fermentation

[fā jiào]

Biological process

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synonym fermentation process (Biological reaction) generally refers to fermentation

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Fermentation means that people use microorganism It is prepared by life activities under aerobic or anaerobic conditions microorganism The cell itself, or directly metabolize The process of producing a product or a secondary metabolite. Fermentation is also sometimes referred to as fermentation, and its definition varies from use to use. Generally speaking, fermentation refers to a certain decomposition process of organisms for organic matter. Fermentation is one of the earliest human contact biochemistry Reaction, now in food It is widely used in industry, biology and chemical industry. It is also bioengineering The basic process of Fermentation engineering 。 The research on its mechanism and process control continues.

for example Yeast 、 lactobacillus Isomicrobial Anaerobic respiration Also called fermentation.

Chinese name: fermentation
Foreign name: fermentation
Alias: Fermentation

Pronunciation: fā jiào
Definition: Some decomposition process of organism for organic matter
Application: Food industry, biological and chemical industry

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four characteristic
five reaction
six type
seven process

Chinese vocabulary

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interpretation

[ferment] Complex organic matter is decomposed by microorganisms^[1]

example sentence

one It refers to the reduction force [H] generated after the substrate dehydrogenation under the condition of no oxygen and other exogenous hydrogen receptors, which is directly delivered to an endogenous intermediate metabolite for acceptance without passing through the respiratory chain to achieve Substrate horizontal phosphorylation It is a kind of biological oxidation reaction.

two It refers to the development and change of things under the influence of external forces.

Guo Moruo "The Past and the Present, Talking about Sino Soviet Cultural Exchange Again": "These three things（ Movable type 、 compass , gunpowder) spread to the West and fermented the modern civilization of Europe. "

Mao Dun's Color Blindness: "The new stimulus is beginning to ferment in his swollen brain."

Qin Mu's Lyric in the Land: "Yes, this is really a inspire People think of ancient times Youqing Where is! As a Chinese, there are many places to ferment this kind of intoxicating feelings. "^[1-2]

Name Source

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"Fermentation" originally refers to the state of mild foaming or boiling. The phenomenon of fermentation has long been known by people, but it has been nearly 200 years to understand its essence. English The word "fermentation" is derived from the Latin word "fervere", which originally means "tossing". It describes yeast Acting on fruit juice or malt Phenomenon of leaching solution.

Fermentation equipment - fermentation tank

The fermentation phenomenon is caused by the degradation of sugar in the leaching solution under anoxic conditions carbon dioxide Caused by. Put yeast's Anaerobic respiration The process is called fermentation. What we mean by fermentation has long been given a different meaning. Fermentation is the chemical reaction and physiological change carried out by life, and it is a variety of biochemical reactions according to the life itself genetic information To continuously decompose and synthesize to obtain energy To maintain life activities. Fermentation products refer to the substances produced during the reaction process or when the reaction reaches the end point that can regulate metabolism to achieve balance. In fact, fermentation is also Respiration However, the usual respiration refers to aerobic respiration, the final result of which is the production of CO2 and water, while the fermentation process is a process of anaerobic respiration, the final result of which is the production of alcohol, carbon dioxide and other metabolic products.

Therefore, modern fermentation should be defined as the process of producing and accumulating a large number of metabolic products needed by people's fermentation through large-scale growth and cultivation of microorganisms (or animal and plant cells) to make them undergo chemical and physiological changes.

definition

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Complex organic compounds microorganism It is decomposed into simpler substances under the action of. Flour making and wine making are all applications of fermentation. It is also used for fermentation.

fermentation

The Chinese word "fermentation" represents a process as a noun and a process as a verb get some action 。

(1) "Fermentation" strictly defined by microbial physiology:

Organic material organism Oxidative degradation become Oxidation product And release energy The process of Biological oxidation 。

Microbial physiology divides biological oxidation into respiration and fermentation, and respiration can be further divided into Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration 。 Therefore, fermentation is a way of biological oxidation.

Fermentation is a biological oxidation mode: electron acceptor , Chemotrophic microorganism Cell to energy Organic compound The oxidation of is coupled with the reduction of endogenous (already metabolized by the cell) organic compounds, and generally does not occur Cytochrome Waiting Electron transfer chain Electron transfer and electron transfer phosphorylation on the substrate（ kinase Substrate) to obtain Metabolic energy ATP； The first level of electrons released by energy organic compounds Electronic carrier NAD， In the form of NADH, electrons are delivered directly to endogenous organic electron receptors to generate NAD, and the latter is reduced to fermentation products (incomplete oxidation products).

NAD in cells is limited, if it is taken as the first level Electronic carrier If the coenzyme NAD cannot be regenerated, it cannot be reused, and there will be fewer and fewer effective electronic carriers, dehydrogenation The reaction cannot continue. Therefore, the regeneration of coenzyme NAD is a necessary condition for biological oxidation (including fermentation) to continue.

(2) Fermentation as defined in industrial production -“ Industrial fermentation ”

Biogas production by straw fermentation

In industrial production, everything that depends on microorganisms Life activities The industrial production realized is called "fermentation". The fermentation thus defined is "industrial fermentation". Industrial fermentation depends on the life activities of microorganisms, and life activities depend on Biological oxidation Provided Metabolic energy Therefore, industrial fermentation should cover all ways of biological oxidation in microbial physiology: Aerobic respiration 、 Anaerobic respiration And fermentation.

Over the past century, with the progress of science and technology, Fermentation technology An epoch-making change has taken place, and the original microorganism The stage of fermentation production has entered into a new stage, in which microorganisms with special properties are transformed according to people's wishes to produce fermentation products needed by human beings.

(3) Professional vocabulary "fermentation"

The word "fermentation" in life is often associated with making big cakes Deep-Fried Dough Sticks 、 Steamed buns 、 steamed stuffed bun , or associate with food rancid The goods are moldy.

As a professional term, "fermentation" not only covers the production of big cakes Deep-Fried Dough Sticks , steamed bread steamed stuffed bun More importantly, it refers to the industrialized production of alcohol and alcoholic beverages by means of fermentation food And food additives, feed and feed additive , drugs Chemical materials wait.

characteristic

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The biggest difference between fermentation and other chemical industries is that it is organism The chemical reaction carried out. Its main characteristics are as follows:

1. Generally speaking, the fermentation process is normal atmospheric temperature The biochemical reaction under normal pressure is safe and requires simple conditions.

2. The raw materials used for fermentation are usually starch, molasses or other agricultural and sideline products, as long as a small amount of organic and inorganic nitrogen The source can react. Microbes can selectively use the nutrients they need due to different categories. Based on this characteristic, wastewater and waste can be used as raw materials for fermentation to transform and update biological resources.

3. The fermentation process is carried out by organisms Automatic adjustment The reaction is highly specific, so a single metabolite can be obtained.

Schematic Diagram of Ventilated Fermentation Tank

4. Due to the reaction mechanism of the organism itself, it can specifically and highly selectively carry out chemical conversion reactions such as oxidation and reduction of some more complex compounds at specific sites, and can also produce more complex Polymer compound 。

5. Generally, the production of mixed bacteria needs to be specially controlled during fermentation. Generally, the method to control the miscellaneous bacteria is to strictly control the equipment Disinfection Treatment of air heating Sterilization and fermentation shall be carried out in an automated manner as far as possible. Generally, if foreign bacteria or bacteriophages are contaminated in the fermentation process, the fermentation process will be affected, resulting in a reduction in the production of fermentation products. In serious cases, even the entire fermentation process will fail, and all fermentation products will be required to be dumped.

6， Microbial strain It is the fundamental factor for fermentation. Through variation and strain screening, we can obtain high-yield excellent strains and make full use of production equipment, and even obtain products that are difficult to produce by conventional methods.

7， Industrial fermentation Compared with ordinary fermentation, the control of fermentation process is more strict, the requirements for fermentation technology are more mature, and large-scale mass production can be achieved.

Based on the above characteristics, industrial fermentation has attracted increasing attention. Compared with the traditional fermentation process, Modern fermentation engineering In addition to the above fermentation characteristics, it has more advantages. In addition to using microorganism In addition, it can also be used plant cell And enzymes can also be constructed manually“ Engineering bacterium ”To react; The reaction equipment is not just a conventional fermentation tank, but a variety of Bioreactor Instead, the high degree of automation and continuity has improved and innovated the fermentation level on the original basis.

reaction

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The process of fermentation reaction varies according to the utilization of different sugars and the production of products. The following glucose Take alcohol production as an example to illustrate the process of brewing and fermentation, which is also the most classic fermentation reaction:

chemical formula : C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH+2CO2+2ATP (released energy ：118 kJ/mol）

Text style: sugar（ glucose , fructose or sucrose ）→ alcohols （ ethanol ）+ carbon dioxide +Energy（ ATP ）

On the basis of actual reaction Biochemical pathway In the case of Anaerobic respiration At the beginning of Glycolysis Pathway, the later pathway is related to the end product.

type

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Production flow chart of monosodium glutamate fermentation process

According to the characteristics of fermentation and microorganism For different needs of oxygen, fermentation can be divided into several types:

1. According to fermentation raw materials: sugar fermentation Petroleum fermentation And wastewater fermentation.

2. According to fermentation products: such as amino acid fermentation, organic acid fermentation, antibiotic fermentation alcohol fermentation , vitamin fermentation, etc.

3. According to the fermentation form, there are: Solid state fermentation And liquid submerged fermentation.

4. According to the fermentation process, there are: Batch fermentation 、 Continuous fermentation And fed batch fermentation.

5. According to different requirements for oxygen during fermentation, it can be generally divided into: anaerobic fermentation And aeration fermentation.

The position of fermentation engineering in biological engineering

Biological engineering mainly includes five parts: genetic engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering and fermentation engineering;

The research results of genetic engineering and cell engineering mostly need to be industrialized through fermentation engineering and enzyme engineering. Enzymes needed in genetic engineering, cell engineering and fermentation engineering are often obtained through enzyme engineering; The production of enzyme in enzyme engineering is generally through Microbial fermentation To do so. It can be seen that there is cross infiltration between various branches of bioengineering.

bioengineering	Main operating objects	Project purpose	Relationship with other projects
genetic engineering	Genes and animal cells, plant cells, microorganisms	Modified species	Expression of target genes through cell engineering and fermentation engineering
cell engineering	Animal cells, plant cells, microbial cells	Modified species	It can provide strains for fermentation engineering and realize genetic engineering
Fermentation engineering	microorganism	Obtaining bacteria and various metabolites	Provide enzyme source for enzyme engineering
Enzyme engineering	microorganism	Obtaining enzyme preparation or immobilized enzyme	Provide enzyme preparation for other bioengineering

process

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For any type of fermentation (except some conversion processes), a defined fermentation process consists of 6 parts:

① The strain and the determined seed culture medium and Fermentation medium Composition of;

② Sterilization of culture medium, fermentation tank and auxiliary equipment;

③ Large scale production of active and pure seed cultures;

④ Mass production of products under the optimal growth conditions of microorganisms in fermentation tanks;

⑤ Extraction and purification of products;

⑥ Treatment of fermentation waste liquid.

Therefore, it is necessary to carry out continuous research to gradually improve the efficiency of the whole fermentation process. For example, before the establishment of a fermentation process, the production strain must be separated, and the Japanese standard product can be synthesized through transformation, and its output should have economic value; The needs of microorganisms in culture should be determined and corresponding preparations should be designed; At the same time, the separation and extraction method of the product must be determined.

In addition, the entire research plan should also include continuous optimization of microbial strains, media and extraction methods during fermentation.

application

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There are many types of food fermentation, if not controlled, it will lead to food corruption. The main factors controlling the food fermentation process include acidity, alcohol content, use of bacteria, temperature, oxygen supply and salt addition. These factors also determine the type of microbial growth in the later storage of fermented food.

Solid state fermentation

Red wine produced by alcohol fermentation

Traditionally, people use solid state fermentation to produce bread 、 malt , distiller's yeast, alcoholic beverages soy sauce , lobster sauce Mushroom etc. food Or produce intermediate raw materials. Recent studies have found that some foods produced by solid-state fermentation contain physiological active substances, indicating that solid-state fermentation has advantages in the production of these foods and food additives. With the increasingly serious energy crisis and environmental problems, solid state Fermentation technology With its unique advantages, it has aroused great interest. People's research in the field of solid-state fermentation and its application Resources and environment The application of protein feed has made great progress, mainly in biological feed Biofuels 、 Biopesticide 、 Biotransformation 、 biological detoxification The successful development and application of bioremediation provide strong support for the continuous development of solid state fermentation and broad application prospects for the development of traditional technology. In addition, the solid state fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine plays an important role in maintaining the original efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine and reducing toxic reactions.

Production of wine

(1) Crushing and stemming

Crushing: To separate pulp from juice.

Stemming: The fruit stalks have a green smell. The fruit stalks will be retained unless additional tannins are needed in the wine.

（2） alcohol fermentation And impregnation

After the grapes are crushed and destrained, they are transported to the fermentation container for fermentation, yeast It can be added by the grape itself or manually. The fermentation process lasts for 4 to 10 days, and the tannins and pigments in the grape skin will seep into the grape juice.

The process of extracting tannins and pigments is called impregnation. Immersion time varies from days to weeks. When fermenting "new wine" with low tannin content and soft texture, the soaking time will be very short; Brewing for long-term collection red wine Due to the need for sufficient tannins, the soaking time will be very long.

(3) Replacement of containers and pressing of skins

The purpose of changing the container is to separate the skin residue from the grape wine and end the maceration process. After the skin residue is removed from the container, the wine is squeezed out. The wine squeezed from the skin residue is dark in color, high in tannin content and bitter in taste.

（4） Lactic acid fermentation

In the process of red wine brewing Lactic acid fermentation By fermentation. By fermentation is the utilization of lactobacillus To make the wine sour malic acid It becomes more flexible and stable lactic acid.

Production of monosodium glutamate

Fermentation is used all over the world monosodium glutamate 。 The raw materials for monosodium glutamate production by fermentation are basically starch , granulated sugar acetic acid , molasses and other natural substances, so monosodium glutamate is not a chemical synthetic product.

Enzyme making

First, production Enzymatic bacteria 。 Enzymatic bacteria are derived from nature Midpoint Separation and purification Benefits gained microorganism , combine them fermentation Formation, including Bacteria 、 Enzymatic bacteria 、 Filamentous fungi More than 20 kinds of three categories can produce streaming activity Catabolic enzyme It is widely used in planting 、 Breeding industry And human body Health Food Industry.

Second, making food Enzyme 。 edible Enzymes can be divided into comprehensive ones according to the amount of raw materials Enzyme And specific enzymes.

Comprehensive enzymes, especially Plant comprehensive enzyme (Plants Complex enzyme ）, which generally refers to the use of dozens or even hundreds of fruits and vegetables fermentation Preparative Enzyme The product has weak pertinence, by emphasizing human body Synthesis of Conditioning effect.

Specific enzyme , is the pointer to some specific effect Function, or select one or two for certain factors raw material (generally no more than three types) fermentation Prepared Enzyme Products. For example, Noni Enzyme , only organic raw materials Nori And organic green plum, aimed at detoxification, defecation, acne (smooth skin) for women.

Disposal of garbage

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BTA multistage fermentation system - garbage treatment

BTA process flow can be widely used to treat biodegradable biological waste (organic matter part of waste) in domestic waste, commercial waste, agricultural waste and urban solid waste. Waste can be converted into high-quality bio gas (Biogas) and Organic fertilizer (Compost), bio gas can generate electricity and output heat energy 。 When BTA process is used for garbage treatment, the water used is basically the circulating water generated in the production process, and the excess water can be directly used for Agriculture Irrigation or further sewage Clean.

BTA single-stage fermentation system is commonly used. garbage The fermentation of slurry is in mixed fermentation reaction tank Complete in one time. Considering the cost of investment and operation, the existing fermentation equipment (such as the fermentation tank of sewage treatment plant and agricultural biogas plant) can directly transform and utilize this process. BTA single-stage fermentation system can be fully applied to the existing waste treatment plant to expand production Food waste It is also necessary to add some BTA sterilization and disinfection facilities.

There is also a BTA multistage fermentation system, which is mostly used in factories with an annual processing capacity of more than 50000 tons. Garbage in BTA multistage fermentation system size It is separated into solid state Substance and liquid phase Substance. The liquid phase contains soluble organic components, which can be directly pumped into the anaerobic fermentation tank（ methane Reactor ）Medium. As the dehydrated solid slag still contains undissolved organic components, it can be mixed with water again and pumped into the hydrolysis reactor. After about 4 days Suspension again dehydration And then partially inject the liquid into the fermentation tank (methane reactor). Through the operation of different reactors (acidification hydrolysis BTA multistage fermentation system creates the most ideal growth conditions for microorganisms and accelerates the biological degradation rate. It only takes a few days to make 60% - 80% Organic matter Convert to methane gas.

subject

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Now fermentation technology has developed into an engineering discipline and independent industry, covering food fermentation (such as Yogurt 、 cheese 、 bread , pickles, fermented soya bean, fermented fish, etc.), modern fermentation industry (such as alcohol lactic acid Acetone, butanol, etc.).

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