Otto Hahn

German radiochemist and physicist

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synonym Hahn (German chemist) generally referring to Otto Hahn

Otto Hahn, German Radiology chemist and physical scientist 。 In 1904, a new type of Radioactive material Thorium emission (228Th). Later, actinium (227Th), new thorium 1 (228Ra) Nuclear fission New thorium 2 (228Ac), uranium Z (234Pa), protactinium (231Pa) and some Radioactive lake To clarify the natural Radiology Department The relationship between nuclides plays an important role.

Chinese name: Otto Hahn
Foreign name: Otto Hahn
Nationality: Germany
date of birth: March 8, 1879

Date of death: July 28, 1968
University one is graduated from: Marburg University
Occupation: scientist
Key achievements: Discovery of nuclear fission reaction
one's native heath: Frankfurt

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Otto Hahn

1904-1905 W. Ramsey and E. Rutherford Further study under guidance. stay Ramsay He gave up the idea of entering the chemical industry and joined Radiochemistry This new field is explored in depth. 1905 Hahn Special trip to Montreal, Canada McGill University , asked Professor Rutherford, the recognized authority for radium research at that time, and Bowerwood And other famous radiochemists. In Rutherford's life, he cultivated 12 Nobel Prize in Chemistry By the side of the winner's chemistry master, Hahn learned a lot. Rutherford's enthusiasm for scientific research energy , inspired Hahn and his colleagues. Nazi Germany During this period, he used neutron bombardment Uranium nucleus In the process of fission , for Nazi Germany Atomic bomb Has made great contributions to the development of.^[1]

Personal Resume

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Born on March 8, 1879 Frankfurt

Otto Hahn

Entered Germany in 1897 Marburg University In 1901, he received a doctor's degree in organic chemistry from the university

From 1902 to 1903, he served as a teaching assistant in the school

In 1904 University College London assist William Ramsay work^[2]

Went to Canada in 1905 Montreal Assist E. Rutherford

In 1906 University of Berlin work

He became a professor in 1910

Served in 1912 William Royal Institute of Chemistry Head of Radiochemistry Department

Director in 1928

Won the title of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 。

1946 Royal Society of William (Current name Max Planck Society ）President.^[3]

Died on July 28, 1968 Gettingen

discovery of great importance

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Otto Hahn experimental table

Hahn's big discovery is“ Heavy nuclear fission Reaction ". Since the 1930s, with positron 、 neutron 、 Deuterium The discovery of radiochemistry has pushed radiochemistry to a new stage. Scientists are committed to studying how to use manual methods to achieve Nuclear transmutation 。 Just when Hahn and Lize Maitner When working together on this research, the Second World War Burst. German occupation Austria Later, Lizzie Maitner was Israel In order to avoid the crazy persecution of the Nazis, we had to flee Berlin to Sweden Stockholm Refuge. If Hahn lost his arm, he did not give up his efforts in this regard. He cooperated with another German physicist, Fritz Strassman, and started a new attempt and exploration. At the end of 1938, when they used a Slow neutron To bombard Uranium nucleus An unusual situation happened unexpectedly: the reaction was not only rapid and strong release High energy, and Uranium fission Become some Atomic number A much smaller and lighter constituent of matter. Is this Nuclear fission ？ At first, Hahn realized that this was unusual Radioactive transmutation But I'm not sure that this is fission. He wrote and told the experiment results and his own thoughts Lize Maitner , but has received her strong support. In her reply, she clearly pointed out: "This phenomenon may be a fission of the uranium nucleus that we had imagined." Later, Hahn confirmed that this reaction was Uranium 235 Fission of. The significance of nuclear fission is not only that neutrons can break a heavy nucleus, but also that neutrons can release energy in the process of breaking a heavy nucleus. Nuclear fission The discovery is undoubtedly a release atomic energy The sound of Spring Thunder 。 Before that, the skeptics had the upper hand in the controversy over the release of atomic energy, and many people thought that it would be broken Nucleus It is impossible to release more energy in the process of breaking. and Uranium fission At that time, it was considered that "the scientific achievements based on this discovery are very amazing, because it is pure chemistry without any theoretical guidance method Obtained. "

Otto Hahn

Although Otto Hahn discovered that nuclear fission had not yet produced his compatriots Roentgen Professor found X-ray But nuclear fission is more important in terms of its consequences for changing human life and development Artificial nuclear fission Of Successful test It is a great breakthrough in the history of modern science, and it has created a way for human beings to use atomic energy This new era has epoch-making and far-reaching historical significance. Otto Hahn also won the honor of 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 。

Main contributions

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Nuclear fission

Hahn from Radium salt A new radioactive substance was isolated from Thoron emission (228Th)。 Later, I found that Actinium actinide (227Th)、 Neothorium 1(228Ra)、 New Thorium 2 (228Ac)、 Uranium Z (234Pa), protactinium (231Pa) and some are called Radioactive lake Of nuclide , for clarify natural Radiology Department The relationship between nuclides plays an important role. Commonly used in radiochemistry Recoil separation method Hahn put forward the gas ejection method to study the structure of solid materials. He's still here Isomorphous coprecipitation The author puts forward Hahn's law. Discovered in 1917 radioactivity The element protactinium. It was discovered in 1921 Natural radioactive element Of Isomerism Phenomenon.

Hahn's greatest contribution in his life was discovered together with F. Strassman in 1938 Nuclear fission Phenomenon, revealing utilize The possibility of nuclear energy. After neutron irradiation, uranium produces some Beta radionuclide At first, many scientists thought it was transuranium element. Hahn and Strassman are carefully identifying nuclear reaction After the production, it is certain that one of them is radioactive barium 50. Maitner and O. R. Frisch Think this is Uranium nucleus A fragment of similar mass that splits after being hit by neutrons. Hahn was awarded 1944 for discovering nuclear fission Nobel Prize in Chemistry 。 His main works are Applied Radiochemistry and New Atom Etc.^[4]

love peace

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For discovery Nuclear fission Hahn, no matter who is in power at the top or a scientist, knows that he is not Nazism Of advocate 。 Hahn once said, "The only thing I can do for you physicists hope That is, don't make it at any time Uranium bomb 。 If one day, Hitler If I get this kind of weapon, I will kill myself. " Hahn didn't want the Nazi regime to take over atomic energy Technology, refused to participate in any research. In the spring of 1945, he and Heisenberg Several atomic scientists were sent to Britain for detention. After being released to Germany in early 1946, he served as the president of Emperor William Association (renamed Max Planck Association in 1948), and became honorary president in 1960. Died on July 28, 1968 Gottingen 。 The discovery of nuclear fission makes the world enter age of atomic energy 。

Otto Hahn Peace Prize. This is based on Nobel Prize in Chemistry The winner named after German Otto Hahn is The Nobel Peace Prize The next peace prize is awarded every two years

cooperative partner

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After Hahn returned to Berlin in 1906 Kaiser William Professor of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry. In the autumn of 1907, he met the Austria Female physicist Lize Maitner Since then, the two people have started a fruitful cooperation for 30 years, jointly published several papers on radiochemistry, and created a long-term cooperation and common development between scientists of different nationalities, disciplines and genders in the history of science example 。 But Hahn shamefully betrayed Lizzie Maitner Nuclear fission In this case, the two men made the same contribution, but Hahn took it alone Nobel Prize And never mentioned Liz Meitner's contribution. And after World War II, Hahn Nor did they clarify the facts to the public.

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Marburg University

Marburg University For the Hessen Founded in 1527, it is one of the oldest universities in Germany. The school has more than 17000 students, including Foreign students 1500 people and 368 professors. Marburg University is characterized by providing students with a wide range of majors, which makes interdisciplinary learning possible. Economic cooperation is the only study in Europe Third World Countries The major of economic development.

The research focus of the university is: molecules and Tumor Biology Research; Metal chemistry and Material science and technology aspect. Established in 1991 Max Planck Institute , engaged in the research of terrestrial microorganisms.

Marburg is a city built on a mountain, and its urban construction is unique.

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