obeyed his advice and ordered him to punish himself, but the sergeant cried.Huai Guang betrayed again, and the emperor was lucky to Liangzhou. The loss of Zhi in the middle of the road caused him to cry bitterly and use it to seek social security.After the restoration of the country, birds hide their bows and slander their eyes.Fear the disaster of the vassal, and continue to appease.Think of the poverty and make good goods.If it is used moderately, the world will decline. It is still weak and the disease will heal. It is dangerous to punish them for not being able to eat and drink!In its original form, Cui Youfu began to appear clearly;Its chaos, by using Lu Qi;The restoration of its former capital was based on the trust of Lu Zhi;After that, when the defense was resumed to the point of chaos, Lu Zhi was dismissed for not using him.A man who does what he does will be able to warn him when he has something to do, not when he has nothing to do.The chaos caused by it should not be neglected![97]
Chen Ergan: If Fuyan knows the reputation of a person, but does not lower her heart to get close to him, Dezong of Tang Dynasty and Shenzong of Song Dynasty are also.There was a Lu Zhi in Dezong who could not be used, but sent him to serve the seclusion of his courtiers with his eyes and ears. He wanted people to be surprised by his unique views.The adventurers, such as Pei Yanling, can take advantage of it.[98]
Aixin Jueluo ZhaolianSince the short funeral of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, all emperors in the past dynasties have gone through the rough, but Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, Wei Xiaowen, Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty and Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty have never been willing to do so.However, Emperor Wu finally confused Du Yu's argument, Xiaowen falsely respected the usurper's wife, Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty was vain about his reputation, and Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty was not satisfied with his personal favor, so there was no such thing in later generations.[99]
Cai Dongfan: ① Qi took advantage of Liang Chongyi's betrayal, used the knife to kill inflammation, and used special poisons. Dezong repeatedly failed to understand, and favored Li Xilie to fall into Qi's treachery![100]② The mistake of replacing the patriarch is wrong in appeasement, and the mistake of virtue is wrong in guessing.[101]③ The Tang Dynasty does not mean nobody. It is wrong to blame Dezong's credit, treachery and sycophanty, and to criticize the loyal and good ears.[102]
Tried: This book（《Cambridge History of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China》）He believed that the traditional historical records described Tang Dezong as stubborn and greedy, but said that he was credulous and weak, which contradicted each other.The record that he allowed eunuchs and abstemious officials to do their own thing was also exaggerated.The so-called efforts of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty from 779 to 781 are also untrue.In fact, his policies and behaviors show a considerable degree of internal coherence.He aimed at revitalizing the central power, so that the civil and military power of the Manchu Dynasty would be dwarfed.As it is not easy to preserve the existing central power as far as possible, he must make necessary compromises with the vassals. This is a prudent policy, not an appeasement policy that people accuse.It is not true that Tang Dezong completely obeyed the accusations of domestic slaves. Because eunuchs did not harm him, he has always been the supreme ruler.The so-called external court was repressed by eunuchs is an exaggeration of the influence of historical records on eunuchs.[103]
Bai Shouyi: Dezong had been in power for 25 years, claiming to be a good governance man, but he did not have such brilliant achievements as Xuanzong in the Kaiyuan heyday, but was as unstable as Tianbao Rebellion.[12]
internationally known sinologist: The imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty was very popular, which originated in the time of Emperor Gaozong, became the generation of Emperor Xuanzong, and was extremely popular in the era of Emperor Dezong.Dezong was originally the monarch who respected literary works. Since Zhenyuan, he especially wanted to whitewash the political situation of Gouan with the rule of literature.In political terms, at that time, the vassal town was domineering and the military men were arbitrary, which was a state of chaos.However, as far as the article is concerned, its grand occasion is almost beyond pursuit and can surpass the era of Zhenguan Kaiyuan.At this time, Han Liuyuanbai was the healthy person. It was no accident that the ancient prose movement, which was called "the decline of literature from eight generations", took place at this time.In addition, there is another noticeable point in the history of Chinese literature, that is, the so-called novels of the Tang Dynasty also started in the era of Zhen Yuanyuan and the ancient literature movement, and the author of the best novels at that time was actually the backbone of the ancient literature movement.The relationship between the two has not been discussed since the beginning.[162]
Zhao Jianmin: Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty reigned for 26 years.However, most of his time was spent in the confrontation with the vassal town, but few achievements were made.In his later years, due to his disappointment with the courtiers, he began to rely heavily on eunuchs, which led to the rise of the eunuch force that had been hit hard in the Tang Dynasty.The Imperial Palace has gained the control of the Forbidden Army, and is extremely popular in the courtThe historian's comment on Tang Dezong is that he tried to be the most holy and bright emperor, but the actual effect was just the opposite. He used many villains fatally and maintained his rule by virtue of luck.[25]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Xuanzong prophecy
According to《Jiahua in Sui and Tang Dynasties》It is recorded that Li Longji, the great grandfather of Xuanzong, went to see Li Shi when he was three days old.Prince Li Heng (Tang Suzong) and his son Li Yu (Tang Suzong) stood next to each other in turn.The nurse wrapped Li Shi in her baby clothes and showed them.Li Shi is not white and leans forward.Li Heng and Li Yu didn't like it.They held Li Shi to Xuanzong in turn.At a glance, Xuanzong said, "It's really my son!" Then he said to Li Heng, "You are not as good as him." Then he said to Li Yu, "You are not as good as him. He seems like me." (Indeed, Li Shi's life and reign are longer than Li Heng and Li Yu.).During the An Shi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong took refuge in Sichuan and said on the way, "Yulang (the nickname of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty) will also come here." Later, Li Shi really went to Hancheng, Shaanxi (the place where Emperor Xuanzong passed by).[138]
Public platoon
Li Shi put an end to it in his later yearsAppetiteHe is very good at poetry, and no one can compare with his ministers.All ministersImperial controlFengheAfter stepping down, they all smiled and said, "The Duke of Pai is here." The two ends of the stone throwing are commonly known as "the Duke of Pai", which is used as the basis for judging the victory or defeat.[112]
Do not believe in ghosts and gods
When Emperor Zong of the Tang Dynasty was going to have a funeral, Li Shi took care of the hearse by himself. Seeing that the hearse was not walking in the middle of the road, but slightly off the road, he asked why.The competent department replied: "Your majesty's destiny is at noon, pointing to the middle, so he dare not offend." Li Shi cried, "How can there be a grievance hearse to seek its own benefits?" So he ordered the hearse to change its direction, facing the noon side, that is, to move in the middle of the road.Tang SuzongHe Daizong likes ghosts and gods of yin and yang. No matter how big or small things are, they must ask Zhan to ask divination.Li Shisu didn't believe this. The date of Daizong's burial was only in accordance with the ritual law. When everything was ready to stop, he would be buried at the end of July, and no other date would be chosen.[113]
Pursue Your Birth Mother
Li Shi's biological mother Shen（Empress Ruizhen）In the second year of Qianyuan (759)Shi SimingHe disappeared when he captured Luoyang again.[114]After the Emperor Daizong Li Yu ascended the throne, he sent people everywhere to look for him, but for more than ten years, he never found anything.After Li Shi ascended the throne, in the first year of Jianzhong (780), he honored Shen as the "empress dowager of Emperor Ruizhen". In Hanyuan Hall, he set up a scroll board and put the empress on the throne. Li Shi personally presented the scroll and bowed down. He cried bitterly and left and right officials also shed tears for it.[115]
In order to find his biological mother, Li Shi adoptedZhongshu SherenGao Shen suggested that Li Shu, the king of Mu, should be appointed as the envoy to greet the Shen family, and four people from the Shen family should be appointed as judges. Many envoys should be sent to the world to look around and find out. At the same time, the Shen family should be given a lot of gifts in order to reunite mother and son.[116]
In the second year of Jianzhong (781), the news came that the Shen family was found in Luoyang. Chang'an was very happy.However, it was soon confirmed that the so-called "Empress Dowager Shen" was justGao LishiAn adopted daughter of, because of her age and appearance, she was in contact with Shen Shi in the palace, and was tempted by fame and wealth to act as a fake.Li Shi was very angry and asked for punishment. Li Shi, who was anxious for his mother, not only refused to punish him, but also said to people around him, "As long as I can find the real birth mother, it doesn't matter if I am cheated a hundred times." Since then, more and more impostors have come. However, the real Shen family has not been found in the whole life of Dezong.[117]
Worship Buddha bones
In the sixth year of Zhenyuan (790)Famen TempleThe real pagoda "opens every thirty years", which is the legal time for the Tang royal family to welcome the Buddhist relics.Li Shi followed the usual practice and issued an edict to invite the finger bones of the Buddha from Wuyou King Temple (Famen Temple) in Qizhou to come to the Chang'an Imperial Palace for support, and then sent them to the major temples in Chang'an for support.Inside and outside the capital, the whole family can be found everywhere.In February, a Chinese envoy was sent to send the Buddhist bones back to Famen Temple, where they were buried again.[134]
One after another
When Li Shi was hunting in a place called Xindian, he came to the home of farmer Zhao Guangqi. Li Shi asked, "Are the people happy with their lives?" Zhao Guangqi replied, "Not happy." Li Shi said, "This year, we have a good harvest. Why are you not happy?"
Zhao Guangqi replied: "The state's edict is not trustworthy. It was said that there will be no other corvee except for the two taxes. Now there are many more forced charges except for the two taxes. Later, it was said that it was a purchase of Hejia. In fact, it was a robbery against the people, and it did not pay the people.At first, it was said that the government would collect the food from the people at their homes, but now they are forced to send the food to the west Beijing camp hundreds of miles away.Due to the long distance, many farm animals are exhausted and their cars are broken, leading to family bankruptcy and difficult to maintain.People's life is so miserable, what can we be happy about!The policy of giving preferential treatment to the people issued by the state every time is just a dead letter!The Holy One lives in a heavily guarded palace. How can he know that? "After hearing this, Li Shi ordered to exempt Zhao Guangqi's family from taxes and corvee.[110]
Song peopleauthor of the history Zizhi TongjianCommenting on this period of history, Li Shi did not know how to govern the country.Sima Guang pointed out that Li Shi should have thoroughly investigated the mistakes of corrupt officials in relevant departments and the villains around him, and then carefully examined the people's situation, reformed the drawbacks, implemented a new policy, and abandoned vanity.Li Shi only exempted the Zhao Guangqi familyCorvee。Sima Guang said, "With the vast expanse of people around the world, we can make sure that everyone speaks to the Son of Heaven and every household will pay back their taxes!"[111]
Zhun Chi Evil Poem
Du YouWhen he was appointed as Huainan envoy, he presented 100 poems of Cui Shuqing to the imperial court.Li Shi said to the envoy, "This isA wicked poem(Bad or indecent poetry), why do you want to present it? "At that time, it was called "Zhun Chi Evil Poetry".[118]
The old hatred has not been forgotten
Li Shi is still acting as the princeGrand MarshalWhen he was in Shanzhou withYao ZiangAnd dozens of colleagues and attendants met with HuiheMou Yu Khan。Huihe Khan andTang ClanAs a brother, Mou Yu Khan believed that he was the younger brother of the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty and the uncle of the emperor's son Li Shi, and that he should perform the "dance" ceremony when his nephew met his uncle, but Li Shi did not perform this ceremony from beginning to end.Yao Ziang fought hard for a long time. The Huihe Chebi General beat Yao Ziang, Wei Ju, Wei Shaohua and Li Jin with 100 sticks each.Wei Ju and Wei Shaohua died of serious injuries overnight.The mother of the Huihe Khan came to apologize and personally sent Li Shi back by horse.The Tang army is going to attack Huihe together, but Li Shi has stopped it because the An Shi Rebellion has not been settled.[119-120]
More than 20 years later, Huihe Hegudulu Khan（Longevity Day Pro Khan）Li Shi refused to ask for marriage many times.[121]Prime MinisterLi MiLi Shi established the strategy of "connecting Huihe in the north, connecting Yunnan in the south, and connecting Dashi and Tianzhu in the west" to fight against Tubo. Li Shi generally agreed with this strategy, and only rejected Huihe for many times.Li Shi believes that Wei Shaohua and others died because of their own involvement, but Li Bi points out that Mou Yu Khan, who killed Wei Shaohua that year, has been killed by He Gu Dulu Khan.In this way, the Heguchulu Khan actually contributed to Dezong.He took out Tang Jiang againZhang GuangshengKill Huihe Khan's uncleTu DongMore than 900 people compared with Heguchulu Khan who did not dare to kill the envoys of the Tang Dynasty and believed that Heguchulu Khan was really innocent.Later, Li Bi further pointed out that Wei Shaohua and others should not have rashly let Li Shi go to the Huihe camp, let alone let Li Shi meet Mou Yu Khan without determining the meeting etiquette in advance, so it was Wei Shaohua and others who were sorry for Li Shi.Li Mi also pointed out that Li Shi did not bow to Muyu Khan and never yielded;However, Muyu Khan's mother made amends to Li Shi in person. In fact, Li Shi did not "yield to" Muyu Khan.Senior GeneralLi Sheng、Horse flintLi Mi is also supported.Li Shi was quite convinced after hearing this paragraph, which allowed him to make peace with Huihe only on the premise that the Huihe Khan claimed to be subordinate to the Tang Dynasty emperor and recognized the Tang Dynasty emperor as his father.[120][122]Since then, the Uighur Khan has claimed the title of his son in the Tang Dynasty, and once again, the Uighur Khan began to claim the title of his son in the Tang Dynasty.[56]
Li Shi wrote "Zhengyuan Collection Wants Guangli Fang", also known as "Guangli Fang". The original book has five volumes, and there are 586 Fangs in it.[104]It was issued during the reign of Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty, but has not been handed down.Song peopleGao BaohengSuch as the Preface to the Newly Calibrated and Urgent Prescription, which is called "Zhengyuan Guangli", Zhengyuan is the same as Zhengyuan.Later generations《Yi Xin Fang》、《Syndrome herb》Etc. have citations, including《Yi Xin Fang》More than 20 places were cited in Guangli Fang.[105]
poems
Li ShishanGenuine, especially in poetry.Often in the palaceSing a chord, personally evaluate the grade.I can't sleep late at night when I discuss poetry with my bachelor.Also, he often tried to produce the humanistic words for the imperial examination, and the middle person was called a student.Li ZhaoHe said: "Dezong had no appetite in his old age, and his officials could not reach his poems."[106]Hu ZhenhengComment: "Dezong's poetry is elegant and upright."[107]《Complete Poetry of the Tang》Fifteen of his poems were recorded, and two sentences were supplemented in The Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty《External compilation of all Tang poems》And 2 supplementary poems in "The Complete Tang Poetry Continuation".[108]
Part of Li Shi's Poems
"Poems Given by Hundred Bureaucrats for the Zhonghe Festival Feast", "Poems Given to Hundred Officials for the Zhonghe Festival", "Six rhyme Poems with Qing Characters for the Chongyang Festival Feast", "Poems Given to Hundred Bureaucrats for Pursuing the Reward", "Send to Xuzhou Zhang Jian for Fenghui Town", "Banquet of Hundred Bureaucrats at Linde Hall", "Retreat from the Imperial Court on the first day to watch the military battle and return to camp", "Seven rhymes for the Zhonghe Festival Feast", and "Three days to write a book for the reward"The Double Ninth Festival is a day for Chinese and foreign friends to express their aspirations with poems and show their group officials. The Double Ninth Festival is a day of instant celebration. The ninth day is a day of celebration. The 15th of July is a day for honoring the temple. In the middle spring, Lin De Hall will meet with Bai Liao to watch the new music. The poem is a chapter with 16 lines. The quatrain of the ninth day is a poem
Calligraphy
Li Shi is talented and resourceful, and his words are fluent when he replies to the memorials of officials.《Xuanhe Bookscript》He said: "The strokes of his running script are worthy of the popularity of his predecessors." His running script work "Reply to Zhao Huibo's watch" was also included.[89]Tao ZongyiOn《Book History Conference》Zhongweiqi“writing , painting , or calligraphyThe writing is impressive ".[109]
Chongling is located in Shaanxi ProvinceJingyang CountyOn the steep mountain 20 kilometers to the northwest, about 20 kilometers around the mausoleum, Chong Mausoleum is a mausoleum close to the mountain, towering, surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the tomb is high and protruding. It is made of square and rectangular bluestones. The stones are chiseled into grooves, with iron bolt plates stuck, and poured with iron juice, which is extremely solid.The cemetery has four gates, including a pair of stone lions, ten pairs of stone men, a pair of Huabiao, a pair of winged horses, a pair of ostriches, and five pairs of battle horses.Xuanwu Gate has three pairs of battle horses.There are also eight stone statues of Liren standing outside the Zhuque Gate, all of which are Wang Bin. Now there is only one person left.Although the stone carvings were destroyed, most of them still exist, which is very magnificent.According to historical records, there are 43 burial tombs with Chongling Tombs, and their names and positions are unknown today.An eunuch who had served as an envoy in black was found on the edge of the cemeteryYang LiangyaoTomb god monument.On June 5, 2001, Chongling was announced asNational key cultural relics protection units。[133]
