Wu dialectTaihu Lake, also known asNorthern WuTaihu Wu language is a narrow sense of "Wu language", one of the six parts of Wu language.
The Taihu Lake area is the largest one in the Wu languageDialect slice, withTaihuCentered onJiangsuSouthZhejiangNorthShanghaiIt is the most influential branch of Wu language and the core of Wu language.Some people mistakenly regard the Taihu Lake area as the whole Wu language.In addition to the Taihu Lake area, there are five other areas of Wu language.
The Taihu Lake area in Wu language can be subdivided intoPilingSu Hujia, TiaoxiHangzhou, Linshao, Yongjiang, etc.The Taihu Lake area is relatively consistent in the Wu language. Although it is distributed in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces and cities, it has a large degree of internal communication, so it is integrated into one area.There is little difference in grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation between the six language fragments, only some details are different, and basic communication can be made.
People's misunderstanding andCantoneseSimilar in concept, Cantonese is generally limited to the mainstream Cantonese dialect of Cantonese Canton (Guangzhou), rather than the whole Cantonese area.The Taihu Lake area in Wu dialect is equivalent to the Cantonese Guangfu area, which belongs to the mainstream Wu dialectSuzhou dialectorShanghaineseIs representative.
Wu dialect did not come into being like CantoneseStandard toneThe reason is that Wu dialect has a long history and local dialects have developed in parallel for a long time. It is different from the formation process of Cantonese speaking areas and does not respect the language of one city.
Shanghai dialect is easy for people in Wu speaking areas to understand because it integrates the language elements of other Wu language fragments, so it can be called "the universal accent of Wu language".
There are 67 counties and cities in Taihu Lake area, with a population of more than 60 million.
Specific distribution
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Distribution overview of Wu dialect area
(1) 17 counties and cities in Piling District, 14 million people
[Zhejiang] Changxing (Meishan Dongchuan, Xichuan, Xinchuan, Xinmin, JiapuBeichuan, white inkstone Luo 岕)
[Anhui]Langxi(Dingbu and Meizhu in the north, Jianping, Dongxia and Xingfu in the northwest)Guangde(Miaoxi Village in Xiasi Township in the north, and parts of Dongting, Lu Village, Tongxi Township in the south)
(2) 28 counties and cities in Suzhou, Shanghai and Jiaxing, with 31 million people
[Jiangsu]Tongzhou(9 townships in Tonghai District in the southeast and 7 townships in more than three districts in the northeast)Rudong(Southeast corner), Zhangjiagang (east of Central River, north of Shacao River)Qidong(except the northLv Si, 7 townships including AAA)Haimen(South), Wuxi (excluding Mashan in the southwest), Jiangyin (Southeast Gushan and other towns), Suzhou andKunshanChangshu, Taicang, Nantong（Nantong Economic and Technological Development Zone）、Dafeng(Yuhua, Nanyang, Tongshang and other towns in the east andShanghai Farm）、East Platform(Xinjie Town Bureau in the southeast)Sheyang(Hede, Qianqiu and other township bureaus)Hai'an（Li Bao, Jiaoxie and other township bureaus)
[Jiangsu] Wujiang (Zhenze, Qidu, Taoyuan,Transverse fan）, Wuxian County (Xishan)
(4) Hangzhou is a small city with 2.8 million people
[Zhejiang]HangzhouCity (limited to the main urban area and surrounding suburbs), Tonglu County（Fenshui District), Lin'an (Yuqian Town), major labor reform farms in the province.
(5) 12 counties and cities in Linshao, 7.7 million people
In addition, due to various reasons, there are some small-scale native speakers' communities in Taihu Lake area of Wu dialect in many places at home and abroad.The number is large, and it is difficult to identify all of them, so we will not list them one by one.The following are only representative examples:
Shanghai dialect belongs to Taihu Lake area.It is the most influential dialect in modern Wu dialect area.This is not only because of Shanghai's urban status, but also because of the historical formation and characteristics of Shanghai dialect.
Old genus of ShanghaiSongjiang PrefectureBefore that, it was under the jurisdiction of Jiaxing Prefecture.After the establishment of Songjiang Prefecture, Songjiangregional dialectstayJiaxing dialectOn the basis of independent development.According to《Songjiang Prefecture Annals》It is recorded that in the Ming Dynasty, "Shanghai was taken lightly by the government and Jiaxing was taken seriously".However, in the Qing Dynasty, "Shanghai was regarded as light and Suzhou as important".Suzhou dialect has also had an important influence on Shanghai dialect because of its authority and rich literary forms (Wu novels, legends, Tanci, folk songs, etc.).
Shanghainese
Shanghai was opened as a portAfter the influx of immigrantsLanguage pairThe Shanghai dialect has had an impact, especiallyNingbo dialectIs heavy.Because Ningbo has a large number of people andsocial position, Shanghai dialectfirst personThe plural "Ala" comes from Ningbo dialect.In this way, a variety of Wu dialects (Ningbo dialectSuzhou dialectThe coexistence, mixing and integration of the new Shanghai dialect.The new Shanghai dialect inherits the basic characteristics of the old Shanghai dialect and integratesNorthern WuIt has become the fastest growing dialect in the Taihu Lake Wu dialect area and has replaced the traditional Suzhou dialect as the most influential Wu dialect, and together with Suzhou dialect, it has become the representative dialect of contemporary Wu dialect.
The diversification of population sources has resulted in the simplification of the pronunciation of Shanghai dialect and its becoming the Wu dialect in various regions“greatest common divisor”And representative sound.The pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure of Shanghai dialect are very easy for other Wu language users to understand.Therefore, Shanghai dialect has become the basis and trend of the common language in the northern Wu language area. It once became the common language in the northern Wu language area before the 1980s.becausepopularize the common spoken ChineseThe influence of Shanghai dialect in Wu dialect area has decreased.
The spiritual accumulation of Shanghai culture contained in Shanghai dialectShikumenModern architecturematerial civilizationIt is the crystallization and heritage of the wisdom and diligence of the Shanghai people.This prosperousUrban cultureIt is a broad and diversified Shanghai style culture integrated with China and the West, enjoying both refined and popular culture.Shanghai citizens' lifestyle, ideological sentiment and diversified literary and artistic interests are all integrated into Shanghai dialect and Shanghai style culture,Wu Nong's soft languageAccompanied by the nostalgic complex of Shanghainese, it ripples in those Shanghai folk songs, nursery rhymestongue twister、Jingle, riddles, old gossipLiterary and artistic worksIt lingers in the lanes of Luli.It can be said that the Shanghai dialect is the compositionShanghai Style CultureThe important foundation of.[2]
Suzhou dialect
Suzhou dialectIt belongs to Taihu Lake.There are four vernacular Chinese in modern China: JingbaiLasting whiteness、Sudan whiteAnd Yuebai.Subai was undoubtedly the most popular language in Jiangnan at that time.Due to the development of Jiangnan, more Suzhou people can be liberated from labor and engaged in other industries.Reading is an industry where Suzhou people are engaged in more.
From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the number one scholars in Suzhou accounted for a large proportion of all the number one scholars, which once reached one fifth in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Upper class societyMost of the elites are Suzhou natives.The ancients said: "Be good at exercising the right to advance and retreat from top to bottom in the sea. If the people of Suzhou think it is elegant, then it will be elegant everywhere; if it is vulgar, then it will followVulgar。”The upper class, especially those in the south of the Yangtze River, are mostly proud of Suzhou dialect.
《Lives of Shanghai Singsong Girls》It is the most famous novel in Wu language written bySongjiang PrefecturepeopleHan Bangqing。The whole book is written in classical Chinese and Suzhou dialect. Suzhou dialect is the distinctive feature of the book. The use of Suzhou dialect is also the common feature of Wu language novels that emerged in the 19th century.
Changzhou dialect
Changzhou dialect, belonging to the Wu language Taihu Lake areaPilingSmall piece or Changzhou small piece.Piling is one of the ancient names of Changzhou. Piling patch is a branch of the Wu Taihu patch named after Changzhou. Its population ranks second among the Wu patches, and it was popular in Changzhou and its surrounding ancient timesChangzhou PrefectureMost of the area.[3]
Wu dialectLanguage characteristicsIt can be divided into five areas, namely, Taihu Lake area, Taizhou area, Dongou areaWuzhouFilm, Li Qu film.The Taihu Lake area can also be divided into six small areas, namely Changzhou area (or Piling area), Suzhou Hujia area, Huzhou area (or Tiaoxi area), Hangzhou area, Linshao area and Mingzhou area.[3]
Changzhou urban dialect is slightly different from the Piling area in the surrounding areas, and it is the representative of Changzhou dialect.Changzhou dialectWu Nong's soft languageCompared with Suzhou dialect, its pronunciation is more robust.It is especially suitable because of its large number of ancient Chinese elementsPoetry recitation（Changzhou Chanting）。
Wuxi dialect
Wuxi dialect is located in Changzhou, Taihu Lake area of Wu dialect（Piling）On the transitional dialect belt of the small piece and the small piece of Wu language Su Hu Jia,[3]Therefore, it is close to ChangzhouWu JinThe pronunciation of the western villages and towns in Wuxi is obviously different from that of the eastern villages and towns near Suzhou and Changshu. Because Wuxi is geographically located between Changzhou and Suzhou, the urban dialect has some characteristics of two small dialects.[3]
It borders Suzhou and Changshu in the east and Changzhou in the west. Wuxi dialect is a dialect of Wu dialect, similar toChangzhou dialect、Suzhou dialect, Shanghai dialectHuzhou dialect、Jiangyin dialectwait.The Southeast Hongsheng film belongs to Suzhou accent, while the lower part of Yangjian Port in the northeast has obviousChangshu dialectFeatures, while the westlandzone , there are alsoWujin dialectCharacteristics, fromDescriptive linguisticsFrom a perspective, adjectives in Wuxi dialect can be divided into basic form andVariantTwo types, in which the basic formula is divided intoMonosyllabicanddisyllableThe variant can be divided into overlapping type and expanding type (and can also be divided into three types: pre addition type, embedded type and attached type).The adjectives in Wuxi dialect play an important role in form, meaning andgrammatical functionIt has certain characteristics.
Hangzhou dialect
Hangzhou dialectIt belongs to Taihu Lake.It has the general characteristics of Wu dialect, but is greatly influenced by the official dialect.Hangzhou dialectThe Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty garrison were the most affected by external influences.The Hangzhou dialect here refers to the dialect in the urban area of Hangzhou, excluding the Linshao dialect in the counties under the jurisdiction of Hangzhou and the suburbs of Hangzhou.
according toLi Xinchuan《Annual records since Jianyan》Load, fromJianyanDuring the 30 years from the first year (1127) to the 26th year of Shaoxing (1156), more northern residents entered Hangzhou than the local population.At that time, the northern "official dialect" of the Song Dynasty, mainly in Bianliang, brought by the southward scholars and people, exerted influence on the southern local dialect.At last, Hangzhou dialect has undergone great changes in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and has taken on a strongNorthern dialectColor.
Hangzhou dialect
Qing governmentAfter being overthrown, the camp under the flag was forced to disband, and a large number of flag men's children andcamp familyThey mingled with ordinary people in Hangzhou, whose strong Beijing "Mandarin" further influenced Hangzhou dialect.
It is no wonder that scholars believe that Hangzhou dialect is "dressed in Wu dialect"Southern Mandarin”。In fact, since a long time agoPopulation mobilityIt is not surprising that Hangzhou dialect is influenced by surrounding Wu dialect areas in economic exchanges.There is a saying in Shaoxing that "no economic man can get to Hangzhou Road", which means that Shaoxing people came to Hangzhou to sell goods or do business and settle down in Hangzhou more often, and occupied the main place in Hangzhou at that timeUpper class society。Hangzhou also has a proverb: "Hangzhou is a turnipShaoxing species”There are many Hangzhou people whose ancestral home is in Shaoxing.The more people in Shaoxing, the more influence Shaoxing dialect has on Hangzhou.
With the progress of the times, Ningbo dialect is also developing and changing.As a trading port, it has also absorbed some foreign elements, which are integrated into Ningbo dialect and are transliterations of English and Japanese.
Shaoxing dialect
Shaoxing dialectIt is a dialect of Wu language, belonging to the small area of Linshao in Taihu area of Wu language.Shaoxing dialect is the same as Shanghai dialectSuzhou dialect、Huzhou dialect、Xiaoshan dialect、Hangzhou dialectBoth belong to the northern Wu language, and they can communicate with each other in a relatively high degree.GeneralizedShaoxing dialectincludeShaoxing CityDialects of 3 cities, 2 counties, 1 district and its adjacent areas under its jurisdiction;The narrow sense of Shaoxing dialect only refers toShaoxing County"Dongtoudai"Vernacular。Dongtou Dai is opposite to Xitou Dai, the former is oldKuaiji CountyTerritory, the latter is oldShanyin CountyTerritory.Shaoxing dialect passes through Shaoxing OperaShaoxing opera、Lotus FallingSuch opera forms and works of famous artists as well as Shaoxing natives who live in other places have been spread at home and abroad.[4]
Zhoushan dialect
People sayZhoushan dialectandNingbo dialectShanghai dialect is similar. In fact, Zhoushan dialect is a little similar to the latter two, but it has its own characteristics. Zhoushan dialect is different from Shanghai dialect and Ningbo dialect, which makes people feel softer and easier to speak. Zhoushan dialect has the directness and crispness of island people.
Zhoushan dialect is Wu dialectYongjiang dialectA branch of.For a long time, Zhoushan and Ningbo are close to each other by boat. The sea ban has been lifted over the years. Most people who return to Zhoushan come from Ningbo.In history, Zhoushan and Ningbo areYongjiang Rivercultural ringOf.[5]
Representative Dialect 2
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Changshu dialect
Changshu dialect, commonly known as“ChangshuSpeak ".It is a kind of Wu language, belonging to the Wu language, Taihu Lake, Suzhou, Shanghai and Jiaxing.
Changshu dialect has 33 initials, 50 finals and 8 tones,PhonologyIt is a perfect representative of the Wu language Taihu Lake.Many archaic words in Changshu dialect are also valuable treasures in Wu dialect.[6]
33 initials
50 finals
8 tones
33 initials
50 finals
8 tones
Kunshan dialect
Kunshan dialectbelong toWu dialect。And belonging to the same Wu languageSuzhou dialectIt is similar to Shanghai dialect, but there are differences between them.
For example, Suzhou dialect calls you "倷" [n ᴇ], Shanghai dialect "Nong" [no ŋ], and Kunshan dialect "Nong" [n ə n].
Another example is that Suzhou dialect "Ni" [ȵȵ i], Shanghai dialect "Ala", and Kunshan dialect "Ouli".
oldKunshanOne of the distinctive words in speaking is the word "go". The pronunciation of the word "go" is [k ʰᴇᴇᴇ].
"There are many things", the girl in the north of the city said with a smile, "Huntaotao", the girl in Zhengyi said "Voyage Search", the girl in Yushan Town said "Pass the Customs", and the last one said "Oh, there are many things to know!"
Wujiang dialect
Wujiang is located inSuzhou、Jiaxing, Shanghai, its dialect is like thisgeographical positionSimilarly, near Zhejiang, it is similar to Zhejiang, and near Shanghai, it is similar to ShanghaiWu Nong's soft languageThere is a slight difference between one town and one village.
To subdivide Wujiang dialect, every village and town has its own unique features. People in Wujiang can recognize it when they hear it, but it will take a lot of effort to distinguish them in detail.It can only be roughly divided into several large blocks according to its common characteristics.
it seems thatSonglingThe accent should be the representative of Wujiang dialect, which is the political and cultural center of Wujiang because of the location of the municipal government.This section should also includeTongliTo the west,Eight DecapitationsNorth of.As for the Qingshuwan area, its accent has beenWuxian CountyThey are very similar and cannot be classified into one category.Suzhou is only ten kilometers away from Songling, and the sweet and waxy Suzhou accent, which is almost "whiny", has no trace in Songling. Songling accent is much more cheerful than Suzhou dialect.
It is mainly divided into Songling dialect, Tongli dialect, Luxu dialect, Shengze dialect, Pingwang dialectTaoyuanDialect, Zhenze dialect and Qidu dialect.
JiangyinCity dialect is famous for its hardness.JiangyinSwordfishIt's especially fresh. It's a specialty of Jiangyin. It costs more than 1000 yuan per kilogram when it is newly launched. But you can hear words about knives everywhere in Jiangyin.The reason is that in Jiangyin's urban dialect, "what" is said by the Shanghai people, "what" is said by the Jiangyin people“knife”。For example, Shanghainese say, "What do you want to eat today?" and Jiangyin people say, "Do you want to eat knives today?".People who don't know will be frightened.Another example: Shanghai people say "Nong LeZuosa Is it? "People in Jiangyin said, "Do you make knives?"
Most people in Jiangyin speak straight and have large throats.When you are sitting there quietly, maybe suddenly there is a loud noise, deafening, "××, it's youpet phrase）“。
Danyang dialect
Danyang dialectIt belongs to the small dialect of Piling in Taihu area of Wu dialect.DanyangLocated at the border of Wu language, most areas belong to the small Piling area of Wu language Taihu Lake area.Near Lucheng and other towns in the southeastChangzhouWu dialect, while the downtown area has a strong local accent in Danyang. It is difficult to talk with other Wu dialect areas, but it is possible to talk.The main reason for the declining influence of Danyang dialect among young people is the over promotion of Putonghua（SchoolingIn addition, communication with neighboring areas is becoming increasingly frequent.It is hoped that people in Danyang will attach importance to and protect the Wu language in DanyangLanguage culture。
Cixi dialect
There are many onlineCixi dialectSongs, such as《Grandma's Ballad》New Year's Day and Blessings,CixiPeople have done a good job in the promotion and popularization of hometown dialect.
《Cixi County Annals》YesWu dialectstayCixiThe origin and distribution of the city are specifically recorded: there are 5 Wu dialectsSublingual，Cixi dialectIt belongs to Taihu area of Wu dialect.The Taihu Lake area of Wu dialect is divided into six smaller areas. Cixi is located in the ancient Yuezhou and ancientMingzhouIn the intersection area, Cixi dialect accounts for two pieces: the eastSea guard observationAnd the original Cibei and Zhenbei parts to the east, which belonged to Mingzhou in ancient times（Ningbo Mansion）, Taihu Lake in Wuyu DistrictYongjiang RiverPatch;The bridgehead and the north part of Yaoyuan to the west belong to Yuezhou in ancient times（Joint inspectionHouse), a small area of Linshao in Taihu Lake area of Wuyu District.
YixingPeople call unmarried women big and small, and idiotsIdiotic ghostThe neighbor is called a wall clamp, and this is called Niang Laopeanut meatSay to be raw meat, say to be a kitchen knife, say to be a fighting knifeRain shoesSaid as overshoes
Zhangjiagang dialect
ZhangjiagangThe city is located on the south bank of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,Zhangjiagang dialectThat is, the language of Zhangjiagang residents.Zhangjiagang dialect division is roughly divided into two parts, south and north, with the boundary between Shacao River and Nanhengtao River.The south is commonly known as "Jiangnan", collectively referred to as "Jiangnan dialect";The north is commonly known as "Shashang", collectively“Shashang dialect”。The southern boundary of "Jiangnan dialect"Jinghe RiverNew Shahe River is divided into east and west, and the east isYuxiDialect (Changshu Xixiang dialect), Chengdong dialect and Chengyao dialect in the west（JiangyinDongxiang dialect).Northern "Shashang dialect"South Central RiverAs the boundary, western films basically sayLaosha dialectIn the east, most people speak Changyinsha dialect.[7]
Chengdong dialect has 34 initials, 42 finals and 8 tones.
Yuyao dialect
YuyaoFrom the establishment of a county in the Qin Dynasty to the establishment of a city in the Han Dynasty, it has been subordinate toKuaiji CountyThe Tang Dynasty set up Yuezhou in Kuaiji County, and Yuyao County was subordinate to Yuezhou,sunnyMr. Gu Yueyangmingzi, YuyaoWang ShourenIn the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Yuezhou was changed intoShaoxing MansionYuyao has always belonged to Shaoxing Prefecture,Yuyao dialectIt is a dialect in Linshao area of Wu dialect, which is deeply rooted in grammarShaoxing dialectAfter liberation, it was classified into Ningbo, Wu YuNingbo dialectYuyao dialect has retained its unique pronunciation and endingauxiliary wordThus forming a unique Yuyao dialect.
Taicang dialect
TaicangOld andSuzhou Mansion、Songjiang PrefectureandJiaxing MansionAdjacent,Taicang dialectIt is also very close to the dialects of these three regions.especiallySuzhou dialectBecause of the authority of Suzhou dialect and its rich artistic forms of expression (Wu novels, Pingtan and folk songs, etc.), and because Taicang was administered by Suzhou government for most of its history, it has a lot of influence on Taicang dialect.On the other hand, with the rise of Shanghai, especially the prosperity of Shanghai in the 1930s, and the frequent exchanges between Taicang and Shanghai, Taicang dialect andShanghai dialectThe interaction between words is also very deep.
Zhuji dialect
ZhujiDialect is a kind of distinctive dialect.There are 8 tones.Whether pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, etcModern Chinesecommon languageZhuji dialect has its own cultural characteristics.
The southward invasion of northerners,Han nationalityAfter thousands of years,Ancient Yue nationalityIt is hard to find any information in Zhuji, but a language, Zhuji dialect, has rich connotations and complements Chinese characters.
Haining dialect
Jin Yongpoet and essayistWaitHaining dialectOf.Jin Yong, a native of Jiangnan, lived in Hong Kong, a Cantonese speaking area, for decades, and learned to speak Cantonese.However, if you don't change your voice, it's still a mouthfulJiangsu and ZhejiangAccent.Jin Yong isHainingPeople, Haining speaks Wu language.
Wu dialect asjiangnan culture The important carrier of Jin Yong has a profound influence on the Jiangnan people.Not only does Jin Yong speak Mandarin with a Jiangsu Zhejiang accent, but he also often uses Wu words when writing articles.For example, "things", which Jin Yong used to replace the word "things" in his novels, is a common word in Wu dialect.Another example is in the Book of SwordsChen JialuoThe sound of calling mother“Muma”Is the unique name of Wu dialect area.The most vivid Wu vocabulary used by Jin Yong is the "thief giggling" in Luding Ji.becauseWei XiaobaoIs set to beYangzhouPeople, this word is fromWei ChunhuaBut the wordJianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou dialectThere is no such thing as."Thieves giggle" is unique to Wu language.In his novels, Jin Yong also used words such as "black eyes", "wok", "yan", "ear scrapers", "blind seven and eight".For readers who do not speak Wu language, they may feel unaccustomed to these words, while for people in Wu language area, they can't be more cordial.
In Jin Yong's novels, the beauty of Wu language is concentrated inAbiDialogue of.This is to copy a few paragraphs for you:
The girl smiled and said, "Ah, I'm a waiterplay the zitherPipergirlIt's called Abi.Don't ask for the courtesy of the big lady and the small lady. It's good to call me Ah Bi! "
Abi smiled and said, "Come to Suzhou, gentlemen. If it doesn't matter, please come to my place for a drinkTea, eatDim sum。Don't look at the size of the boat. You can't sit down for a few more people. "
Abi Xiangduan yuAfter a glance, he said with a smile, "What a unique skill am I? Young Master Duan is so elegant. It's so pleasant to listen to the boy's laughter. I won't come."
Abi smiled and said, "Ah Zhu is Ah Zhu, and I'm only one month older than me, so Jiemo will put on the airs of Sister Yi. My name is Sister Yi, and Jiemo is called Bu Bu Zi. Who taught me to grow up for a month? Don't call me Sister Yi. If you call me Sister Yi, I will be more proud."
Ah Zhu said with a light smile, "You are always considerate. Be careful that you know your son is jealous." Ah Bi sighed and said, "This is a small thing. You really shouldn't take it seriously. We two little girls, you should never take it seriously." Ah Zhu said, "What should I do with my heart? Sister Ah Bi, you shouldn't think about your son all day long, no matter what."Abi sighed, but didn't answer.Ah Zhu patted her on the shoulder and said in a low voice, "You want to get rid of it and miss your son. It's really funny that you want to do something together!" Ah Bi smiled gently and said, "Sister is gossiping. Do you want to keep your head down?"
Abi's dialect is realWu Nong's soft language。The book describes Ah Bi and Duan YuHatoyamaThe long passage of words that people talked about, full of charm and scenes, made people exclaim: Wu language is beautiful and beautiful.[8]
Tongdong dialect
Tongdong dialect, also known as the second class, fourth classLv Sihua, Dongshe dialect, GuChangzhou dialectEtc. ofWu dialectTaihu Piling（Changzhou）Small piece, popular in JiangsuNantongIn the east of Tongzhou, north of Haimen and north of QidongTongdongRegion).Tongdong people are in the east of Nantong（Tongzhou、Haimen、QidongIn some areas, the earliest residents, like the Sanders, were also immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River. They came to this area from Changzhou (which is more extensive than Changzhou today) more than 1000 years agoJianghai PlainGo live.During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ancestors of Tongdong people, Changzhou people and Huzhou people, moved from the south to Haimen area, integrating and assimilating the local ancestorsresident, forming the basis of Tongdong people, which is the ancient Haimen people.Over the next 1000 years, the immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River continuously merged into the local ancient Tongdong people, especially the immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River in the Ming Dynasty, who had the greatest influence on the ancient Tongdong dialect, but the Tongdong dialect has always maintained the characteristics of the ancient Wu dialect.
Historically, Tongdong area has many ancient Tongzhou systemsHaimen County(958-1672 AD).As early as the beginning of the 7th century, the ancestors of Tongdong people came here to engage in salt production.Tang Tianbao's Seventh Year (748) Monk JianzhenWolf MountainWhen he crossed Japan to promote law, Langshan (now Nantong) was within the boundary of Changzhou;Also in the Tang Dynasty, the court set the earliest organizational system in Nantong that can be tested in local records——Langshan Town, inZhejiang West Road。In the Five Dynasties, the land belonged toWest ZhejiangJinling County。The ancient Jin Mausoleum is the territory of Changzhou and its surrounding areas in the south of the Yangtze River.It can be seen that Tongzhou (now Nantong) was under the jurisdiction of Changzhou (which is larger than Changzhou today) for a long time in ancient times.Now Tongdong dialect is used in the oldYunyan RiverNorth and south of the river on both sides of the old Tonglu Highway, includingYuxi Ancient Town（Erjia Town）、Wujia Town、Dongshe Town、Huolong Town、Wanghao Town、Zhengyu Town、Dongzaogang Town、Lvsigang TownAnd Jinyu Town, Guoqiang TownSijia Town、Shuxun Town、Yudong Ancient Town、Baochang Town、Liu Hao TownMost areas of other townships (towns), andWannian Town、Changle TownNorth and other places.Tongdong dialect has the characteristics of Wu dialect.It is the same as other Wu dialectsWith sound but without wordsThere is no source of these words in the ancient literature. They were left by the ancient Yue people to all the Wuyue people, including the Tongdong people.[9-10]
Tongxiang dialect
Due to historical origin,TongxiangyesHave originalChongde CountyHe Tongxiang County and Huzhou merged in 1950WuzhenTherefore, there are some differences in the dialects of each town. Wuzhen dialect belongs to the small area of Tiaoxi in Taihu area of Wu dialect, which is different from other township dialects in Tongxiang, especially in slang.The long history of origin makes Tongxiang dialect seem bothRich and colorfulIt is also thought-provoking.In the ancient language, the day is called "day", so there is a word called "day and night", which means that "day" and "night" are relative.In order to distinguish between morning and afternoon, people at that time called the time before noon as "upper day" and the time after noon as "lower day", which continues to this day.It can be seen that our Tongxiang dialect has been passed down from generation to generation for many years.In addition to the upper and lower days, there are many words in Tongxiang dialect that preserve the style and features of the ancient language.Match is called in Tongxiang dialect“matches”。At the end of the Qing Dynasty, China had no matches. Matches were imported from foreign countries across the ocean. At that time, people called foreigners "foreigners", so matches imported from foreign countries were called "foreign fires".Since China was a backward feudal country at that time, there were still many things imported from foreign countries, such as diesel oil, we called it "foreign oil" and soap "foreign skin soap".It turns out that there is a lot of bitter history in Tongxiang dialect.From many Tongxiang dialects, we can also understand the customs of Tongxiang."Eating tofu rice" means attending the funeral ceremony.So why is attending a funeral called "eating tofu rice"?Because there was a funeral in our farmers' homes in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, we needed to invite some villagers, relatives and friends to help us move a corpse from home to the cemetery for burial.However, because the host family is not rich, the funeral meals are relatively simple and humble, mainly tofu, because tofu is not only cheap, but also white.Relatives and friends avoid saying that they are going to attend the funeral, and they say that they are going to eat tofu rice.
Tongxiang dialect is“Vernacular”Naturally, the wisdom of Tongxiang people is also integrated, and many words are also very vivid. The sewing needle is called "lead" in Tongxiang dialect, and the knee is called "foot steamed bun" in Tongxiang dialect.The role of the sewing needle is to lead the thread from one end to the other. The "lead" makes the function of the needle very clear.Look again, where are your legs most like steamed buns? Of course, it's knees. "Foot steamed buns" vividly describe the appearance characteristics of knees.
"Fire" and "Power"“Sufu”What do you say in Tongxiang dialect?"Fire" and "Power"“Milk rot”What do you find out from it——Isn't this flip?Sometimes Tongxiang dialect will say "I'm sorry for you" as "I can't afford you" and "I can't beat you" as "I can't beat you", which is to reverse the order of some words.[11]
Haimen dialect
Haimen dialectIt belongs to Wu dialect and carries a lot of historical and cultural relics, still preserving some that have disappeared in modern Chinese dialectsancient ChineseThe characteristics are all literary.For example, we call "lover" "Niangzi", "oneself" "I", "he (she)" "Yi", "bu" "Fu", "seek", "find", "parents" "Yeniang", and unmarried young women "Xiaoniang"“Washbasin”It is called "Mian Gong", which refers to the "tuition" paid by students as "learning mother of pearl", and "wearing clothes" as "wearing clothes".Haimen dialect has the essence of ancient Chinese."No" means "obstinacy", "don't eat" means "obstinacy", "don't say" means "obstinacy", and "don't open" means "obstinacy". When drinking goes to the white hot stage, all Haimen people will be alert when discussing whether to open wine again, which is the best way to exercise people's hearing.according tolinguistAnalysis of initial consonants, finals and tones, read in Haimen dialectAncient poetry and prose, more perfect in the control of tone and tone and the coordination of rhyme, especially in the toneEntering tone characterThe treatment of "singing" has the characteristics of singing culture.When we were in junior high school, the teachers basically used authentic Haimen dialect, and reading ancient texts was no exception: "Therefore, when heaven is going to take a big responsibility on such people, we must first work hard, strain their muscles and bones, starve their skin, empty their body, and act in a disorderly way. Therefore, we are patient and have benefited their ability...".When I read it, I shook my head and shook my head.
allCultural detailsProfound dialects are characterized by vivid images.There are many usages with local characteristics in Haimen dialect, which is worth pondering.Rumen people will run very fast, which means "jumping out to run".Just think, what can run faster than jumping off the ground?Every time I hear this word, I can't help thinking of the scene of many martial arts masters flying in the air in the TV series.Haimen called "children" "petty officials" and "bridegroom" "new petty officials".The "small official" is the starting point of life, and the "new small official" is another starting point on the journey of life after marriage, which shows the importance that Haimen people attach to marriage.For another example, Haimen called "boy" "monkey".The boy is active and naughty, which is similar to the monkey's habits. The use of this metaphor technique shows the characteristics of the boy thoroughly.There are too many similar examples.As we will“Crud”It is called "black paint", "lightning" is called "flicker", "no progress" is called "crab foam without breath", "hiccup" is called "urgent hook", "last year" is called "old year", "next year" is called "beginning of new year", "godfather" and "godmother" are called "sending father", and "coincidence" is called "dangdang hit the right side".
Dialect is a footnote of a place. If we study the Haimen dialect carefully, we can still hear some culture from it.For example, in rural areas, "planting land" is often called "flower planting land".I didn't understand the term "flower field" at first《Records of Haimen County》It suddenly dawned on the rear.Haimen is known as the "Land of Pleasant Riverside, Hometown of Grain and Cotton"cash cropMost of them are cotton.Therefore, many people call it "cotton planting land" when they go down to the ground, but this is a lengthy statement, which is gradually simplified into "flower planting land" for the sake of expression.Later, it became the nickname of "farming".The difference between "flower planting land" and "planting land" is only one word, but it is poetic.If this inference is true, Haimen people are somewhat romantic.We Haimen call it“lunch”For the sake of "dim sum", Haimen people are hospitable, and they are afraid that the lack of lunch will snub the guests, so they downplay "lunch" as "dim sum"?Or is it named because lunch is noon, just the center of the day?I don't know.We also call "being diligent and thrifty" as "being others", a word of "doing", which describes the meticulous and exquisite household management of Haimen people very vividly.HaimenRegular meetingsPeople who do things irresponsibly and do not consider the consequences are dismissed as "jellyfish", which makes people confused: why does "jellyfish" become a synonym for swearing?In fact, Haimen has a coastline of tens of kilometers. Our ancestors lived by fishing at sea, and pirates often caused troubles and disturbed people. "jellyfish" actually means "pirate", which means that they abhor piracy.Once I had a meal with a guest from other places. At the end of the meal, I asked the waiter to "lift up" the fruit. The guest was puzzled: Why should we "lift up" a small pot of fruit?In the final analysis, no one at the dinner could tell the reason.When describing feelings such as "hot" and "stabbing", Haimen also added a word "human" after these words, "hot" and "stabbing". Everything is people-oriented, which means that people are the center.
Some words in Haimen dialectexpressivenessIt is even more amazing. The only way to describe the color is "blue wave and clear", "crimson and bright", "laza and golden", "flowers are spotty and rotten", "red and black drops black", "gray and bright", "white and bright", etc. It is hard for outsiders to fully master these words.Haimen is a relatively "native" dialect. Some of its words are nowhere close to Mandarin, such as being afraid of others' thoughts (being ticklish), being a good guest (being honest and dutiful)state of mind(patient), Chuguang Sheng (basically), Laoyoutiao (slick people), small wiping cloth（Handkerchief）, Pan Wu Hundred Old Men (many), etc.There is also the word "seek to pinch the blog". Some people joke that it isEnglish words“trouble”(trouble).
Almost all dialects have some funny jokes, and Haimen dialect is no exception.A friend once told me that several years ago, a Haimen man was shopping in a large shopping mall in Beijing, and the salesperson was very enthusiastic about tying up a lot of things with a rope, but the end of the rope was too long. So our Haimen fellow villager paid for the rope and pointed to the salesperson and said, "Please help me pee on it (around).".In broad daylight, the salesperson suddenly blushed when he heard it.After some words, the misunderstanding was finally solved, but the joke was left forever.[12]
Pinghu dialect
Red head and black brain: describe drunkenness.Su Li Su Ta: Not fresh.Zhujie: So.Cry Tao: I think.Release the rudder: let people do it.Ten tassels and ten handles,Ten people and ten personalities。 Touch the rice basket: make trouble, hit the clock.Brokering water and soaking wood tips: fooled.The wood tip looks small and heavy after soaking.White footed cat: like to wander outside.It is said that the white footed cat is born with a disposition and likes to be dissolute.Pig head three: the shrinking foot rhyme implies the word "animal", that is, cursing people and animals.ImbibitionSmoke pipe: unintelligible and obstinateCan't turn around。 Old Star Sagong: No ending.Cold headPairs: When a man dies, his head will be cold, that is, he will curse the dead.Air brake cat: a kind of covered pottery, which is smooth and can't be eaten by cats.Shoubogu: porcelain sleeveThe gift boxThere are longevity patterns and flower and bird patterns.Bird puddle: Black dirt on the skin.Constant code and common feeling - constant and long term.Advanced young head - I don't know how to measure.Five tendons and six tendons - very hard.Crying out dirty -- with a sad face.Five black can ascend -- Kuiwu is magnificent.Different - unreasonable.Every five days, we often suffer - often.Different roads - different.A thousand day overnight -- long ago.Houzhi Nade - really thick skinned.Think twice.Live or die can swallow - half dead.One drop, two fifths -- the end is straight.Dog skinTo the stove - love takes advantage.Stumbled in a knot - unclear.Cattle lead horses -- pushing, pushing and bustling.Strange and various - strange and strange.Seven mouths -- seven mouths and eight tongues.One by one from the beginning - in order.Cry out Ura -- a face full of tears.From white to white - tossing and turning.Smiling - smiling all over the face.Goose head and goose brain - dull.Poor interest and good interest - the coming is fierce.Ignorance - no brain.Fire sends troops to collapse——Fire and gasVery big.Talk to yourself three times - talk to yourself
Qidong dialect
Qidong, formerly called Waisha, is located inYangtze River estuaryNorth Bank.The word "Qidong" means to enlighten our eastern border.The reason why Qidong was called a sandbar in ancient times is that Qidong was not basically a land until the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty.Before thatmap of ChinaOnly a few sandbars can be found in Shangdu.
Historically, Jiangnan residents have moved to Tongzhou, Haimen (including Qidong), and gradually formed a uniqueLocal culture——Sandy culture。Sand culture generally continues theCultural traditionWith the change of history, the sandy land culture has developed, gained and lost some profits, and also burst out new highlights.
Although Qidong people are inJiangbei, but never considered himself a Jiangbei person.On the contrary, Qidong people, like people in southern JiangsuJianghuai dialectPeople are collectively called Jiangbei people.It can be seen that the accumulation of culture cannot be changed overnight.In the concept of Qidong people, although we are in the north of the Yangtze River, we are from the south of the Yangtze River, so we have to follow the customs, culture and everything in the south of the Yangtze River.
Liyang dialect
Liyang dialectIt belongs to Wu language.LiyangThe dialect "fat meat" isFat meat，“lean meat”It islean meatThe "sun" is the sun, and the "twisted cloth" isDuster cloth，“Soft shelled turtle”It isTurtle。In some dialects, it is difficult to literally understand the meaning of the original sentence.Liyang people refer to boiled water as "boiling water", soap as "nicotine", and nonsense as "nonsense"snoreSay "smoke", say "thin knife", say "light"“Electric fire”The sharp is said to be "sharp and fast" and the reed hat is said to be "seedling hat".Some other dialects are translated into Putonghua. If they are not from Liyang, they can not understand the meaning literally after transliteration. It is simply a tautology.For example, we can say "treasure gate" and "lead wire",cotton-padded jacketSay "bind yourself",earthwormSay "River Warp", eggplant say "Lvsu", play say "Dispatch", day say "Sunfoot", threshold say "Huqin", etc.
Jinsha dialect
Jinsha dialect, is a kind ofWu dialect, access toJiangsuprovinceNantongcityTongzhouOriginal location of district people's governmentJinsha Town(Cash New StreetJinsha Street）Most areas (except the original Jinyu Township in the southeast)Xiting TownEastChuanjiang TownNorth, most areas of Zhengchang Town, northwest of Dongshe Town (formerly Tanghong Township), northwest of Wujia Town (formerly Qingfeng Township) andShizong Town(Former Ten General TownshipsDichotomousTownship).JinshaThe dialect is a combination of ancient Haimen dialect and ancient Tongzhou dialect, which can also be regarded asTongdong dialectAndNantong dialectIt can be said that Tongdong dialect with more components of Nantong dialect is the transitional dialect of.It still hasDullnessThe initial consonant has the characteristics of Wu dialect, while the vowel and vocabulary have more characteristics of Nantong dialect.The geographical scope of Nantong Jinsha Tongdong dialect area represented by Jinsha dialect shows that it is roughly the Five DynastiesWeek afterAnd the administrative regions of Tongzhou in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (excluding the Qi and Hai regions formed after the 18th century), as well as the previousChangjiang EstuarySea area.It shows that the Jinsha Tongdong dialect evolved from the ancient Tongzhou dialect, so to discuss the formation of the ancient Tongzhou dialect, we must understand the geographical changes in Nantong.
Around the beginning of the 7th century,Hu DouzhouTo the east of (Hudouzhou) and to the southeast of the Yangtze River estuary, the Yellow Sea has appeared one after anotherNanbuzhou, Buzhou, Dongzhou, etc.By the late 9th century AD, Buzhou and Dongzhou had joined each otherDongbuzhou。At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Dongbuzhou was the Dongzhou of western ZhejiangSuppressing envoyYao CunzhiIndependent regimes.Due to the late formation and development of Dongbuzhou, it was under the jurisdiction of Changzhou in the south of the Yangtze River at the very beginning, so the first people who went abroad mainly came from ancient Changzhou.At the beginning of the 10th century, Hu Douzhou（Sea of TranquillityIsland) is connected with the mainland and will soon become a member ofHailing County(ZhijinTaizhouCity), the communication between Jinghai people and Jiangnan people is decreasing, while the communication between Jinghai people and Jiangbei Hailing people, especially those adjacent to itRugaoThe residents in counties and other places have increasingly frequent exchanges, which eventually led to the gradual transformation of Jinghai dialect from Wu dialect to Jianghuai Mandarin.And Dongbuzhou（Haimen Island）It was not until 1041-1048 that it began to connect with the southeast of Tongzhou. In the case of relatively blocked traffic in ancient times, the island residents and outsiders were relatively few, so the dialect was not affected by too many Jianghuai dialects, and always maintained the characteristics of the Wu dialect, which is how Jinsha dialect was formed.[10][13]
Jiashan dialect
One day world——They are spread out in disorder.Seven bridges and eight cracks - uneven, not just born.Big mistakes and eight strikes - big differences.Flying Dragon Jumps Alive - It describes the fish is very fresh.Dazzled - dazzled.Five high and six bloated - bloated.No two no three - not very decent, not formal.Do not enter the current product - poor surface does not enter the current grade.Strange place - not familiar with the local situation.Hundred hot and hot - describes that food is very hot when it is just out of the pot.Stupid - listless.Stagnant five with six - describes people who are confused.Market as much as possible - very much.Shoutou Shounao - foolishness.Everything is new.Extremely Hula - hair and appearance.Cry out Hula - with a sad face.A foot of gongs and drums - total.Sacrifice hair to make six -- annoy.Mindless - confused and confused.Polar - panic.Evil form, evil form - regardless of dignity, surly.Its corners are square and upright.Dizziness and seven impulses - dizziness.The sound of scraping spicy and crunchy describes the crispness of things.Thick Zina Answer -- ThickFacial SkinNo shame.Seeking for success - not simply.Thieves' skin kept pulling - thick faced entanglement.Slippery - very smooth.Pig five stone six - don't know each other and talk endlessly.Then the end came -- finally, later.SkirtingWrench——Many obstacles make it difficult to move.Pretend to be silly - act silly.Third, fourth——Speak arrogantly, not modestly.Familiarity and unfamiliarity - good looks and forgetfulness.Milila -- the horn sounds for greeting.Vivid - described as real.Geli is confused - wordy and entangled.Strange Tales from Abroad - very descriptive.Stir seven to read three - mischief, mischief.Clear water and light soup - describes thin porridge.Slippy and polished - nothing left.Disorderly, disorderly.Drowsy and muddleheaded -- as if asleep or awake.
Changxing dialect
Changxing dialect, commonly known as "Changxing Talk", also known as "Changxing Gossip", belongs to the Taihu area of Wu dialect with the surrounding Taihu area dialects.
ChangxingThere are also differences in the internal dialects: Hongqiao, Xintang and other places in the east of the city are seriously rubbed, with homonyms of "chicken, pig" and "qi, sub";The homonym of "sour, three" and "official, close" in the southern region;westSi'an, "You, Qiu, Xiu" in the south and other places;The Isophonic Pronunciation of "Hand" and "Stink" in Northern Chinaalveo-palatal sound, different from other regions.
Due to living area, transportation, trade, cultural exchange, marriage, etcXitiaoxiChangxing dialect on both sides of the Taiwan Straits and along Huzhou has Huzhou accent.The accent in Baixian area has a strong Yixing accent, and Yixing dialect has been spoken mainly in the northern part of Meishan.
Ninghai dialectIt belongs to Wu languageMingzhouBetween film and Taizhou filmTransitional dialect, which is close to the dialect of Sanmen County in the south, so the communication is not impeded.The Ninghai dialect is internally inconsistent, with obviousNorth South differences。The north is represented by Xidian dialect, close to Ningbo dialect;The central part is represented by Chengguan dialect, which is the orthodox Ninghai dialect;The south is represented by Sangzhou dialect, close toTaizhou dialect。This gradually changing dialect phenomenon from north to south is more or less similar to that within the territorygeographical environmentAnd the past administrative setup.Although the accent of Ninghai dialect varies from place to place, people throughout the territory can talk freely.
Jintan dialect
Jintan dialect, a kind of Wu language, belongs to Piling small area of Taihu Lake area in Wu language.Jintan dialect of Wu dialect has 28 initials, 41 finals and 8 tones.In the west of JintanTaiping Heavenly KingdomThe descendants of immigrants from Jianghuai after the war usedJianghuai Mandarin 。
People call peace.All men and women, old and young, are old.This is called Ge.If it is called Nanning, it is also called Nanning Da.Don't say Fu.Ask the word "father".Ask him what he said to be a father.Ask what kind of things are also called father's things.The special refers to the matter word, and the already word.The great ancestor called Zeng Gong.Zu Yue Ya Ya.Grandmother said bury.Father says father.Mother calls her mother.The elder brother is called Dalang.I said disciple.The second reading in the city is like mud, and the fourth reading is like the city.Read like wine, read like knock.You are called "Fu Xiang Xiang".The snort was caught tomorrow.Standing on the edge of the bridge.If you hold one person together, you will become twins.The broussonetia on the wall was called Heng.It is called Benedictine to cook things with fire.Male egg day.The bean of tofu is read like a head, which means that it is flat to go.Fan Hangzhou Yanyang PingshengnineteenFor Yin Ping sound, such as fish, dragon and cat.Stutterers are called Dudu.He called himself "my home" or "my niche".I said Nie.Day speaks of Nie's feet, night speaks of night.The verb verb is also used.The law is no more.Too much is not enough.Those who are able to speak very well also speak very well.All ghosts and gods are called Bodhisattvas.[14]
Xiangshan dialect
Xiangshan CountyBelongs toNingboFor outsiders, Ningbo dialect and Xiangshan dialect do not seem to be very different.However, the local dialect authority in Xiangshan has spent more than 20 years studyingXiangshan dialect, and author《Xiangshan Fang Yanzhi》OfYe ZhongzhengBut can clearly distinguish the difference between the two.
Ye Zhongzheng said that Xiangshan dialect is actually used by Xiangshan people themselvesVernacularIt is also the Wu language. To be exact, it is the Yongjiang Community in the Taihu Lake area.If you want to subdivide it, it can be divided into twelveDialect slice, but generally, it can be divided into north and south partsDanchengXiangshan dialect is actually Dancheng dialect.The south is represented by Nanpu dialect.
Dancheng dialect is a northern dialect centered on Dancheng, the county seat, with a population of 270000, accounting for 50% of the total population of the county.
The difference between Xiangshan dialect and Ningbo dialect is mainly in tone and audio. The longer audio is Xiangshan dialect, which is related to the special geographical environment of Xiangshan.
Xiangshan is a peninsula county withIsland mountainCounty,Low mountainHilly landformIt accounts for 67.5% of the whole county. There are "seven mountains, one water and two fields". The environment where people live is surrounded by mountains, which has led to communication with each other. They have had to raise their voices and lengthen their intonation. Xiangshan dialect with a unique language style has been formed for thousands of years.[15]
Lin'an dialect
Lin'an in ancient times refers to Lin'an Mansion, which is nowHangzhouCity, yesSouthern Song DynastyThe location of the capital city means "temporary settlement".Lin'an meansLin'an CityIt is a district under the jurisdiction of Hangzhou.The history of county administration can be traced back to more than 2000 years ago,Regional cultureIt has a long history, is graceful and graceful, has outstanding people, and isFive Dynasties and Ten KingdomsWu YuekingQian LiuThe place of birth and destination.
Lin'an dialect belongs to Linshao district of Taihu district in Wu dialect district.
Deqing dialect
DeqingPeople increasingly find it important and urgent to find traditions and maintain local culture.Deqing dialect plays an irreplaceable role in other cultural carriersIntangible cultural heritageIt may also die.
In Lao'an dialectJingjiangThe city represents the dialect, which accounts for 75% of the city's population.Usually called“Jingjiang dialect”, generally refers to "Lao'an dialect".Jingjiang dialect is like Jiangnan dialect (Wu dialect), but the region is not in Jiangnan;Jingjiang is in the north of the Yangtze River, but what he said is notJiangbei dialect（Jianghuai Mandarin ）The formation of this unique language individual is related to the geographical location of Jingjiang and the diversion of the Yangtze River.Jingjiang dialect is clear and voicedSharp group sound, flat and cross tones can be distinguished.
Jingjiang's language is Wu dialect, and its culture isWu Culture。Perhaps the development of the Wu language area benefits more from the Wu culture, which is used to nourish our city, our soul and promote the Wu cultureSound and fast developmentOfcohesive force、soft power。[16]
Shengzhou dialect
ShengzhouIt belongs to the small Linshao area in Taihu area of Wu dialect.Users are concentrated in Shengzhou, Zhejiang Province.The stage voice of Yueju Opera is based on Shengzhou dialect.Zhejiang People's Broadcasting StationShengzhou dialect was used to broadcast programs in the province.
Shengzhou dialect has 30 initials, 46 vowels, and 8 tones (with yin and yang respectively).
Fenghua dialect
Fenghua dialectIt belongs to the small piece of Mingzhou (commonly known as Yong dialect) in the Wu dialect system.According to their respective characteristics, they can be roughly divided into fiveDialect fragment: Daqiao Town, Northern PlainYanjiangUpstream area, Hengshan area and coastal area（Xiangshan Port）。There are cross and transition areas between the patches.
The phonetic difference between Fenghua dialect and Putonghua is mainly reflected in pronunciationStopeTurbid words, some includingOpening callThe vowel syllable is relatively small when the mouth is open;There are entering words, which can be read clearly and forcefully;Two word group、TrisyllabicWhen reading continuously, most of the first words are heavier, etc.These characteristics are also that Fenghua dialect is "hard" and "awkward" in the small pieces of Mingzhou.
Tonglu dialect
ZhejiangprovinceTongluThe county dialect belongs to the Wu language Taihu Lake Linshao small area, and can communicate with all parts of the Wu language Taihu Lake.It can be roughly divided into six pieces:Tonglu TownFilm, Shangnanxiang film, Xiananxiang film, Beixiang film, Xinhe film, Fenshui film.
(2) In most areas, stream photography does not read the [u] tail.For example: hand, dog, Zhou.
(3) Take pictures without reading the [u] tail.Such as: bag, burn, small.
(4) There are two groups of different rhymes in the third class refined chapter of Mayun.
(5) See the second class open wordsWhite reading, white reading and multiple reading [k] group initials.
(6) The colloquial "Renyin" is homonymous.
(7) "Six green deer" is homonymous.
(8) Nonasal consonantThe end of the form."Nan'er" and "Chopsticks" are not available in Suzhou and other places.
(9) Singularthird personMore "Yi", more "He" in Piling and Hangzhou, and more "Qu" in Yongjiang.
(10) More "things", more "today", more "today", more "drawer", more "draw" or "tap", more "cool"“enjoy the cool”Or "cool in the wind".
(11) In most places, there is no word with the structure of "guests, tofu students", or the grammatical structure of "big beans, small pieces of paper; buy more books, buy more books; you go first, you start".[17]
Piling Tablet
（1）ChenmuRead more [dz].Such as tea, tardiness and entanglement.
(2) Most areas have been photographedClosureThe third class Zhizhang has a lot of words to keep the mouth closed.Such as spring and spring.
(3) Tang DynastyYangjiangThree rhymes, non zhuang, two groups of characters with nose and tail.For example: Fang, Zhuang
(4) Gege rhyme and model rhyme (except Mingmu) are not mixed.For example, slope ≠ pavement, many ≠ capital, rub ≠ thick, river ≠ lake.
(5) Mayun Kaikou has different rhymes from second-class words.For example: sugarcane tsa sand so, tea dzo jiako.
(6) Hou Yun, You Yun (Zhixi), except Yixing, JingjiangFixed portRead more [ei].Such as: Dou, Shou.
(7) The vowel of the word "mouth" is [y].
(8) The word "fish" can't be read without a nasal sound.
(9) Gray rhymes do not read single sounds.For example, Changzhou: for daei.
（10）“Iron pan”Say "pot" or "pot" more than "wok", wear clothes and say "wear" rather than "wear", say "house" more than home, and say "things" rather than "things" in some areas.
（11）Personal pronounThe third person says "he".The spoken language of "who" uses "which" or "bottom person", not "who".
(12) Ziwei read all except ZhangjiagangPronunciation。
(13) "Red and good", except for Danyang, Zhangjiagang, Jiangyin, Jingjiang and other places, all say "red guy, good guy".[17]
Su Hujia's short film
(1) Read more from two mothers [z].Such as: tea, late.
(2) The third class Zhizhang character of Zhenhe mouth has changed into an opening.Such as spring and spring.
(4) Ge rhyme and model rhyme are mixed.For example, many=Du, song=Gu.
(5) Ma Yun Kai Kou's Third Class Chapter Formation and Second Class BangzhiZhuang GroupThe words have the same rhyme, which is different from that of Jianxi.For example, sugarcane tso sand so, sea salt [snake zo fork ts ʰ o shelf ka]
(6) Hou Yun, You Yun (Zhixi), most of them read single syllables, and a few are not.Such as dog, hand and head.
(7) Immortal rhyme, perfect combination of words, no reading [y]Preposition。Such as ship.
(8) The vowel of the word "mouth" [l].
(9) Read the word "fish" in a white way, and read the nasal sounds more frequently, except in Shashang, Changshu, Zhangjiagang, Dongshan and other places.
(10) The word "comb" reads more [l] rhymes.
(11) 咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍咍21.Grey rhymeEnd groupRead more openings, such as pairs and teams.
(12) "Iron pot" always says "wok"."Home" says "house" more.
(13) Singular third person pronouns often say "Yi", "exceptWuxiRead "Tuo", Changshu and Zhangjiagang read "Qu".
(14) "Red, good", "de" say "a", read [k -] or [g -] initialsthe entering tone。[17]
Tiaoxi small piece
(1) Yu Yu two rhymes know chapter combination Japanese mother reading [l] rhyme.Such as pigs, books, spiders, etc.
(2) DivisionYuhangOutside, there is no ending vowel.Such as rain, election and army.
(3) Apart from Huzhou and Yuhang, there are three or four comfortable voices (except Zhishi) in Xianshan Mountain.Such as edge, sky, change, line and sword.
(4) Except Yu Hang, the word "tail" is pronounced as [m] or [n].
(5) "Washing face" says "Yue face" (except Huzhou)."Straw" means "rice stalk" or "rice peduncle".
(1) See mother, second class, only first reading.For example: marry, pay, river.
(2) The Japanese character "Er Er Er" can only be read once.[Person zen, meat zou].
(3) Micro initials [mosquito ven, question ven], do not read the [m] initial.
(4) The word "bird" reads nio.
(5) There are a lot of rhymes with U prepositions.For example: Shesui Tax Society Zuishui Shuang.
(6) The first and second class of mountain photography at Hekou, the third class of Hekou Zhizhang group, and the third class of Xianshan two photography at Kaikou Zhizhuang Zhang group, read [uo] rhyme today.Such as: moving, regiment, official, pass, bolt, special, exhibition, wrapping.
(7) "Dou" reads doh, "Luolu" reads [loh], and four words rhyme with each other.
(8) Other places say "pot,basinThe words "matter body" in this film respectively say "pot, basin, matter".
(9) There are a lot of er suffix words.
(10) Personal pronouns are "I, you, he", plural plus "men".
(1) Take photos of Xianshan Mountain and read more nasal rhymes.For example, greed and class.
(2) The two rhyme end characters of "Xuan" and "Hui" are in the same rhyme today.If guess=urge.
(3) 咍Rhyming readingTalk about cold rhyme today.If the tire ≠ collapse, come ≠ basket.
(4) "Skew" does not read the initial of the word [h].
(5) In addition to Changhua in Lin'an, "family marriage" and other words can be read as [ko] or [kuo].
(6) The singular third person pronouns include Changhua, ZhujiXinchang, Yu Yao, all said Yi.[17]
Yongjiang Xiaopian
(1) "The effective flow is salty, and the mountain has reached its peak (limited toKnow group）Zeng "and others took a comfortable tone and opened their mouth. The words of Feng Zhizhang were generally readTonelessThe vowel is homophony with the consonant.Such as Jiao Chaozhao Jiaojiao, Jiu Elbow Broom Jiu, Jinzhen Zhenjin.
(2) DivisionNinghai、Dinghai、ZhenhaiIn addition, the rest are homonymous with "pushing corruption" and "retreating exploration".If push=greedy taei.
(3) When encountering the Jingzhi Zhang group characters and the Japanese letter characters of the third class in the combination of two pictures, stop photographing the Zhimu characters of the third class in the opening, and read the current vowel in many places [u].Like a book pig.
（4）“side dish”Call it "dinner"."Sparrow" is called "Mahjong" (except Haining)."Today" is called Jinmi.
(5) The singular third person pronoun uses "Qu".[17]
