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Pyridoxamine

A form of vitamin B6

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Pyridoxamine is Vitamin B6 A form of. Chemically, it is based on the pyridine ring structure and has hydroxyl, methyl, aminomethyl and hydroxymethyl substituents. It is different from pyridoxine through the substituent at position 4. Phenol at position 3 and aminomethyl at position 4 on its ring endow pyridoxamine with a variety of chemical properties, including the elimination of free radical species and carbonyl substances formed in sugar and lipid degradation, and the chelation of metal ions that catalyze the Amadori reaction.

Chinese name: Pyridoxamine
Foreign name: pyridoxamine
2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4-aminomethyl-5-hydroxymethylpyridine
4-Aminomethyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-pyridinemethanol; pyridoxiamine
PyridoxaMine-d4; pyridoxylamine

CAS No: 85-87-0
Molecular formula: C8H12N2O2
molecular weight: one hundred and sixty-eight point one nine three zero zero
Density: 1.282g/cm3
Precision quality: one hundred and sixty-eight point zero nine zero zero zero
PSA: seventy-nine point three seven zero zero zero
LogP: zero point seven four six nine zero

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Physicochemical properties

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Density: 1.282g/cm three

Boiling point: 460.1 º C at 760 mmHg

Flash point: 232.1 º C

Refractive index: 1.617^[2]

pharmacological action

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Pyridoxine has Vitamin B6 One of the natural substances that act. As Streptococcus faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis) growth factor The effect is thousands of times greater than that of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), but it can promote Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus casei) has poor growth effect. In organism, it forms a combination with enzyme protein and ketoacid in the form of 5 '- phosphate, and plays a role as the coenzyme of transaminase. stay Escherichia coli The amino group of pyridoxamine can be transferred to α - ketoglutaric acid Enzymes. Pyridoxamine pair Diamine oxidase It has antagonistic inhibitory effect.

purpose

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Pyridopolyamine is an organic compound, which can be used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis. Relevant research shows that pyridoxamine is an important way to prevent and treat the occurrence and development of chronic diabetic complications.^[2]

Metabolic changes

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Digestion and absorption

Catabolism of tryptophan

In food vitamin B6 is PLP, PMP, and PN. In the small intestine cavity, nonspecific phosphorous Ydrolase must decompose PLP, PMP is PL, and PM. The absorption forms are PL, PM, and PN. In human observation, hungry people were given PN, PL and PM, and reached the peak 0.5~3h after PN was given. When the dose was small (0.5~4mg), plasma vitamin The B6 level returned to the starvation level after 3-5 hours. Plasma after taking PL vitamin B6 level and urinary PA increased rapidly, but PM absorption and metabolism were slower than PN and PL. However, when the intake of PLP is large (such as 10mg), plasma vitamin B6 and PLP continued to rise within 24h, and maintained at a high level.^[1]

Transport and metabolism

PN is transported to the intestinal mucosa and into the blood stream. PNP can also be synthesized in the intestinal mucosa, which is about 30.6% of the dose. PN in the blood stream can diffuse to the muscles, and then phosphoric acid Chemization accounts for 10.4%~15.7% of the dose. After the human body is given PN, the plasma PL can be increased by 12 times. Although the plasma PLP accounts for vitamin 60% of B6, but it is difficult to combine with protein Cells Used. PL in plasma is not firmly bound to albumin, which can be absorbed and cleared by tissues in the form of transportation and oxidized to PA. PN and PL enter through diffusion red blood cell Medium and kinase phosphoric acid Change. Human red blood cell PNP can be oxidized to PLP, and other animals such as rats have no such function. PN exceeds red blood cell PL kinase saturation concentration It can enter into red blood cells in 3-5 minutes concentration The concentration is consistent with that of the medium. PL at concentration over red blood cell phosphoric acid When the concentration of kinase is high, the amount of red blood cell entering increases, making its concentration higher than that in the culture medium. This is because PL and hemoglobin The end of the α - chain is bound to valine, so PL accumulates in red blood cells, and its concentration in red blood cells can be 4-5 times that in plasma. red blood cell PL in may also be a mode of transportation.

So is the liver vitamin B6 Metabolically active tissue. PN is liver Cells After inclusion, they are PL kinase and PNP oxidase successively effect PLP is generated, and then transformed into PL through phosphorolysis, enters the circulating system, and is transported to phosphoric acid The tissue of the kinase forms PLP.

In brain slices and isolated choroid plexus, there is no PN, but all are phosphoric acid chemical compound Choroid plexus is the place to transport PN from blood to cerebrospinal fluid. stay vitamin In B6 deficient animals (rats), the level of PL kinase decreased. In rats fed for 5 weeks, the level of PL kinase in the liver decreased by 50%, while that in the brain only decreased by 14%. This also shows that vitamin The importance of B6 to the nervous system.^[1]

Storage

vitamin B6 can diffuse into muscles in the blood stream phosphoric acid If the dose of PN increases, the percentage of PN in the muscle in the dose increases, while the percentage of PNP decreases. PNP oxidation to PLP was not found in muscle. 60% in rats vitamin B6 in muscle, 75%~95% of which is related to glycogen phosphoric acid Glycogen phosphorylase. This enzyme accounts for 5% of muscle soluble protein, which may be vitamin B6 storage site. Through the conversion of muscle protein vitamin B6 is decomposed to meet the minimum demand.^[2]

discharge

vitamin The main metabolite PA of B6 can represent Vitamin B6 20%~40% of the intake, PA in urine can only be an indicator of the intake. It does not represent the internal storage. In addition to PA, there is a small amount of PN and PL in urine. When physiological dose was given, most of them were discharged with PA within 3h. PN in Renal tubule Medium accumulation, when PN concentration When it is large, it can be excreted by the kidney. Therefore, when the dose of PN was 10mg, the percentage of PA in urine decreased, but the excretion of PN increased. PL is not easy to be excluded or included by the kidney phosphoric acid Accumulation in form. However, after people take a large dose (100mg) of PL, PM and PN orally, most of the original substances are discharged from the urine within 36h.^[2]

treat a complaint

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General diseases

1、 Arteriosclerosis , 2. Baldness, 3. High cholesterol, 4 cystitis 5. greasy face, 6 hypoglycemia Symptoms, 7. Mental disorders, 8. Muscle disorders, 9. Nervous disorders, 10. Vomiting at the beginning of pregnancy, 11. Overweight, 12. Vomiting after surgery, 13. Urgency, 14. Sensitivity to sunlight, etc.^[1]

Diabetic blood vessels

vitamin B6 can be slowed down insulin Treatment of vascular complications in diabetic rats, vascular disease Complications are the main cause of death in diabetes mellitus. The prevalence rate of arterial disease in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients is higher than that in the general population. Diabetic vascular disease The main complication was arteriosclerosis.

Vascular endothelium Cells Endothelial injury is considered to cause arteriosclerosis. Thrombogenic factors, including platelet Hyperactive or excessive platelet aggregation will promote Arteriosclerosis Process.

vitamin The activation type of B6, phosphoric acid Pyridoxal phase (PDP), which can protect vascular endothelium Cells , reduce the damage of endothelial cells to activated platelets, inhibit platelet aggregation and blood coagulation, inhibit platelet production of prostaglandin A2 (TxA2) and promote vascular endothelial cell Generating ring prostaglandin (Prostaglandin I2, PGI2), and reduce the morphological changes of vascular endothelial cells.

Vascular endothelium Cells Damage is considered as an early pathological phenomenon of atherosclerosis, and this change affects vascular endothelial cell Many functions of, including permeability, adhesion motion The ability of cell proliferation and material production.^[1]

Physiological function

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Effect of vitamin B6 on brain

vitamin Group B6 will soon be transformed into coenzymes pyridoxal and pyridoxamine protein Pyridoxal phosphate is the replacement material of the following enzymes: amino acid metabolism requires amino group transfer, especially methionine, cystine, cysteine, etc. Amino acid metabolism Is required for decarboxylation (=COOH). conversion Sulfur-containing amino acid Required (methionine, cystine, cysteine, etc.), whether homocystine is deficient vitamin B6， Be careful.

Methodine → homocysteine+serine → pyrovate glucose ） + H two S + NH three → TCA cycle (generating energy+CO two + H two O）。

methionine It is an important amino acid that provides methyl group vitamin B6 exists, this function cannot be performed. A lot of carbonization should not be carried out, such as the synthesis of fat, amino acid carbon frame, etc. It is related to the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid, tryptophan → nicotinic acid, if lacking vitamin B6, the intermediate metabolite is produced--- Xanthuric acid (xanthurenic acid), which will destroy pancreatic β Cells , and finally lead to diabetes. Clinically, determine whether there is yellow uric acid in urine vitamin B6 deficiency, if the content of xanthuric acid is too high, it means that you have vitamin B6 deficiency.

It is required for converting liver sugar into glucose, including vitamin The presence of B6 can accelerate the decomposition of liver sugar into glucose. take fatty acid flax oleic acid (linoleic acid -- 18C) is required for conversion to arachidonic acid -- 22C. If the acid is lacking, skin chapping will occur. In serious cases, even Cells Membrane degeneration causes physical discomfort. Coenzyme A synthesis, if lacking vitamin B6， It blocks the synthesis of coenzyme Co-A. Coenzyme Co-A component Pantothenic acid , Gland purine (adenine), which is related to energy generation, is required for the reduction of acetyl Co-A, which can directly synthesize fat in the granular gland. Besides, acetyl Co-A is also involved in amino acid synthesis and biochemical action of energy generation, and is a very important substance.^[1]

stay Brain cell The coenzyme of pyridoxine plays an important role in the decarboxylation of amino acids during metabolism, so it can stabilize the function of brain cells vitamin B6。 Moreover, the synthesis of related amine compounds required by brain cells requires vitamin B6。 Such substances as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, and serotonin 5 hydroxytryptamine. Dobutamine is the precursor of neoepinephrine, while hemamine can synthesize melatonin hormone 。 These brain substances also act as brain cells chromosome The function of transmission.

Pyridoxine is not only a coenzyme synthesized from the above amine containing compounds, but also a coenzyme required for the dissemination of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), a brain cell inhibitor. When human sleep is deep, GABA content will rise very high, indicating that vitamin At B6, GABA increases and people are more likely to fall asleep. So let the excited brain cells rest melatonin In addition, we have to add vitamin B6 can only play a good role.

● Make vitamin B6 Nutrient with increased function

If some nutrients exist, it will increase vitamin B6 functions, such as 1 Vitamin B group 2. Vitamin B1, 3 Vitamin B2, 4 Pantothenic acid vitamin C 5. Magnesium, 6. Potassium, 7. Sodium, 8 Linolenic acid （linoleic acid）。

● Antagonistic substances and effects vitamin B6 Demand status

1. Alcohol, 2 contraception Pills, 3. Tobacco, 4. Coffee, 5. Radiation.

● vitamin Symptoms of B6 deficiency

vitamin B6 mainly acts on human body blood , muscles, nerves, skin, etc. Functions are antibody Synthesis of fatty acid, production of gastric acid in digestive system, fat and protein Use (especially supplement when losing weight), maintain sodium/potassium balance (stabilize nervous system). lack vitamin The common symptoms of B6 are anorexia, low food utilization rate, weightlessness, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. Severe deficiency will lead to acne anemia Arthritis, children spasm , depression, headache, hair loss, easy inflammation learning disorder , weakness, etc.

● High dose toxicity

Very high doses, such as 300mg per day, can be used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting after radiation, vomiting after taking medicine, vomiting under anesthesia, vomiting due to travel sickness, etc., which can achieve therapeutic effect without toxicity.^[1]

Nutritional requirements

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vitamin B6 is essential for human fat and sugar metabolism estrogen Metabolism also needs vitamin b6, so it is very beneficial to prevent and cure some gynecological diseases. Many women will be pessimistic, irritable, and feel weak due to taking the contraceptive pill. A daily supplement of 60 mg can alleviate the symptoms. Some women also suffer from premenstrual Tension syndrome , represented by menstruation front Eyelid , swollen hands and feet, insomnia, forgetfulness, taking 50-100 mg daily vitamin The symptoms can be completely relieved after b6. Foods rich in b6 include tuna, thin steak Chicken breast Meat, bananas, peanuts, beef, etc.^[2]

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