synonymBabylonian Age(One of the four ancient civilizations) Generally referring to ancient Babylon
The east of the world was around 3500 BC[1]The earliest slavery country of mankind appeared, and advanced casting technology was developed.Around 2250 BCSumerianIt has created advanced civilization, not only invented charactersCuneiformThe two river basins entered a historical period with written records, and also invented a tool suitable for writing - "clay board writing".In 2006 BC, the Amorites overturnedUr Third Dynasty, established the kingdom of Babylon（Tigris RiverandEuphrates River）Make a home.The fertile soil and high civilization of the two river basins have injected fresh water into the AmoritesbloodIn the following hundreds of years, Mali, Ishin, Larsa and other city states were established one after another, and it was not until Hammurabi ascended the throne in 1792 that they changed.
The Kingdom of Babylon (about 3500 BC - 729 BC) is located inMesopotamian Plain, roughly in today'sRepublic of IraqIn the layout.About 5000 years ago, people here founded the country18th century BCHere comes the Kingdom of Babylon."Mesopotamia" - the Bible calls it“Garden of Eden”, which means "the place between two rivers" in ancient Greek, is also calledTwo river basin。"Two Rivers" refers toEuphrates RiverandTigris River。On this plain, a few cities were developed in the world at that time. The earliest epics, myths, pharmacopoeias, farmer's almanac, etc. were spread in western civilizationcradleone of.There are sky gardens, but they are all in ruins.
At the beginning of the 18th century BC, the Kingdom of Babylon in Cuba rose.Under the leadership of Hammurabi, it became an empire covering the whole two river basin.
In order to strengthen his rule, Hammurabi formulated the world's first relatively complete written code in ancient times -<Code of Hammurabi>。He also used religion to consolidate his politics, claiming that he was God's favorite.
Hammurabi was the sixth king of the city of Babylon.Located in the middle reaches of the Euphrates River, the Babylonian city-state once made obeisance to Assyria in the north. Later, it gradually developed and expanded by taking advantage of its geographical conditions. But it was not until Hammurabi succeeded that Babylon became a powerful country.Hammurabi was very diligent. He built water conservancy, rewarded businesses, and established a standing army.He formulated an ambitious plan of conquest and made the blueprint come true with 100% confidence and determination.Since 1787 BC, the road of unifying the two river basins has been started, and flexible and pragmatic diplomacy has been adopted. For a period of time, efforts have been concentrated to attack and destroy a country, and city states such as Yixin, Larsa, Mali have been destroyed successively.The conquest lasted about 35 years and consumed Hammurabi's life. Except for the strong and militaristic Assyria in the north and its sheltered Ashnen, the two river basins have been basically unified under Hammurabi's iron hand.Later, Babylon was equated with the south of the two river basins, and its civilization was also called“Ancient Babylon Civilization”。
According to legend, at that time, the king of Babylon in Cuba married a wife who lived in a beautiful place. She missed her hometown very much, but could not go out often.The king loved his wife very much, so he ordered a sky garden to be built in the palace.However, I don't know why it disappeared, so no one has seen that“Hanging Garden”I don't know whether it is true, so I can only use the word "legend".
WhereRileyPioneeringperiod, the most representative event isCode of HammurabiPromulgated, although its basic purpose is to maintainslavePrincipalinterest, but stillpromoteHasSociologyOfdevelopment。The Code of Hammurabi is based on two most famous principles, namely "eye for eye, tooth for tooth" and "let the buyer be careful".
besides,castingTechnology andmetallurgyAt the same time, the technology is also highly developed and has its own college,BabylonIn this period, the Iron Age came into beingplough、truckandwar chariotIt was invented one after another during this periodBabylonCivilizedHeyday。Babylon, CubaExperienced a relatively mundaneAssyrianAfter the third stage of creation6th century BC，Babylonian civilizationEntered againHeydayPeriod.During this periodChaldeansCreated by, representing“Hanging Garden”, built by the king of Babylon for the queen.The garden was jointly participated by craftsmen all over the country at that time.
stayIsraelandGreekOfUnder the pen，MesopotamiaIt is a paradise that people yearn for《Bible》InGarden of EdenRight here.However, in today's two river basins, the climate andnaturalconditionIt's obvious that he andIsraelIt is quite different from the description of the Greeks.hereclimateDry, bare soil, sand dunes everywhere, and like all desert areas, precipitation is scarce and temperature difference is large.such asIraqcapitalBaghdadThe annual precipitation is 156 mm, with zero from June to September;The temperature in summer is as high as 49 degrees Celsius, while in winter it can drop to minus 9 degrees Celsius.Even to the legendary“Garden of Eden”Kurla, you will be disappointed.Today, this is a lonely area, less than one kilometer from the river bank, except for a kind of tubercle thorn (said to be the legendary "knowledge of good and eviltree”）It still exists, only desolation and gravel come into sight.It seems hard for us to imagine that this relatively bad natural condition would have become a high-level civilization of mankind thousands of years agoCradle.
geologyAs well as the researchers of environmental change, they put forward an innovative conclusion: between 6000 and 4000 years ago,Two river basinThere is a humid rather than dry climate.geographerRamIt is believed thatPost glacialDuring the warmest period, most areas near the Mediterranean Sea are dry. However, due to this periodSouthwest monsoonThe expansion and the moisture of monsoon rainsIraqBut in the northmoistClimate.
Babylon, Cuba
archaeologistThe excavation work in this area also confirmed Lam's conclusion.Kish、NinevehArchaeological excavations at such sites show that during the four to two thousand years B.C., several floods caused discontinuity in soil stratification.And from theseRuinsThe records of the great flood in the unearthed clay tablets andSumerianThe description of how to build a dam is also a powerful evidence of the particularly moist climate during this period.Geologists also passed theRadiocarbon dating、amino acidA series of scientific methods, such as heteromorphism analysis and pollen analysis, have confirmed that the two river basins between 6000 and 4000 years agomoistThe existence of climate.Therefore,MesopotamiaIt is a "paradise" in history.The geographical environment and climate here are very good.
Babylon, Cuba
The above achievements are irrefutableproveThere used to be specialmoistOfclimate。At that time,ArmeniaAbundant rainfall in the mountain area keeps pouring inEuphrates RiverandTigris River，Two river basinAnd moisten the fertile land of the plain.Therefore, we can be sure that the natural conditions were suitable during the critical period of Mesopotamian civilization's creation, around 4000 BC to 2000 BC.In other words, it is precisely in this critical period of humid climate that the ancient Mesopotamians created the oldest civilization in human history.We really can't imagine how Mesopotamians could extract enough water to irrigate farmland without the abundant flow of the two river basins;If there were no monsoon rains and unnecessary benefits, there would be no such civilization on the arid and barren land.
Historians have confirmed through a large number of studies that at that time, the Lianghe Plain was once a green field with luxuriant trees and green ridges;There were also many canals, rivers, and people.IsraelandGreekIt is no nonsense to call this "heaven".
Because of the drought and lack of rain here, and the unstable water flow, the agriculture along the two rivers depends more on people's constructionirrigation system。
Ancient Babylon is one of the oldest known ancient oriental countries.Babylonian civilizationIt is an important part of the civilization in the Euphrates and Tigris River basins.The earliest slavery country of mankind was born here about 3500 BC, and it is speculated that about 4000 BCSumerianNot only inventedwritten wordsAnd invented the《Chalkboard writing》。The magnificent walls and palaces of Babylon in Cuba fully demonstrate the architectural level of the ancient two river basins.Nebuchadnezzar II's large-scale construction of Babylon made it the most important city in the world at that timebustlingOne of the cities of.
Babylon, Cuba
history
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Founding the People's Republic of China
In 2006 BC,AmoriteInvading the Lianghe River Basin and destroyingAkkadianandSumerianEstablishedUr Third Dynasty。Around 1894 BC, the Amorites established a dynasty with Babylon on the banks of the Euphrates River as its capital.from that time on,MesopotamiaIs called“Babylonia”All the inhabitants there are called Babylonians.
human beingsoriginalSlaveryThe country was born in about 3500 BCworldOfeast，BabylonIt's knownThe longest historyOfAncient Oriental Countriesone of.According to historical scholars, about 4000 BCSumerianThere is a relatively developed culture, which not only inventedwritten words, andinventionForwriteLiteral“Chalkboard writing”。Sumer After decline,Babylonrise.The First Dynasty of BabylonAbout fromB.CIn 1894, to the sixth placekingDuring the reign of Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC), he conquered the northern and southern cities and establishedCentralized autocratic system，promulgationHas《Code of Hammurabi》And complete the unification of the two river basins.AfterSecond Dynasty(from the middle of the 16th century BC to 1530 BC)Third dynasty (front 1530~front 1157)The Fourth Dynasty(1157 BC to 729 BC)Assyria Is extinguished.At the beginning of 1000 BC,SemiticAnother branch ofChaldeanscomeTwo river basinSettle in the south.In 630 BC, the leader of the ChaldeansNabopalasaRuling the two river basins at that timeNew Assyrian civil unrestThe opportunity gradually gained control of Babylon.626 BCBabylonian King 。Formed with rice bottomunion, captured Nineveh in 612 BCAssyrian Empire。The Assyrian Empire fell,heritageBy the New Babylonian Kingdom andMidi KingdomDivide, among which the New Babylonian Kingdom has dividedAssyrian EmpireThe western half of the river and mountain, namely the southern part of the two river basinsSyria、PalestineandFibula[féi]Nikki, rebuildKingdom of Babylon(626-538 BC), also calledKingdom of the Chaldeans。The Kingdom of New BabylonNebuchadnezzar II(605 ～ front 562)ruleDown to the peakperiod。B.C538 years, existing for 88 yearsNeo-Babylonian Empire Be incorporatedPersian Empire The layout of.
Sumer region is located in the two river basin（IraqOne Belt), located inEuphrates and TigrisImpact on the plain.The land here is fertile and soft, and the climate isHot and dryAlthough the precipitation is low and concentrated in the slack season in winter, the flooding of the laws of the two rivers provides favorable conditions for agricultural production.
Sumer ishuman beingsThe society was the first to enter civilization, and one of the regions in the world where the city country was first born.As early as 5000 BC, there were agricultural residents from the north of the Lianghe River BasinhillThe region moved into the region to make a living.They have a long agricultural tradition and have mastered certain water conservancy irrigation techniques.They initially established many small towns along the Euphrates River and its tributariesVillage community, use the law to flood the river and abundant aquatic plants, reeds and clay in the marsh to engage in agriculture,Animal Husbandryandhandicraft industry。Later, with the development of productivity, they gradually developed the whole southern region, established the world's earliest cities, and createdsplendidOfSumerian culture。
Babylon, CubaThe science of the timesmathematicsandAstronomythe mostto develop, counting methodDecimalandsixtycarryLaw.The decimal method is used to calculate the degree and timing of the Sunday, and has been followed all over the world so far.At that timecalendarThe lunar calendar divides a year into 12 monthsDay and nightAt 12:00,a yearDivided into 365 days.To adaptEarth revolutionThe difference of is knownleap month。The long-term accumulation of the ancient Babylonians in astronomical observation enabled the later New Babylonians to predicteclipse andPlanetary MeetingIt is further calculated that a year is 365 days, 6:21:32 seconds, which is only 23:33 seconds more than the modern calculation.
In the 18th century BC, the Babylonian DynastyHammurabiDuring the ruling period (1792-1750 BC), a code was compiled, known as《Code of Hammurabi》。It also provides for the protection of widows and orphans.Is the existing one in the worldancientThe first relatively complete written code.
In the 15th century BCMoodiakingruleOfperiodHe has developed a new set ofBit algorithm, commonly used in China, it makesKingdom of Babylon, CubaDegree of freedom to both sides of the riverEconomicsRapid development.
The sediment brought by the two rivers continuously silts up in the lower reaches, forming a vast plainpoorIt has become the only fertile land in West Asia.ancientGreekCall this“Mesopotamia”, we are used to calling“Two river basin”。There's also the WestgeographerCalled“Babylonia”。
Time of existence
B.CAround 1894, fromSyrian grasslandSemiticThe Amorites founded Babylon, the most outstandingkingIs sixthkingyesHammurabi, he createdBabylon, and promulgated《Code of Hammurabi》。AboutB.CInvaded by the north in 1595Hittites Is extinguished.
3500 BCin the future,SumerianIn the two river basinsouthBuild a lotSmall slave country。18th century BCThe sixth kingHammurabiDuring the reign, the national strengthProsperity, gradually unifiedTwo river basin。At the beginning of the 16th centuryHittite KingdomIs extinguished.
In the 1930s, FranceArchaeologyScholar inTwo river basinA house was excavated in the famous upstream city of Mali, which is believed to be the earliest one in the worldschool, built around 3500 BC, the school is close topalace, and there are others nearbyclay tabletStorage place of.
Akkad
Babylonian hieroglyphs
SemiticA branch of——Akkadian, about 2500 BC, enteredTwo river basin。When the Akkadians entered the two river basin, Sumerian civilization had come to an endcity-stateThe struggle between them is extremely fierce.King AkkadSargon Unified Sumer region and establishedmonarchyA centralized country,Sumer city-stateThe era came to an end.Sumer Akkad(Sumer Akkad).In about 2191 BC, the Guti people destroyed Akkad, ruled southern Mesopotamia, and established the KuTim（Gutium）regime，MesopotamiaSumer Akkad in the Southtimesend.
Sumer
Akkad Kingdom later stage,centralizationHas tended tocollapse, barbariansGutium Invade and destroyAkkad Kingdom However, the rule of the Kuti was not stable, which made Sumerian city states revive briefly.amongUruk city-stateKing ofUtuhgar(Utu hegal) drove out the Kuti people.Utuhgar let Ulnam guardUr City。But,Ulnam(Ur Nammu) established its capital in Ur about 2113 BC and unifiedMesopotamia, establishedUr Third Dynasty(2111 B.C. - 2003 B.C.), dominated the southern Mesopotamiacity-state，UlnamStart claiming“Sumer and the King of Akkad”。
Sumer
aboutB.CIn 2006,Guti(Kuti) peopleAmoriteHe SuBarry(Subari) people unite to destroy Ur.
Fall
Hanging Garden Site in Babylon, Cuba
The Kingdom of Babylon in CubaHammurabiThe ruling period reachedprime, butHammurabiAfter death, the empire collapsed.The kingdom has receivedHittites 、GagiteThe invasion of.NaponidoAnnals, now collected inBritish Museum。Nabonidu, king of BabylonWith his son Belshazzarcommonact as regent.But he lived longer than his son, who, on the evening of October 5, 539 BCCyrus The troops under him fallBabylonHourBe killed。Take the chronicle of BonitoBarbieThe fall of Lun provides a dated record to help determine thetime。
About 5000 years ago, people here established the country18th century BC, hereappearThe Kingdom of Babylon in Cuba.PeripheraldesertSurrounded by, and because the narrow strip between the two rivers looks like a bendnew moon, Landfertile, also known as“Fertile Crescent ”。
BabylonianFall, the reasons are various: ancientBabylonDue to the development of cities and the increase of populationCultivated landAnd the demand for wood is increasing, so we open up wasteland and cut down forests tofarmland；There is no forest for fixing water and soil, so it begins to appeardesertification、soil erosionAnd farmland has gradually become desert;The shortage of farmland is naturally causedfoodstuffInadequate food will lead to national civil unrest, which naturally makes the country powerfuldecline, give the surrounding barbariansopportunity。
Collapse of the Sky Tower
Babylon, CubacivilizationKingdom of Babylon, CubaandNeo-Babylonian Empire Two periods.According to historical records, because the ancient Babylonians built a tower that hoped to lead to heaven, God sent down God's punishment, and the flood swept everywhereNoah's Ark Is Continued，Kingdom of Babylon, CubaAnd perish.Historical records,HammurabiAfter death, the empire collapsed.The kingdom has receivedHittites, GaxitesUntil729 BCfinallyWas annexed by the Assyrian Empire。20 years later, AssyriaChaldeansThe Chaldeans established a new Babylonian kingdom in Babylon for only 80 years.The Kingdom of New BabylonPersianIs extinguished.
It is located in the two river basin, which is nowIraq。
archaeological discovery
In the second half of the 19th century, many clay tablets and columns were excavated near Baghdad, which greatly increased people's understanding of the history of Babylon.One of them is a valuable document, called Naponido Chronicles, which is now collected in the British Museum.Nabonidok king of Babylon was a co regent with his son Belshazzar.But he lived longer than his son, who was killed on the night of October 5, 539 BC, when the army under Cyrus captured Babylon.The Chronicles of Naponido provide a dated record of the fall of Babylon to help determine the time of the event.The following is a translation of a small part of Naponido's chronicles: "In the month of Taslidu (the month of Tisri (September October)), Cyrus attacked the army of Akkad at Opis on the Tigris River. On the 14th of the middle of the month, Sibal surrendered without fighting, and Naponido fled the city. On the 16th day (October 11, 539 B.C. Julian calendar; October 5, Gregorian calendar)Goblia (Ugbalu), the governor of Gutian, entered Babylon without using a knife, together with the army living in Luz.Later, Nabonidu was arrested on his return to BabylonOn the 3rd day of the month of Arashamnu (the month of Heshevan (October/November)) [October 28 in the Julian calendar], Cyrus entered Babylon, and the residents spread green branches at his feet - he announced that 'peace' was coming to the city.Cyrus saluted all Babylon.Goblia, his governor, set up (auxiliary) governors in Babylon. "
Politics
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Code of Hammurabi
Imagination of Hanging Garden
Code of HammurabiExisting in the worldThe first relatively complete written code in ancient times。The code consists of three parts: preface, text and conclusion.The preface proclaims that Hammurabi was commanded by God, and the conclusion praises Hammurabi'sa merit。HammurabiTopThere are twocharacterThe god of justice is sitting on the chairshamash And the other isHammurabi, intended to indicate that "I (i.eHammurabi）It's divinewillTo rule this land.Babylon, Cubabelong toTwo river basin, onIraq，SyriaEtc.code283 in total,codePublicity“Divine Mandate”The Code also stipulates that:slavesurebusiness, which can be used to repay debts;If a slave dares to say to his master, "You are not my master", his ear will be cut offcodeCarved in a black 2.25m highbasaltThe stone pillar is found so farThe earliest fully written code。Its purpose is to maintain the unity of the kingdomruleandslave societyThe essence of order is to maintainSlave owner classBenefits.yesBabylon, CubaLeft toworldImportance of civilizationheritageone of.The code comprehensively reflects theSociologysituation.
《Code of Hammurabi》YesBabylon, CubaThe sixth kingHammurabi(1792-1750 BC)law, which is considered to be the earliest and relatively completeStatutory code, try to maintainunequalOfSocial classSystem andSlave ownernobleThe two most famous principles are "an eye for an eye" and "let buyers be careful", which were proposed in 1791 or 1790 BC and completed after the unification of Babylonia.For the full text of the CodeCuneiformInscription: The code is divided into three parts: preface, main body and conclusion. There are 282 articles in the main body.Including litigation procedures and damagescompensate forTenancy relationship, creditor's rightsdebt, inheritance of property, punishment of slaves, etc.It is carved on a black stick 2.25m high, 1.65m long at the top and 1.90m long at the bottombasaltThe above 3500 lines were compiled by Hammurabi in order to show his achievements to the gods. It is intended for future generations to study the socio-economic relations andwest AsiaLegal history provides valuable information.After years of weatheringObscurity, only a few can be vaguely identified.
3、slave: Belonging to the royal family, free people and private slaves of citizens;
In the 18th century BCThe reign of Hammurabi(1792-1750 BC) compiled a code called《Code of Hammurabi》。This is considered the first book in the history of human societycode, withCuneiformThe relief of the statue of He was carved on a 2.25 meter high stone pillar.The upper part of the stone column is a relief that the sun god Shamash granted to Hammurabi to symbolize his ruling power, and the lower part is engraved with the full text of the code in cuneiform characters.This code regulated in detail the class relations between the king, slave owner, free people and slaves, and also provided for the protection of widows and orphans, and shortened the debt bondage period to three years.This is not only progressivehistorical significanceAnd can be called the first work in the field of human social code.
Ulnam Code
Babylon, Cuba
《Ulnam Code》, Yesso farUp to now, it has been found in the worldThe earliest body code, before《Code of Hammurabi》, because it isUlnamuIt was issued during the ruling period, hence its name.The code is made based on the principle of maintaining the rule and easing conflicts, includingprefaceandtextTwo parts.In the preface, the rulers combined power with theocracy and praised their achievements.The body part involvesslaveSystemmarriage、family, InheritancepunishmentAnd other aspects.The biggest difference between this code and the previous legal provisions lies in the dominant way of fine and compensation, which is the laterTwo river basinThe formulation code provides a blueprint.
calendar
Babylon, Cuba
January:Nisan Nisan=our middle March to middle April.
July:Ticharito<Tisritu)=Our mid September to mid October.
August:Alassanu<Arah samnu)=Our mid October – mid November.
Babylon, Cuba
September:Kisrim(<Kislimu)=My middle November to middle December.
October:Tebetu (<ebetu)=Our mid December to mid January.
November:Sabatu<Sabattu)=Our mid January to mid February.
December:Addaru <Addaru)=Our plan is from mid February to mid March.
The names of these months come from Akkad'sSamicHowever, the symbol used is the wedge symbol of Sumer of Nipur.This method of reading Sumerian month symbols in Akkadian pronunciation continued until the death of cuneiform characters.But the Sami names in Babylon are still being used, such as:judeaThe nation has always used the name of Babylon in the two river basin until modern times.
stayBabylonEvery 30 days is a month, 360 days in a year, and every four years there will be an extra month. The January of that year is a double month (that is, two Aries months), and the former of the double months is called the month of celebration.Similarly, there were 390 days in that year.
land system
Of the city states in ancient BabylonPoliticsThe system is different from that of the Sumerian Akkad era and the Ur Third Dynasty.After the unification of Hammurabi, a centralized autocratic system was established.The king monopolizes politics, military affairsInternational Relations, Justice andReligionDirect appointmentcenterAnd local officials.
Hammurabi periodThe land occupied by the royal family is divided into three categories:
1、 "Land for supporting (maintaining) the court" - land granted on the condition of serving and paying taxes (tribute).Those who take a share of land on the condition of serving include soldiersOfficial, Tamuka (commercial agent, usurer), etc.Soldiers Ledu and Baylu received royal land for military service.Their share of land can be inherited by their adult sons, but it is still conditional on military service;Those who refuse or hire others to perform military service on their behalf shall be sentenced to death.
Modern Town Site
II“Tribute giver”- refers to owning most of the royal familylandThey are people who share land on the condition of paying taxes (paying tribute). They are exploited and controlled by the royal family, and their share of land cannot be bought or soldmortgageOr from a womanheir。
3、 In addition to the royal land, the ancient Babylon society still existsTempleLand, urban land and private land.Code of HammurabiThe contract documents and other documentary materials of archaeological discoveries prove that private land accounts for a considerable amount,Land tenancyAnd employment relationship has become popular.The land rent is generally 1/2 or 1/3 of the harvest.The land rent of orchard and vegetable garden is 2/3 of the harvest.
Land value along with the supply of irrigation watersituationOn the other hand, the land rent of some gardens supplying irrigation water is up to 3/4 of the harvest.UsuryThe industry is very active. The temple andhotelSimultaneous operationUsuryIndustry.UsuryActive promotion of industryDebt slaveryDevelopment of.Debt bondagego by the name ofKisatu。In terms of family and marital relations, the patriarchal remnants of patriarchy and husband's power are also preserved.A parent may assign his wife orchildrenSell asslaveOr make it becomeDebt bondage, the child must die for the children of others killed by their parents.The development of debt slavery led to the debtor'sresistance。After Hammurabi, the struggle against debt slavery broke out, leading tokingpublishNegative relieving order, this is alsoBabylon, CubaThe Importance of Destructionreasonone of.
class
The Babylonian society is divided into threeGrade：
I“Aviru”The upper class is the ruling class, while the lower class mostly pays taxesperform military serviceandCorveeFarmers and soldiers;
II“Mushchennu”There were other dependent classes similar to Mushchenou in the ancient Babylonian era, who were non entitled free people attached to the royal land;
IVPriestsPriestsHe is the attendant of the temple and is responsible for presiding over sacrificial activities and festivalsceremony, chantpray，Otsuge UranainandesuEtc.They were the most special class in ancient Mesopotamia.
MesopotamiaMost of the gods are enshrined in the temple.Therefore, there are countless temples in Mesopotamia.According to statistics, archaeologists have excavated 3500 temples at Sumer site alone.
MesopotamiaPeople pay attention to praying and enjoying in the world, and build temples toSacrifice to godsTo keep good relationship with Godrelationship, withblessThe weather is favorable and the country is peaceful and the people are safe.Therefore, in a country, the temple is often the best building next to the palace.All ethnic groups are willing to spend a lot of money on building temples.Herodotus describedBabel Babylon Is the most representativeTemple。sinceTempleThere are countless priests. As attendants of the temple, the number of priests is naturally amazing.They are not only numerous, but alsoPrestigious。
In Mesopotamia,countryThe monarchy oflaw、nobleandPriests。Among them, priests are the most powerful.The king is the spokesman of the god, whose power is granted by the god, and the representative of the god isPriests。In the eyes of the common people, if a ruler does not get the scepter from the priest, he cannot be called a righteous man.PriestsWhen the representative god authorizes the king, there is usually a solemn and grand ceremony.In this theocracy, priests have a greatprivilege。
and,PriestsIs an important part of the countryEconomic powerThey control and manage thewealth。Because of the position of religion in national life, the wealth accumulated by the temples in Mesopotamia is countless.kingGenerally, part of the land is allocated as temple property, and the designated area is for rentpay taxes。foreignWarfareIf you win, the prisoners and loot will be delivered firstlocalIt's a temple.In addition to the various offerings offered by the people, the temple is not only full of food, vegetables, fruits, but also has a lot of gold and silver treasures.PriestsAs wealth managers, theyleaseLand, bank operation, participationBusiness activitiesSo that the property of the temple will continue to increase in value.Therefore,PriestsHe became a privileged class in society because of his wealth and power.
Most priests come from famous families, and their professions arehereditaryThe title ofLegend has it that。They also tend to becountryA few people monopolize cultural knowledge.In the schools set up by the temple, the priests are both school directors and teachers, who indoctrinate the studentsReligious thought, thereforeMONOPOLYThe ideological class.
PriestsThere are also different levels. The high priest is responsible for presiding over importantSacrificial activities, NormalPriestsTake responsibility according to the level.such asKaluNanu is responsible for leading the singing of the hymn, Nisaku is responsible for hosting the libation, Namuk is responsible for cleaning, and Banu is responsible forExorcism ceremony。In addition, we specialize inOtsuge UranainandesuAnd the priests who interpret the omens. They are responsible for asking God for good luckoneiromancyLook at your faceAstrologyEtc.
Culture
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The Babylonian civilization isTwo river basinAn important part of civilization, the civilization of the two river basins also includesSumer Civilization, Akkadian civilizationAssyria Civilization and other important components.Babylon is one of the oldest known countries.
The Babylonian civilization is roughly divided into two parts, the north and the south, with today's Baghdad as the boundary.The north is centered on the ancient Assyrian city, also known asSilesia；In the south, the city of Babylon (now the province of Babylon)Sheila City(Al Hillah) as the center, called Babylonia, which means "the land of Babylon".Babylonia is also divided into two regions. The area near the mouth of the Persian Gulf in the south is Sumer, and the area to the north of Sumer is Akad. The residents of the two regions are called Sumerians andAkkadian。Mesopotamian civilization was originally founded bySumerianCreated.
Babylon
Mesopotamia, as one of the oldest cultural cradles of mankind, provided conditions for the formation of characters, and then came into being the code.
Imagination of Hanging Garden in Babylon
The ancient Babylonian civilization, which originated after the 4th century BC, is a model of civilizations in the two river basins and was jointly built by Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Chaldeans.It has gone through four main stages. The first stage is the culture created by Sumerians around 2250 BC.In addition to the cuneiform characters, in order to cope with the frequent flooding of the two river basins and reduce disasters, the Sumerians also invented the lunar calendar for observing the celestial phenomena. In this calendar, the Sumerians used the rule of the moon's waxing and waning to set the year as 365 days, divided into 12 months, and the day and night were divided into 12 hours. For the first time, they used the leap moon, and set 7 days as a week.About 1800 BC, the Babylonians were able to score.Four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division and quadratic equation of one variable.Of course, there are two most important inventions that must be mentioned: one is the invention of decimal method and sixty decimal method, and the other is that Sumer calculated the value of π to be approximately 3, which is an indispensable part.
Historical positioning
Kingdom of Babylon
Babylon, which means "the gate of God", is an important part of the Mesopotamian civilization.The Babylonian Kingdom is divided into the Babylonian Kingdom of Cuba and the New Babylonian Kingdom (also known as the Babylonian Kingdom).
Mesopotamia (Greek means the land between two rivers) broadly refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Tigris River and Euphrates River, reaching Zagros Mountain in the east, the Syrian desert in the west, the Persian Gulf in the south and Toros Mountain in the north.The northern part is mountainous, and it passes through grasslands and plains to the south to the marshy two river delta.The narrow sense only refers to the area between two rivers.
Mesopotamia is one of the oldest cultural cradles of mankind. It has developed culture in 4000 BC, and there were Sumerian, Akkad, Babylon, Assyrian and other civilizations.
Lunar calendar
Babylonian cuneiform
In addition to the above-mentioned hieroglyphics, the Sumerians invented the lunar calendar to observe the celestial phenomena in order to cope with the frequent flooding of the two river basins and reduce suffering.In this calendar, the Sumerians used the rule of the moon to set a year as 354 days, divided into 12 months, and the day and night were divided into 12 hours, and the leap moon was used for the first time.In addition, Sumerians at that time also made great achievements in mathematics. They not only mastered the four operations of fraction, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, but also knew how to solve quadratic equations with one variable.Of course, there are two most important inventions that cannot be omitted. One is the invention of decimal method and hexadecimal method, and the other is that Sumer calculated the value of π to be approximately 3.
Art
position
In order to develop the tourism industry, in 1978, the Iraqi government formulated and implemented a plan to build the Babylonian ruins. Some city walls and buildings were imitated on the ruins, and museums were built in the city to display the unearthed Babylonian cultural relics. Among them, a replica of a black emerald stone monument more than 2 meters high is the most precious,The upper part of the stone tablet is an exquisite relief engraved with the scene that the sun god granted the title to Hammurabi, and the lower part is the full text of the Code of Hammurabi recorded in cuneiform characters.The original stone tablet of the world's first legal code, which was formulated under the leadership of King Hammurabi of Babylon (about 1792-1750 BC), is now kept in the Louvre Museum in France.In addition, the Iraqi government has also rebuilt the Temple of Nyingmak and the Hanging Garden in the ruins of Babylon and in Baghdad, and repaired the light blue walls of the old city, which are several meters high, and reproduce the charm of the old city.
Cuneiform
Cuneiform
The name "cuneiform" was first put forward by the British and comes from the Latin word "cuneiform". It is a compound word composed of cuneus (wedge) and forma (shape).This name expresses the most essential external characteristics of ancient Mesopotamian characters. In fact, cuneiform characters, like the characters of other nations in the world, have experienced the development process from symbol to character.Sumerians invented writing almost at the same time as the ancient Egyptians.Cuneiform writing is a great invention of Sumerians.The Sumerians evolved the pictorial characters for hundreds of years, and finally completed them around 2500 BC.Sumerians used sharpened reeds as writing tools to carve words on mud embryos, and then dried the mud embryos to form mud boards.Because this kind of writing is shaped like a wedge, it is called cuneiform writing.Babylonians inherited the civilization achievements of Sumerians and Akkadians, and carried them forward, making Mesopotamian civilization develop to the peak.People like to use the words "Babylon" to summarize the ancient civilization of the two river basins, which is enough to show the brilliant achievements created by the Babylon civilization and its influence on the world.There is a hanging garden called one of the seven wonders of the world.In order to safeguard the interests of slave owners, Hammurabi (also known as Hammurabi) formulated a code, known as the Hammurabi Code in history.
myth
The Mythical Story of Ancient Babylon -- Enuma Elish
Marduk
The famous epic "Enuma Elish" (also known as "Ode to the Creation of the World") mainly gathers the Sumerian nation's creation thoughts, focusing on the deeds of the son of the earth god Aa and the main god Malduk.This poem is about one thousand lines. It was written in the 15th and 14th centuries BC. Later, scholars collated it from seven clay tablets, so it is also called "seven clay tablets of creation". It is one of the earliest themes about creation myths in history.
This myth story is a representative work in Babylonian literature. It not only shows Babylonians' concern for the creation of the world and the origin of mankind, and their worship of nature, but also reflects the unity of national politics in the two river basins, the transformation of religion from polytheism to monotheism, and the transition of Babylonian society from matriarchy to patriarchy,The historical process of the transformation from primitive society to slavery.In the poem, Tiamate represents the feminine world. She is dissatisfied with the power of the gods, and wants to punish them. On behalf of the masculine world, the god E'a, fearing the power of his ancestors, kills first and reports later to seize the throne.Malduk, the son of E'a, inherited his father's career and became the leader of the masculine world. He was brave, tenacious and indomitable. After a desperate struggle, he finally defeated the god mother Tiamate, which reflected the male's strength and greatness.This story is somewhat similar to the story of the Earth Mother Gaia and Zeus, the leader of the gods in the ancient Greek mythology. It shows the process of history moving forward, reflects the reality that the Babylonian Kingdom is constantly unified and powerful in the two river basins, as well as the centralized political system and the religious concepts granted by the king.
Babylon was originally just an unknown small city on the Euphrates River.In an inscription of the Akkadians, many conquered cities are listed, including the name of Babylon.In about 2200 BC, another Semitic Amorite from the Syrian grasslands captured this small city and established the country.With this as the center, the valiant and warlike Amorites fought everywhere, and finally established a powerful Babylonian country, known in history as the "Kingdom of Babylon in Cuba".Therefore, the Amorites are also called Babylonians.Babylonians inherited the civilization achievements of Sumerians and Akkadians and carried them forward to the peak of Mesopotamian civilization.People like to use the words "Babylon" to summarize the ancient civilization of the two river basins, which is enough to show the brilliant achievements and charm of the Babylonian civilization to the world.
Architecture
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The Holy Country of Babylon, Cuba
The great king described in the oldest narrative poem of mankind, Gilgamesh Narrative PoemGilgamesh, which is believed to date back to about 5000 years ago, governing the ancient timesMesopotamia[Mesopotamia]（Babylonian DynastyPredecessor)Sumer [Sumer] Dynasty's Metropolitan StateUrukThe actual king of [Uruk].
Babylon, Cuba
The First Dynasty of BabylonThe sixth generation ofking(1792-1750 BC), claiming“Descendants of the moon god”, YesBabylon, CubamostgreatThe king of.For maintenanceSlave owner classOfinterest，HammurabiAcode, historical titleCode of Hammurabi。《Hammurabicode》Recorded on oneStoneThis is an important reason why it can be passed down to today.The code covers many fields such as politics, religion, economy, etc., so that marriage issues are covered, which fully shows the social development at that time.So it isworldThe first existing ancient book on theImperial power granted by heavenOfcode, YesBabylon, CubaLeft toWorld CivilizationThe importance ofcultural heritage。SameHuman cultureThe Importance of Progresssign, indicates thatancientOur people have taken another big step forward.
Euphrates RiverIt runs through the city from north to south,Babylon, CubaMain buildings in the cityEsagina TempleAnd the Etmeranki Pagoda Temple, which is 91 meters high. Each side of the Etmeranki Pagoda Temple is 91.4 meters long,Etmeranki Pagoda TempleThere are 7 layers above.It is said that this is《Bible》In GenesisJehovahThe language is disordered, so that people can not createBabel Tower。
cityThere are some villages and towns around, most of which areCultivated landbelong toTempleFarmers mustharvestA portion of the grain is dedicated toTemple。
Babylon, CubaThe city wall is magnificentpalaceMagnificent, it fully showsAncient Two River BasinsOfArchitectureHorizontal.Nebuchadnezzar II carried out a large-scale campaign against Babylonbuild, making Babylon the most famous city in the worldbustlingThe city ofMiddle EastMost importantbusiness circlesIndustrial city.
Two roads from Babylonenclosing wallAround.There is also a water filledTrenchAnd a layer of soilembankment。Inner-cityMain roadWhite androseIt was paved with colored stone slabs, and there were eight gates in BabylonNorth GateIs famousIsdarman, surface is cyanGlazed tileDecoration: there are many bulls and mythical monsters on the bricksrelief。Babylon was builtgrandmagnificent,even to the extent thatMore than 100 years later, it was called the "father of history"GreecehistorianHerodotusWhen we came to Babylon, we still called it the most magnificent city in the worldcity。
at the mention ofBabylon, CubaCivilizedindulge in elaborating onFirst of all“Hanging Garden”。It is related toRhodes IslandLike colossus,archaeologistSo far, its exact location has not been found.In fact, most of themdescribein the airFLOWERPeople in the garden never set foot in Babylon, only knowingeastThere's a wonderfulgardenThe Persian king called it heaven, and in combination, it formed a dream garden in remote Babylon.In fact, in BabylontextIn the records, it is also a mystery, and none of them even mentioned itHanging Garden。
Babylonin the airgardenHanging Gardens of BabylonGreeceThe free translation of the word "paradeisos".In fact, the literal translation of "paradeisos" should be translated as "trapezoidal high platform"Hanging GardenIn fact, it is a garden built on a "trapezoidal platform".Greek paradeisos（Hanging Garden）LatertransformationThe English is Paradise.
For thousands of years“Hanging Garden”There is a beautiful and moving legend:
King of New BabylonNebuchadnezzar II（Nebuchadnezzar）He presided over the construction of this famous garden during his reign.He marriedPersia princessAmy Edith（Amyitis）Is after.queenDay and night, I miss my hometown with luxuriant flowers and trees. I feel depressed, and homesickness becomes more and more serious.To please the kingAifei, that is, orderslaveThey built gardens as high as 25 meters in Babylon, the capital city.In highplatformUpper, overlapping and planting layer by layerexotic flowers and rare herbs, and buried irrigationsource of waterThe water pipes of the Communist Party are planted with all kinds of flowers and trees in the garden, which looks like a garden hanging in the sky from a distance.gardenSurrounded by high walls, the princess was very happy after seeing it. Her homesickness also recovered, and her relationship with the king became deeper and deeper.The garden is also called because it looks like it is hanging in the air from a distance“Hanging Garden”, YesOne of the seven wonders of architecture in the ancient world。
Hanging GardenIt is said that the three-dimensional gardening technique willgardenPut it on the fourth floorplatformAbove, it is made of asphalt and bricks. The platform is supported by 25 meter high columns and has an irrigation system. Slaves constantly push the handle connecting the gear.Various flowers and trees are planted in the garden, which looks like a garden hanging in the sky from a distance.The name Hanging Garden is purely from the rightGreek Paradeisos, not hanging in the airgarden。However, the literal translation of paradeisos should be "trapezoidal platform", so it is speculated that "Hanging Garden" is actually a garden built on the "trapezoidal platform".Greek Paradisos (Hanging Gardens) later transformed into English Paradise.
Babylon, Cuba
Babylonian architecture
Ancient Babylon City WallmagnificentThe palace is magnificent and fulldisplayThe ancient two river basinArchitectureHorizontal.NibuGanesha IIThe city of Babylon was built on a large scale.Babylon is surrounded by two wallsaroundOutside the exterior wall, there is another one filled with waterTrenchAnd an earth levee. The center of the main road in the city was paved with white and rose colored stone slabs. There were eight gates in the other city, until more than 100 years later, Greecehistorian, known as the "father of history"HerodotusWhen we came to Babylon, we still called it the most magnificent city in the world.
Euphrates RiverIt runs through the city from north to south, and the main building in the city is EssagenaGreat TempleThe Etmeranki Pagoda Temple, which is 91 meters high, has a base of 91.4 meters long on each side, and has seven floors, each with different colorsGlazed tileOn the top of the tower, there is a gold statue of Maktuk built of glazed bricksTemple。It is said that this is《Bible》Yahweh upset people's language, so that people could not createBabel Tower。Also known asSeven Wonders of the worldThe "Hanging Garden" oflionFighting Stone Carvingsstatue。
Babel Tower
Babel Tower, orBabylonian Tower、Tongtian Tower。stayHebrewMedium“babel ”It means "turmoil", so this tower is called "Babel Tower".thisstoryTrying to make a difference in the worldlanguageandraceProvide explanations.Nowadays, the "Babel Tower" has been given a new meaning, especially in the field of language translation. People often use climbing the "Babel Tower" to describe someone who challenges the difficulties in the field of language translation and bravely climbs the peak of the academic field.
record
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In about 2000 BC, the Babylonian civilization andAssyrian civilization It came into being after the ancient Sumer.Babylon was in the south and Assyria was in the north.In 627 BC,AsiShortly after Banip's death, fromPersiaAnd the Babylonian invaders captured Nineveh.In 605 BC, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon defeatedAssyria From then on, the Kingdom of Assyria and itscapitalDisappeared in the ruins of history.
Nineveh was an ancient Assyriancapital。After many years of neglect, it was abandoned by FrancedoctorBota, also an entomologist, successfully excavated.As one of the four ancient civilizationsancient countryNo one knows about Babylon, but it used to be《Bible》Nineveh, which appeared in Mesopotamia, disappeared in the historical dust of Mesopotamia for a long time.Many fromEuropeExplorers came to look for its trace one after another untilFranceConsul in MosoPaul Imer BotaStart to excavateKuyang Jike Dune, Nineveh, the ancient Assyrian kingdomcapitalFinally came out.
... They said: Come on!We will build a city and a tower with its top reaching the sky.To proclaim our name, so that we may not be scattered throughout the land.
——《Bible · Genesis》
Modern ruins of Babylon, Cuba
We seeWatch dialThe top is divided into 12 squares, buyeggTake 60 as a unit, observe the movement of stars to measure the fortune and misfortune. Computer operation is based on binary system. Who would have thought that all these benefits fromBabylonWhat about the discovery of Babylon people?There are as many as 27 things that this nation first discovered, created or recorded, from the earliest lunar calendar, the earliest school, the earliest epic to the earliest love song, all of which appeared in ancient Babylon.When the ancient city Nineveh became the capital of AssyriacapitalIt has a history of 1300 years.It was not until 73 years after the fall of Nineveh that Babylon was ruled by the king of PersiaCyrus Fall.
Judging from the scale of the city wall, Babylon even exceedsNineveh。Babylon's famouskingNebuchadnezzar wrote, "I order that a strongwall, protect Babylon from the east, dig moatsasphaltThe river bank was built with bricks, and the moat side was built with a mountain high parapet. The broad city gate was made of pine wood and wrapped with copper leaves.I ordered people to fill the trench with sea water when the tide rose. If we want to cross the trench, it is like crossing the sea. In this way, the incoming enemy cannot threaten the outside of Babylon.In order to prevent the enemy from crossing the trench, I ordered people to pile up mounds of soil and build bricks aroundwall。I have tried every means to make the city extremely strong and make Babylon a fortress. "Babylonian“Semiramis Hanging Garden”YesSeven Wonders of the WorldIt was turned into a piece of rubble by Xerxes, the Persian king, and laterAlexander the GreatThe restored Babel Tower is a symbol of human pride.
《Bible》Medium floodNoah's ArkThe story of Noah was confirmed in my unearthed objects. It is certain that Noah's descendants were Sumerians living in Mesopotamia at that time——Wu Li, discoverer of Ur Mausoleum
Building the Sky Tower
Ur is in《Bible·Genesis》This is an ancient city mentioned inAbraham（Christianity《Bible》The birthplace of the Jewish ancestors in the story.Around 5500 BC, Ur had becomeEuphrates RiverThe prehistoric people's settlement on the river bank.In 4000 BC, Ur was built into one of the cities known to modern scholars as the Somerian people.The history of Ur ended around 400 BC due to the migration of the Euphrates River bed.In the 1920s, the excavation of Ur made Mesopotamia a tourist destinationhotspotOne of the visitors is an outstandingdetective storyWriter——agatha christie She used Mesopotamianism and archaeology in several subsequent detective novels.In addition, she married an archaeologist who was engaged in excavation.In her autobiography, Christie described the infinite archaeological causecharm。
In 2004 BC, fromIranIn the south, the militant people called the Iramites invadedSomerAnd captured Ur, oneSomerset RyanThe poet ofNannaHis wife lamented the collapse of Ur in her poem. He wrote: "Your city is in ruins/How can you survive/Your house has been razed to the ground/Can your heart still be indifferent/Ur TempleIt has turned into a breeze. "
Sociology
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marriage
Cuba Babylon Marriage
Babylonianmarriage systemyesPolygamyA woman can only marry one husband, while a man can marry other women as concubines, which is basically the same as the marriage system in feudal China.
school
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Original school
Cuneiform
BabylonianschoolWhen it came into being has not been decided yet.1930syearsArchaeologists in the southern part of the Euphrates RiverMaliThe city of Mari excavated a school about 2100 BCRuins, considered to be the oldest school known from archaeological excavations."It includes a passage and two houses. The large room is 44 feet long and 25 feet wide. The small room is one third of the size of the large room. The large room is arranged with four rows of stone benches, each of which can seat one, two or four people, a total of 45 people; the small room is arranged with three rows of stone benches, a total of 23 people; it is very similar to a schoolClassroom。There are no windows on the four walls of the two rooms, and light shines from the roof.There is no lecturing platform or desk in the room, but there are many students' homework mudboards.At the bottom of the wall are placed shallow soilwater tankIt seems that they are preparing to make a clay board for writing.There is an oval pottery basin nearby, which may be used to store water for making clay tablets with mud, or to place writing utensils.There are many bright shells on the ground decoration, which seems to be calculated by the professorTeaching aids。This house is close topalace, not closetemple；Excavated just elsewhereChalkboard writingThe storage place of the temple is also close to the palace rather than the temple;Some people infer that this is an ancient school.
Two river basinOur school aims at cultivating scholars.Scholars can be divided into senior scholars and junior scholars.The formerofficialThe latter is engaged in various professions, such asnotarizationPeople, signers, landmeasureAnd registrar, military informationrecordStaff, scribes, calculatorssecretary, etc.
Modern school
Babylon, Cuba
The House of Wisdom in 2000 BC wasTwo river basinA place where high-level teaching is carried out. The applicants are graduated scholars who are engaged inResearchIs also highlevelOf.However, the schools in the two river basins are different from laterancient GreekOfschoolIts so-called profound knowledge also focuses on application value rather than theoretical exploration.withmathematicsFor example, theoretical speculation is not sufficientdevelopment, large quantitiesbabylonian mathematics The thesis deals with specific problems.
Babylon created the earliest civilization of mankind, and its education was also earlier than that of other countries."It can even be said that it predatesAncient Egypt, at least at the same time as ancient Egypt.This is the original cradle of human school education and the starting point of human formal education. "Of course, itHigher EducationStill quitevagueOf.
“Babylonian Captivity ”It originated in 601 BC.This yearNebuchadnezzarOnce again withEgyptThe battle ended in a broken wing.The Jewish King Jehoiakim, who had been subject to Nebuchadnezzar for several years, took the opportunity to leave New Babylon and join Egypt.NebuchadnezzarAfter hearing the news of the surrender of the Jewish king, he became furious and swore to conquer Jerusalem.At the end of 598 BC, the Jewish king who surrendered to EgyptJehoiakim Dead, his sonJehoiachin Enthronement.Nebuchadnezzar believed that attackjudeaThe time has come for the kingdom to lead the army to attackJerusalem。After more than two months of siege, the Jewish king and all his ministers went out of the city to surrender under the push of the pro Babylonian faction within the Jewish community.NebuchadnezzarDethroneJoyajin,Feng YueyajinHis uncle was the King of Judea, and he changed his name to Zedekiah, and made him swear allegiance to XinKingdom of Babylon, no longer rebel.Then he ordered thatjudeaMost members of the royal family and Jewishskilled craftsmenThey were taken to Babylon together.Before leaving, he ordered his subordinates toJerusalemAt the templeRansacking。
Babylonians
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Babylonians (sculpture)
BabyloniansIt refers to the people living in Babylon, Cuba.In about 1894 BC, the Amorites established a dynasty with Babylon as its capital.MesopotamiaIs called“Babylonia”, where all residents are calledBabylonians。
Babylonia is located inMesopotamian Plain, roughly in today's Republic of IraqterritoryIn about 3000 BC, people here created the country18th century BCHere comes the Kingdom of Babylon.At present, the earliest ancient civilization discovered in the two river basins was about 6000 years ago.This area is roughly bounded by the city of Baghdad today, and is divided into two parts: north and south.To the northAncient AssyriaIs the center, calledSilesia；To the southBabylonThe center is called Babylonia, which means "the land of Babylon".Babylon, Cuba, Persia,Greece,Romehistory：
