developed country

[fā dá guó jiā]

Countries with high levels of economic and social development and people's living standards

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Developed Country, also known as developed country and advanced country. It refers to those economic and social development Countries with high standards and people's living standards are also called High economic development countries (MEDC), generally with higher Human Development Index 、 Per capita GNP Industrialization level and quality of life.

Development by loan natural resources It can also achieve higher Per capita GNP and Human Development Index , but may not belong to developed countries (such as Qatar 、 Brunei 、 Saudi Arabia Etc.).

Chinese name: developed country
Foreign name: Developed Country
Definition: Economy and social development Countries with high standards and people's living standards

Alias: Developed countries 、 Advanced countries
Main distribution: Europe 、 North America 、 Oceania 、 East Asia etc.
Major countries: U.S.A 、 Japan 、 Germany 、 France 、 britain 、 Italy

catalog

six name list

concept

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origin

Developed countries and developing country This pair of concepts was first seen in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Establishment agreement of. December 14, 1960, Austria Federal Germany , France, the United States and other 20 European and American countries signed an agreement in Paris, agreeing to coordinate the marshall plan The main task of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was reorganized into Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which came into force in 1961.^[2]

Since the 1960s, the concept of developed countries and developing countries has been widely used by the international community. "Developed countries" are generally used to refer to developed countries with high per capita national income“ developing country ”It refers to those countries that are still developing at a low level of development, also known as "late developing countries".^[2]

definition

Generally speaking, the international community classifies high-income countries International Monetary Fund (IMF) advanced economies World Trade Organization Developed countries in China the United Nations UNCTAD's industrial countries (Group B countries), the United Nations Human Development Index Extremely high countries are recognized as developed countries.^[2]

World Trade Organization According to the official website, the World Trade Organization has no definition of developed countries and developing countries. WTO members themselves decide whether to declare themselves "developed countries" or "developing countries".^[2]

Governance experience

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The governance of developed countries has gone through many years of practical exploration, from advocating free market forces to emphasizing government regulation, to market It pays equal attention to the government, and then attaches importance to the role of social organizations, providing reference experience for countries committed to efficient governance.^[2]

On the basis of inheriting the existing system, pursue the innovation and modernization 。 The system is not achieved overnight, but is reformed or innovated on the basis of the existing order. In other words, there is a "path dependence" in the system. The policy choices made in the past institutional environment affect the subsequent policy results. After a certain policy is selected, the benefits from the policy exceed the cost of changing it, leading to greater difficulty in policy change. While the developed countries promote institutional reform with the goal of achieving good governance, they also rely on their previous institutional models. Therefore, path dependence requires innovation on the basis of inheriting the existing reasonable system, Progressive change than Radical reform It is more conducive to achieving good governance of the country.^[2]

Governance dilemma

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along with economic globalization The boundary between domestic affairs and international affairs has become increasingly blurred public sector With the increasing cooperation with the private sector and the overlapping jurisdiction of the government and the market, some governance problems that did not appear or could not be solved in the traditional national governance system have emerged. the West The national governance system that has always been proud of is also due to the slowdown of domestic economic growth social contradictions Prominent, discredited political system and widely questioned. Developed countries urgently need reform, and the key to reform is to establish an effective and responsible governance system.^[2]

Global financial crisis and European debt crisis It has seriously affected the domestic economy of the United States and its western allies, and the governance of western countries is in trouble. The economic development model of developed countries has also been questioned, and the accompanying domestic governance has also encountered unprecedented challenges.^[2]

Economic characteristics

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one
The level of productivity is highly developed, Gross National Product and GDP per capita Higher countries, industrial structure Advanced, in national economy The proportion of the tertiary industry in the structure is generally more than 60%.
two
The economic operation mechanism is mature, market mechanism and Market system Sound, obvious economic development advantages, advanced management, and relatively perfect Macroeconomic regulation System.
three
Economics internationalization High degree, foreign trade There are many aspects of export, the quality is generally high, foreign trade accounts for a large share of the total world trade, the financial market is highly internationalized, and transnational corporations are highly developed.

Classified indicators

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Abbreviation explanation
HIE OECD	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development High income Member States	DAC	Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Member States
CIA AE	Central Intelligence Agency 《 World overview 》Developed economies	IMF AE	International Monetary Fund Developed economies
WB HIE	World Bank High-income economies	HDI VH	United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index Extremely high country
QoL 30	Economist Information Service Quality of life index Top 30 countries	CDI	Global Development Center (CGD) Development Responsibility Index (CDI) countries
NBC 30	Newsweek Top 30 Best Countries in the World	LPI 30	legatum Global prosperity index Top 30 countries
G7	Group of Seven member	30-50	30-50 Club Members

countries and regions	HIE OECD	DAC	CIA AE	IMF AE	WB HIE	HDI VH	QoL 30	CDI	NBC 30	LPI 30	G7	30-50	Total number of items
U.S.A	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	twelve
Germany	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	twelve
France	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	twelve
britain	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	twelve
Japan	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	twelve
Italy	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	twelve
Canada	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	eleven
the republic of korea	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	yes	eleven
Luxembourg	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Switzerland	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Norway	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Ireland	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Denmark	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Australia	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Netherlands	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Sweden	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Austria	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Finland	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Belgium	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
New Zealand	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Spain	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Portugal	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	ten
Greece	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	no	nine
Slovenia	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	yes	yes	no	no	nine
Czech Republic	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	yes	yes	yes	no	no	nine
Iceland	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	Not applicable	yes	no	no	eight
Slovakia	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	yes	no	no	no	no	seven
Singapore	no	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	yes	yes	no	no	seven
poland	yes	yes	no	no	yes	yes	no	yes	yes	no	no	no	six
Israel	yes	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	yes	no	no	no	six
Estonia	yes	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	no	yes	no	no	six
Malta	no	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	Not applicable	yes	no	no	six
Lithuania	yes	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	no	no	no	no	five
Latvia	yes	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no	no	no	no	no	five
Cyprus	no	no	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	Not applicable	no	no	no	five
San Marino	no	no	yes	yes	yes	Not applicable	Not applicable	no	Not applicable	Not applicable	no	no	three
Liechtenstein	no	no	yes	Not applicable	yes	yes	Not applicable	no	Not applicable	Not applicable	no	no	three
Andorra	no	no	yes	Not applicable	yes	yes	Not applicable	no	Not applicable	Not applicable	no	no	three
Hungary	yes	yes	no	no	yes	yes	no	yes	no	no	no	no	five

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comprehensive World Bank 、 International Monetary Fund 、 United Nations Development Programme 、 CIA According to the information released by other institutions, developed countries have the following:

Year of becoming a developed economy	Year of becoming a high-income economy	developed country	region	population	Area (km ²)	Population density
Before 1990	1987–	U.S.A	North America	329,100,000	9,370,000	thirty-four point two
Before 1990	1987–	Canada	North America	37,281,000	9,984,670	three point seven three
Before 1990	1987–	Australia	Oceania	25,321,000	7,692,024	three point two nine
Before 1990	1987–	New Zealand	Oceania	4,642,800	270,534	seventeen point two
Before 1990	1987–	Japan	Asia	126,220,000	377,972	three hundred and thirty-four
1997*	1995–1997, 2001–	the republic of korea	Asia	51,285,000	100,210	five hundred and twelve
1997	1987–	Israel	Asia	8,547,100	20,770	four hundred and twelve
1997	1987–	Singapore	Asia	6,004,800	seven hundred and sixteen	eight thousand three hundred and eighty-seven
2001**	1988–	Cyprus	Europe	1,210,600	9,251	one hundred and thirty-one
Before 1990	1987–	Austria	Europe	8,654,200	83,858	one hundred and three
Before 1990	1987–	Belgium	Europe	11,568,000	30,528	three hundred and seventy-nine
2009	2006–	Czech Republic	Europe	10,572,000	78,866	one hundred and thirty-four
Before 1990	1987–	Denmark	Europe	5,753,800	43,094	one hundred and thirty-four
2011	2006–	Estonia	Europe	1,296,300	45,100	twenty-eight point seven
Before 1990	1987–	Finland	Europe	5,601,900	338,145	sixteen point six
Before 1990	1987–	France	Europe	65,569,000	551,500	one hundred and nineteen
Before 1990	1987–	Germany	Europe	81,427,000	357,022	two hundred and twenty-eight
Before 1990	1996–	Greece	Europe	10,800,000	131,957	eighty-one point eight
Before 1990	1987–	Iceland	Europe	337,700	103,000	three point three
Before 1990	1987–	Ireland	Europe	4,739,300	70,273	sixty-seven point four
Before 1990	1987–	Italy	Europe	59,984,000	301,318	one hundred and ninety-nine
2014	2009, 2012–	Latvia	Europe	1,887,800	64,600	twenty-nine point two
2015	2012–	Lithuania	Europe	2,713,300	65,300	forty-one point six
Before 1990	1987–	Luxembourg	Europe	613,000	2,586	two hundred and thirty-seven
2008	1989, 1998, 2000, 2002–	Malta	Europe	423,500	three hundred and sixteen	one thousand three hundred and forty
Before 1990	1987–	Netherlands	Europe	17,291,000	41,528	four hundred and sixteen
Before 1990	1987–	Norway	Europe	5,446,700	385,054	fourteen point one
Before 1990	1994–	Portugal	Europe	10,189,000	91,982	one hundred and eleven
2012	1991–1993, 2000–	San Marino	Europe	32,572	sixty-one	five hundred and thirty-four
2009	2007–	Slovakia	Europe	5,439,900	49,033	one hundred and eleven
2007	1997–	Slovenia	Europe	2,078,800	20,256	one hundred and three
Before 1990	1987–	Spain	Europe	45,806,000	505,992	ninety point six
Before 1990	1987–	Sweden	Europe	10,071,000	449,964	twenty-two point four
Before 1990	1987–	Switzerland	Europe	8,645,100	41,284	two hundred and ten
Before 1990	1987–	britain	Europe	66,366,000	243,610	two hundred and seventy-three
2008	2006–	Hungary	Europe	9,798,000	93,030	one hundred and eight point four
2015	2009–	poland	Europe	38,400,000	312,685	one hundred and twenty-three point nine
： In July 2021, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development At the 68th session of the Trade and Development Board, the ROK's status change proposal was approved, officially the republic of korea It is recognized as a developed country.^[1] *： Cyprus Geographically, it belongs to Asia, but culturally and politically, it is also part of Europe.

According to the CIA（ CIA ）Developed Economies Standard, and these eight small economies are also developed economies: Andorra 、 Liechtenstein 、 Monaco 、 vatican 、 Faroe Islands 、 Bermuda 、 Guernsey and Jersey 。 But they don't apply International Monetary Fund (IMF) standard developed economies or not applicable United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index 。 In general, these economies are also developed economies. But perhaps because they are too small, the IMF did not include them in developed economies. European Union Prepared《 Schengen agreement 》All in Schengen area Member States are in line with the“ high-income The definition and conditions of "economy", and the border setting of Schengen District are therefore taken as a prerequisite, which eliminates the cumbersome border control and does not lead to large-scale intra regional migration.

according to International Monetary Fund (IMF) standards for developed economies, Puerto Rico It is also a developed economy. But it's not the CIA《 World overview 》Developed economies in or not applicable United Nations Development Programme Human development index.

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