Hami Basin, located inXinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionEasternHami CityIt is high in the north and low in the south, and inclines from northeast to southwest. The northern part of the basin, the southern slope of Tianshan Mountain, is a pluvial inclined plain;The east and west are hills and Gobi, and the south is Kumtag Desert, which was called Mohe Yankui in ancient times;The middle part is a proluvial plain with gentle terrain and fertile land, where Hami oasis is distributed.
Hami Basin and Turpan Basin are collectively calledTurpan Hami Basin。
Hami Basin and Turpan Basin are collectively calledTurpan Hami Basin。
Hami CityIn the east and southeast of Jiuquan City, Gansu ProvinceGuazhou CountyandDunhuang Adjacent, south andRuoqiang County, Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous PrefectureBorder, west, southwest andMulei County, Changji Hui Autonomous PrefectureandTurpanOfShanshanThe county is adjacent to Mongolia in the north and northeastXinjiangIt is the third largest area after Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture and Hotan Prefecture.
Hami is located at the tail of Tianshan Mountains, and the eastern Tianshan Mountains run across the whole territory, dividing Hami into two closed types, namely, the south and the northbasin。
ShanbeiBalikun BasinIt is distributed from north to west, and the eastern part of the basin is narrow, formingYiwu Salt PondAnd Barkol Lake;northNaomao Lake、Santang LakeThe belt also forms a closed intermountain basin distributed from west to north.
The terrain of the whole country varies greatly,Halik MountainMain peakTomurti PeakAt an altitude of 4886 meters, it is the top of the region;It is the highest place in Hami.In the total area, hills account for 65.5%, deserts account for 1.5%, plains and gobi account for 27.9%, water surface accounts for 0.1%, and agricultural cultivated land accounts for 0.5%.
Hami is locatedEurasiaHinterland, far from the sea, is typicalTemperate continental arid climateIts main characteristics are: long sunshine, large annual and daily temperature difference, dry and little rain, strong evaporation, windy spring, hot summer, sunny autumn and cold winter.The climate in the region varies greatly.
PetroChinaTuha OilfieldThe exploration and development area of the branch is Tuha Basin, covering an area of 53500 square kilometers, with the predicted oil resource reserves of 1575 million tons and natural gas resource reserves of 370 billion cubic meters.After 1990, Shanshan, Hilly, Wenjisang, Mideng, Baka, Pubei, Wenxi, ShenquanTurpan, Qiudong, Honghu, Shankan, Gedatai, Chaleken and other oil and gas fields.By the end of 2001, 14 oil and gas fields had been proved in Tuha Basin.The annual production capacity of 3.6 million tons has been built.[1]
The basin is mainly formed by the crustal movement. Under the action of the crustal movement, the underground rock strata are squeezed or stretched, become bent or produce fractures, which will make some partsrockUplift, some parts fall, for example, the falling part is surrounded by the uplifted parts, and the embryonic form of the basin is formed.
Hami Basin is the largest of the two basins that make up the Tuha Basin, with an area of 52800 square kilometers, ranking second only to ChinaTarim、Junggar、Sichuanandqaidam It is the fifth largest basin in China and also the largest fault depression low stand intermountain basin.
In terms of geological structure, Tuha Basin consists of three tectonic units: Hami Depression in the east, Houdun uplift in the middle, and Turpan Depression in the west.However, in terms of landform, Tuha BasinShanshan CountyThe southern part of the city is roughly divided by the sand mountains, the eastern part is Hami Basin, and the western part isTurpan Basin。
In other words, Shanshan is divided into two basins. The west of Hami basin includes Shanshan Qiketai and other villages, and the natural division exceeds the administrative division.
Geological characteristics
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The Hami Basin extends from the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain (Nanshankou, Liushugou, etc.) in the north to the northern edge of Hashun Gobi (Yamansu, etc.) in the south, with a straight-line distance of about 150 kilometers;In the east, the mountain pass, camel circle and Dongmiaoergou on the edge of Hadong Hill;To Qiketai in the west, if only Hami is included, to the west is Dabu, which is about 300 kilometers long from east to west and covers an area of more than 30000 square kilometers.
The tall Tianshan Mountains stand like a great wall in the north of Hami Basin. It intercepts the water vapor from the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean and the cold air from Siberia. This barrier effect on the westerly flow makes the climate, ecological environment and natural landscape in the north and south of Tianshan Mountains completely different: the warm and cool Balikun Basin in the north of Tianshan Mountains belongs to the northern Xinjiang type environment;The dry and warm Hami Basin in Shannan, a southern Xinjiang type environment, is "separated by a mountain, two worlds".
There is a poem in the Western Regions that sums it up perfectly: "Who knows the boundary between the Tianshan Mountains and the northern Xinjiang? The weather in the southern Xinjiang is warm and the northern Xinjiang is cool. The snow on the top of the peaks is as bright as jade, and the green pines and green villages smell ancient." Tianshan Mountain is an important geographical boundary, and it is the source of life in the Western Regions.Tianshan Mountain gradually increases from west to east in Hami. The main peak of Balikun Mountain, Yueya Mountain (Wugouding), is 4348 meters above sea level, and the main peak of Hallik Mountain, Tomurti, is 4886 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the whole region.Mountains 3900 meters above the snow line form glaciers that have accumulated snow for thousands of years.
In midsummer, although the sun is hot and bitter, the high mountains of Tianshan Mountain are covered with snow. There is a fairy tale world of ice and snow. Clouds and fog can not hide her mystery, which attracts more mountain climbers and explorers.Glacial landforms formed by glacier erosion (Jiaofeng, Renji, cirque, etc.) are a good place for Hami to carry out mountaineering exploration, science popularization and special tourism.There are 226 glaciers in the whole region, including 187 in the Harlik Mountains and 39 in the Balikun Mountains. It is not difficult to understand that "Harlik" means "snow mountain" in Uygur.
There is one of the largest flat topped glaciers in China on the main peak Tomurti. The top is flat and there is no danger to climb the mountain. It is an ideal place for glacier investigation and science popularization tourism.Glaciers are also known as "solid reservoirs". They store atmospheric precipitation in the form of solid ice and snow on high mountains that are inaccessible to people. After partial melting in summer, surface runoff and underground subsurface flow form to supply irrigation water sources.Therefore, Tianshan Mountain is the backer for the survival and development of 480000 Hami people, the source of life in the oasis, and the glaciers can not be destroyed.[2]
Tianshan MountainThe north slope has luxuriant plants and active ecology, with five obvious three-dimensional landscape belts:
(1) Oasis belt (piedmont alluvial fan) with altitude less than 1500m;
(2) Mountain grassland belt (1500-2000 meters);
(3) The shady hillside of coniferous forest belt (2000~3000 meters).
Basin genesis
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Many basins have been submerged by sea water or lake water since their formation, such asSichuan Basin 、Tarim Basin、Junggar BasinAnd so on.Later, with the continuous uplift of the earth's crust and the siltation of sediment, the sea and lake in the basin slowly retreated and dried up, leaving only some rivers or streams.
However, in the sea, lake and river that once existed, a large number of living creatures died and were buried in the mud, which will become the material basis for the formation of oil and coal, which is an important reason why scientists pay great attention to basin research.Most of the rock deposits in the basin are relatively complete and continuous, and the animals and plants living there are also easier to preserve as fossils after death, so the basin is also a good place for paleontologists to look for fossils.
There are also some basins, which are mainly formed by external forces on the surface, such as wind, rain and other destructive effects.The river erodes and cuts down along the weak rock on the surface to form valley basins of different sizes.In the vast arid areas of northwest China, the wind is particularly strong, which blows away the sand and stones on the surface and forms a saucer shaped wind erosion basin.Some basins in Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang were formed in this way.
In addition, in some areas where limestone is developed underground, the perennial flowing groundwater will dissolve the rocks there, cause the collapse of the rocks on the surface, and also form a basin. Geologists call such basins of origin karst basins.There are many basins of this type in Yunnan Guizhou Plateau and Guangxi in southwest China.
Under the strong compression or extension, the basement of some large basins will break, forming some "fault basins". Such basins are common in areas with intense crustal activity, such as Bohai Bay in North China and Hengduan Mountains in Southwest China.
Sedimentary basins are often affected by crustal tectonic activities during their development, which can be recorded by sediments continuously accepted by the basin. Through geological and geochemical research on these sediments, people can describe and reverse the climate change, sea level changeThe earth's evolution history process, such as the exchange between greenhouse gases that have a major impact on climate and the atmosphere, and the topographic changes determined by tectonic activities.
petroleumandnatural gasThe formation, enrichment and accumulation of hydrocarbon are also closely related to tectonic movement.Oil and gas usually form and exist in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks that are relatively independent and contiguous are often called "oil and gas basins" by oil and gas explorers.The formation and distribution of such petroliferous basins are the inevitable product of tectonic movement.The late Chinese geologist Huang Ji pointed out early in the morning that "a prerequisite for oil exploration is to carry out structural zoning according to the characteristics of geological structures, and then discuss oil generation, oil storage and oil and gas prospects according to structural units".
As a part of the fluid in the crust, the formation, migration and preservation of oil and gas are controlled by the development and change of geological bodies. The deeper the basic sciences such as tectonics and structural geology understand the composition and evolution of geological bodies, the easier it is to grasp the particularity of oil and gas geology.
Basin geomorphology
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Hami landform is composed of four mountains and three basins, and is divided into 8 geomorphic units from north to south:
（1） In the north of Hami area in the eastern Junggar Mountains, along the border between China and Mongolia, Little Haptik Mountain, Great Haptik Mountain, Huhongdelei Mountain, Suhaitu Mountain, Hailai Mountain, and to the east, Laoyemiao Mountain, with a total length of more than 180 kilometers, are dry denuded mountains.
（2） Sannao Basin borders on the east end of Junggar Basin to the south of Kramuri Mountain in the west, east Junggar Mountain in the north, Xiamaya to the west of Weizi Gorge in the east, that is, Youlegun, Keyin, Azian, Gaoquan, Shibandun, Huitang, Santang Lake along the northern foot of North Mountain, and Kalaselke along the 1000 meter contour line.The northeast is the border between China and Mongolia.
（3） Xishan Taiyuan, also known as Balikun Taiyuan, connects Mochinwula Mountain and Balikun Basin in the east, Balikun Mountain in the south, Mulei County in the Qigu Platform in the west, and 1000 meter contour line in the west of Sannao Basin in the north.It starts from Suji in the south, passes Xiaojiashan, Limekiln, Mawang Temple, passes through Shagou to Dahongshan, west of Santang Lake, and to the south is Jijitai, Wutushui, Suji.
（4） Mochinwula Mountain, also known as North Tianshan Mountain, starts from Mawangmiao in the west, east of Dahong Mountain, south along Hongqi Valley, Banfang Valley, Qiangqiang Valley, Qianshan Mountain, Salt Pond, Tuhulu to Weizi Gorge, and north from Santang Lake, Sitang, Shibandun to Weizi Gorge.
（5） The Balikun Basin starts from Suji in the west, ends at Tuhulu in the east, borders the northern Tianshan Mountains in the north, and connects the eastern Tianshan Mountains in the south. It is wide in the west and narrow in the east, like a spoon on a table.The eastern part is pastoral area, and the western part is agricultural area.
（6） The eastern Tianshan Mountain starts from Sebikou to the north of Qijiaojing in the west and ends at Maya in the east. To the west of the central entrance is called Balikun Mountain, and to the east of the entrance is called Harlik Mountain.The main peak of Balikun Mountain, Yueya Mountain (Pingxue Peak), is 4308.3 meters above sea level. The mountain fluctuates greatly and is distributed in irregular bands with different directions. Generally, it is more than 2500 meters above sea level. Grassland and forest are distributed in vertical bands on the north side of the mountain slope. The south slope is mostly a mountain with dry exposed rocks and less snow on the top.In the east of Hallik Mountain, the main peak, Tomurti, is 4886m above sea level. The mountain is relatively steep, with vertical and horizontal valleys. There are banded mountains distributed among it, with an altitude of more than 4000m. It is covered with snow all the year round. Tomurti is the distribution place of modern flat topped glaciers, and the vegetation and soil on the north slope are vertically distributed. Due to weathering and rain, alluvial fans and proluvial plains on both sides of the piedmont are widely distributed.
（7） Hami Basin starts from Qijiaojing Well in the west, along the foot of East Tianshan Mountain to Qincheng, Huangshan, Cuiling, Yamansu to the west, passing through the middle of Kumtak Shalong to the north of Jiabai Mountain.
（8） Gashun Gobi starts from Xiama Cliff in the north, along Kondoluo Mountain to Harkhinbarun Umon Obo on the border between China and Mongolia, and then along the border between Xinjiang and Gansu to Baishan Mountain, passing the border between Hami and southern Bazhou, and connecting the southern boundary of Hami Basin in the north.That is, the east and south of Hami City. This area is mainly the ancient Tianshan Mountains, which has become a dry, denuded and leveled plateau, usually a stone gobi.The ancient Kuluk Mountain does not fluctuate much, except for the Mazhuang Mountain in Shuangjingzi and Mingshui in the east of the plateau, with an altitude of 2740 meters. The border between the southern plateau and Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture is the North Mountain of Xinjiang, and because the northeast is adjacent to the Mongolian plateau, affected by the anticyclone of Mongolian plateau pressure, the climate is dry, rainy and windy all year round.[3]
